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Surface Tension in Microsystems: Engineering Below the Capillary Length
by Pierre LambertThis book describes how surface tension effects can be used by engineers to provide mechanical functions in miniaturized products (<1 mm). Even if precursors of this field such as Jurin or Laplace already date back to the 18th century, describing surface tension effects from a mechanical perspective is very recent. The originality of this book is to consider the effects of capillary bridges on solids, including forces and torques exerted both statically and dynamically by the liquid along the 6 degrees-of-freedom. It provides a comprehensive approach to various applications, such as capillary adhesion (axial force), centering force in packaging and micro-assembly (lateral force) and recent developments such as a capillary motor (torque). It devises how surface tension can be used to provide mechanical functions such as actuation (bubble-actuated compliant table), sealing and tightness, energy harvesting, nanodispending.
Surface/Volume: How Geometry Explains Why Grain Elevators Explode, Hummingbirds Hover, and Asteroids are Colder than Ice
by Alan E. RubinThis book explains that diffusion, osmosis, dissolution, evaporation, and heat loss all preferentially affect small bodies due to their high surface/volume ratios. Because surface area increases as the square of length, but volume (and mass) increase as the cube, large objects have low surface/volume ratios and small objects have high surface/volume ratios. This simple physical constraint governs much of the physical world. It accounts for why the Earth has active volcanoes, but the Moon does not, why the human brain has numerous folds, why deciduous trees lose their leaves every Fall, and why nanoparticles of gold melt at surprisingly low temperatures. It is a phenomenon well known to every scientist, but this book is the first comprehensive treatment of this effect.
The Surface Wettability Effect on Phase Change
by Marco Marengo Joel De ConinckThe Surface Wettability Effect on Phase Change collects high level contributions from internationally recognised scientists in the field. It thoroughly explores surface wettability, with topics spanning from the physics of phase change, physics of nucleation, mesoscale modeling, analysis of phenomena such drop evaporation, boiling, local heat flux at triple line, Leidenfrost, dropwise condensation, heat transfer enhancement, freezing, icing. All the topics are treated by discussing experimental results, mathematical modeling and numerical simulations. In particular, the numerical methods look at direct numerical simulations in the framework of VOF simulations, phase-field simulations and molecular dynamics. An introduction to equilibrium and non-equilibrium thermodynamics of phase change, wetting phenomena, liquid interfaces, numerical simulation of wetting phenomena and phase change is offered for readers who are less familiar in the field. This book will be of interest to researchers, academics, engineers, and postgraduate students working in the area of thermofluids, thermal management, and surface technology.
Surfaces: A History
by Joseph A. AmatoHuman beings are surrounded by surfaces: from our skin to faces, to the walls and streets of our homes and cities, to the images, books, and screens of our cultures and civilizations, to the natural world and what we imagine beyond. In this thought-provoking and richly textured book, Joseph A. Amato traces the human relationship with surfaces from the deep history of human evolution, which unfolded across millennia, up to the contemporary world. Fusing his work on Dust and On Foot, he shows how, in the last two centuries, our understanding, creation, control, and manipulation of surfaces has become truly revolutionary--in both scale and volume. With the sweep of grand history matched to existential concerns for the present, he suggests that we have become the surfaces we have made, mastered, and now control, invent, design, and encapsulate our lives. This deeply informed and original narrative, which joins history and anthropology and suggests new routes for epistemology and aesthetics, argues that surfaces are far more than superficial façades of deep inner worlds.
Surfaces and Interfaces in Natural Fibre Reinforced Composites
by Nicolas Le Moigne Belkacem Otazaghine Stéphane Corn Hélène Angellier-Coussy Anne BergeretThis book is addressed to Master and PhD students as well as researchers from academia and industry. It aims to provide the key definitions to understand the issues related to interface modifications in natural fibre based composites considering the particular supramolecular and micro- structures encountered in plant fibres. A particular emphasis is given to the modification and functionalization strategies of natural fibres and their impact on biocomposites behaviour and properties. Commonly used and newly developed treatment processes are described in view of scaling-up natural fibre treatments for their implementation in industry. Finally, a detailed and comprehensive description of the tools and methodologies developed to investigate and characterize surfaces and interfaces in natural fibre based composites is reviewed and discussed.
Surfaces and Interfaces of Metal Oxide Thin Films, Multilayers, Nanoparticles and Nano-composites: In Memory of Prof. Dr. Hanns-Ulrich Habermeier
by Alejandro G. Roca Paolo Mele Hanae Kijima-Aoki Elvira Fantechi Jana K. Vejpravova Martin Kalbac Satoru Kaneko Tamio EndoThis book provides a general overview and current state of the art of different types of metal oxide nanomaterials, either in nanoparticles or thin film structure. It covers from the development and optimization of different nanofabrication/synthesis techniques for nanostructures which are currently the attention of the research community, the study of the structure and interactions by different characterization techniques of heterostructured materials and the final impact in different applications such as nanotherapy, data storage, super magnets, high-frequency devices. The book’s 13 chapters provide deep insight into the intriguing science of oxide materials and include contributions on novel technologies to fabricate nanomaterials with a broad range of functional properties (semiconducting, magnetic, ferroelectric, thermoelectric, optical, flexible and mechanical). This book is intended to the experts for consolidation of their knowledge but also for students who aim to learn and get basics of nanostructured metal oxides in diverse forms.
Surfactant - Based Separation Processes
by John F. ScamehornFocuses on novel techniques and reviews established methods for surfactant-based separation processes that can be widely applied in industry. Describes new extraction techniques, micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration and admicellar chromatography, protein extraction using reverse micelles, surfactant-en
Surfactant Science and Technology
by Drew MyersA solid introduction to the field of surfactant science, this new edition provides updated information about surfactant uses, structures, and preparation, as well as seven new chapters expanding on technology applications. Offers a comprehensive introduction and reference of the science and technology of surface active materials Elaborates, more fully than prior editions, aspects of surfactant crystal structure as well as their effects on applications Adds more information on new classes and applications of natural surfactants in light of environmental consequences of surfactant use
Surfactant Science and Technology: Retrospects and Prospects
by Laurence S. RomstedSurfactant research explores the forces responsible for surfactant assembly and the critical industrial, medical, and personal applications, including viscosity control, microelectronics, drug stabilization, drug delivery, cosmetics, enhanced oil recovery, and foods. Surfactant Science and Technology: Retrospects and Prospects, "a Festschrift in ho
Surfactants and Interfacial Phenomena
by Milton J. Rosen Joy T. KunjappuNow in its fourth edition, Surfactants and Interfacial Phenomena explains why and how surfactants operate in interfacial processes (such as foaming, wetting, emulsion formation and detergency), and shows the correlations between a surfactant's chemical structure and its action. Updated and revised to include more modern information, along with additional three chapters on Surfactants in Biology and Biotechnology, Nanotechnology and Surfactants, and Molecular Modeling with Surfactant Systems, this is the premier text on the properties and applications of surfactants. This book provides an easy-to-read, user-friendly resource for industrial chemists and a text for classroom use, and is an unparalleled tool for understanding and applying the latest information on surfactants. Problems are included at the end of each chapter to enhance the reader's understanding, along with many tables of data that are not compiled elsewhere. Only the minimum mathematics is used in the explanation of topics to make it easy-to-understand and very user friendly.
Surfactants for Enhanced Oil Recovery Applications
by Muhammad Sagir Muhammad Mushtaq M. Suleman Tahir Muhammad Bilal Tahir Abdul Ravoof ShaikThis book provides a concise treatise on the use of surfactants in enhanced oil recovery (EOR), including information on key types of surfactants and their respective applications in the wider petroleum industry. The authors discuss carbon dioxide EOR, alkaline-surfactant-polymer flooding strategies, and the use of surfactants as a means of reducing interfacial tension, while also paying special attention to the challenges involved in using surfactants for enhanced oil recovery, such as the difficult issue of surfactant adsorption on reservoir rock. All chapters highlight and are based on the authors’ own laboratory-scale case studies. Given its content, the book offers a valuable asset for graduate students of petroleum and chemical engineering, as well as researchers in the field of chemical enhanced oil recovery. It will also be of interest to professionals involved in enhanced industrial oil recovery.
Surfactants from Renewable Raw Materials (Surfactant Science)
by Anuradha Mishra Arvind Kumar Jain Divya Bajpai Tripathy Anjali GuptaSurfactants are often completely invisible to us and yet they are present in almost every chemical that we use in our daily life. They are found in toothpastes, cosmetics, sunscreens, mayonnaise, detergents, and an array of cleaning products. Traditional surfactants are known to have adverse environmental impacts spurring research into eco-friendly and cost-effective surfactants from renewable resources. Surfactants from Renewable Raw Materials examines the class of surfactants synthesized using plant-based raw materials detailing their properties, applications, bioavailability, and biodegradability. The concluding chapter reviews patent activity over the last decade. Additional features include: Addresses the tremendous variation found in the raw materials used to synthesize commercially available surfactants. Explores the selection of raw materials based upon the desired hydrophobic group or hydrophilic group to be incorporated into the product. Examines the characteristics and medicinal applications of pulmonary surfactants in preterm babies as well as their probable contribution in COVID-19 Discusses the biodegradability of surfactants to assist with the determination of truly green surfactants. This comprehensive reference will prove indispensable for professional and academic researchers creating or working with bio-based surfactants.
Surfactants in Agrochemicals (Surfactant Science Ser. #54)
by TharwatF. TadrosThis work highlights the physical chemistry of surfactant solutions, detailing a fundamental method of selecting surfactants for agrochemical formulations and delineating how surfactants enhance the biological efficacy of agrochemicals. The unique properties of surfactants that have a major influence on the performance of an agrochemical are summarized.;The book is intended for physical, surface and colloid chemists; biochemists; microbiologists; agronomists; research and development personnel in the pesticide and fertilizer industries; and upper-level undergraduate and graduate students taking chemistry and chemical engineering courses.;College and university bookstores may order five or more copies at a special price which is available on request from Marcel Dekker Inc.
Surfactants in Chemical/Process Engineering (Surfactant Science Ser. #28)
by WasanThe first reference to link chemical engineering technologies and surfactant science in suchbreadth of focus, Surfactants in Chemical/Process Engineering features contributionsby major authorities in chemical engineering whose applications have opened important newfields for surfactant use. These applications include dispersion science, separation processes, oilrecovery, microemulsions, and environmental control.This volume discusses ultrafiltration processes, flotation, metal extractions, and more ...examines surfactants in process streams for such industrial separations as micellar-enhancedultrafiltration, adsorbent regeneration, micellar extractions, and oiVwater demulsification . ..describes methodologies for separations of fatty acids, metals, minerals and impurities,solvents, and hydrocarbons for cost-saving industrial and consumer product manufacture . . .details techniques for developing and optimizing formulations for superior agricultural plantcontrol or enhancement systems, micro- and macroemulsions, and liquid surfactant membranes... and looks closely at emulsion polymers in soil stabilizations, protective coatings, sealants,adhesives, textile processing, paper finishing, specialty concretes, and tire manufacture.
Surfactants in Cosmetics (Surfactant Science #68)
by Martin M. Rieger Linda D. Rhein""Second Edition provides a thorough, up-to-date treatment of the fundamental behavior of surface active agents in solutions, their interaction with biological structures from proteins and membranes to the stratum corneum and epidermis, and their performance in formulations such as shampoos, dentifrice, aerosols, and skin cleansers.
Surfactants in Emerging Technology
by Milton J. RosenThis book is based on the proceedings of the conference "The role of surfactants in new and emerging technology". It examines the position of surfactants in the new growth areas, and describes the needs for surfactant research to facilitate advances in those areas.
Surfactants in Polymers, Coatings, Inks, and Adhesives
by David R. KarsaSurface active agents are used as process aids in the production of polymers--as additives to impart or modify polymer properties--and in the formulation and further processing of polymeric systems for a variety of applications. In all these uses, the surfactants are used as 'effect chemicals,' to impart specific performance characteristics or properties to the base polymer or to enhance it performance when formulated for a specific end use.This volume focuses on those surfactant areas incorporating the greatest number of supplier and user companies. Authors have been selected from leading industrial and academic laboratories around the world. It provides an introduction to the underlying chemistry and technology in these industrial areas, and at the same time, highlights important recent developments.Surfactants in Polymers, Coatings, Inks and Adhesives is a book for surfactant researchers and for manufacturers and users of surfactants. In particular, surfactant chemists, analytical chemists, environmental chemists, users of surfactant formulations in the fields of specialty chemicals, polymers, and detergents, and health and safety personnel.
Surfactants in Solution (Surfactant Science Ser. #64)
by Arun K. Chattopadhyay; K. L. MittalContains selected invited papers presented at the 10th International Symposium on Surfactants in Solution held in Caracas, Venezuela. The volume covers phase behaviour of monolayers, contact angle hysteresis, micellar relaxation, micellar catalyzed reactions, polymerization in microemulsions, polymer-surfactant complexation, asphaltenes, and more.
Surfactants in Tribology
by Girma Biresaw K. L. MittalSurfactants play a critical role in Tribology controlling friction, wear, and lubricant properties such as emulsification, demulsification, bioresistance, oxidation resistance, rust prevention and corrosion resistance. This is a critical topic for new materials and devices particularly those built at the nanoscale. This newest volume will address important advances, methods, and the use of novel materials to reduce friction and wear. Scientists from industrial research and development (R&D) organizations and academic research teams in Asia, Europe, the Middle East and North America will participate in the work.
Surfactants in Tribology, Volume 5
by Girma Biresaw K. L. MittalSurfactants play a critical role in Tribology controlling friction, wear, and lubricant properties such as emulsification, demulsification, bioresistance, oxidation resistance, rust prevention and corrosion resistance. This is a critical topic for new materials and devices particularly those built at the nanoscale. This newest volume will address tribological properties of cutting fluids, lubricant performance related to steel surfaces, biolubricants, and novel materials and ways to reduce friction and wear. Scientists from industrial research and development (R&D) organizations and academic research teams in Asia, Europe, the Middle East and North America will participate in the work.
Surfactants in Upstream E&P (Petroleum Engineering)
by Theis Solling Muhammad Shahzad Kamal Syed M. Shakil HussainThis edited book explores the use of surfactants in upstream exploration and production (E&P). It provides a molecular, mechanistic and application-based approach to the topic, utilising contributions from the leading researchers in the field of organic surfactant chemistry and surfactant chemistry for upstream E&P. The book covers a wide range of problems in enhanced oil recovery and surfactant chemistry which have a large importance in drilling, fracking, hydrate inhibition and conformance. It begins by discussing the fundamentals of surfactants and their synthesis. It then moves on to present their applicability to a variety of situations such as gas injections, shale swelling inhibition, and acid stimulation. This book presents research in an evolving field, making it interesting to academics, postgraduate students, and experts within the field of oil and gas.
Surfear el espacio-tiempo: Un cientifico entre agujeros negros y viajes hiperlumínicos
by Sergio De Régules Miguel Alcubierre«Si un día se encuentran a Albert Einstein en un elevador, huyan…» Un día, Miguel estaba viendo Star Trek cuando, de pronto, se le ocurrió cómo revolucionar la teoría de la relatividad y viajar más rápido que la luz… La anécdota, que parece sacada de The Big Bang Theory, es completamente real. La protagonizó un joven mexicano cuando estudiaba su doctorado en Cardiff. Este libro cuenta aquel momento, pero —más interesante aún— relata la ciencia que hay detrás de esa posibilidad, de aquellateoría de Einstein y de algunos de los postulados más espléndidos de la astrofísica. Surfear el espacio-tiempo también explica las investigaciones que vinieron después: algo incluso más importante que aquella «revelación». De la mano del divulgador Sergio de Régules, Miguel Alcubierre —actualmente uno de los científicos más importantes de Latinoamérica— nos cuenta de su vida y, con ella, la pasión infinita de indagar en las ondas gravitacionales, los agujeros negros y otros enigmas del universo.
Surfen in die digitale Zukunft (Erlebnis Wissenschaft)
by Dieter LutzkeWe are surrounded by digital music, digital pictures, digital videos - and soon by digital wallpapers. Experience how the digits zero and one changed technology and therefore revolutionized our life.
Surgery of Pelvic Bone Tumors
by Pietro Ruggieri Andrea AngeliniApproaches to complex pelvic surgery have changed dramatically in recent years thanks to the development of the entire field of orthopedic surgery. This volume focuses on the mastery of diagnosis, management and operative techniques for tumors of the pelvis. It also provides a thorough understanding of how to select the best procedure, how to avoid complications, and what outcomes to expect. Written by experts from leading institutions around the globe, it is a comprehensive reference on treating the full range of musculoskeletal tumors frequently encountered in the pelvis. It offers an overview and an update on the epidemiology, principles of initial assessment, clinical presentation and imaging characteristics of pelvic tumors, guiding clinicians through key questions for developing a differential diagnosis and selecting the appropriate surgical technique. This book is an indispensable resource for orthopedists, oncologists, as well as radiologists and pathology specialists treating patients with bone and soft-tissue tumors.
Surgery: An Unfamiliar History
by Nigel Keith MayburyThis is a fascinating account of surgery that throws light on forgotten and unknown aspects of its practice from antiquity to the present. It illuminates the rare periods of progress and also explains why there were lengthy times when no original operations were undertaken. Maybury has achieved this by identifying the time and place when each operation was first undertaken. The first of these was the trephination of the skull in Peru twelve thousand years ago, presumably to exorcise evil spirits. This operation over several thousand years reached Europe where Hippocrates described and rationalised it to treat head injuries, it is still practiced today and is the forerunner of each subsequent original operation. The golden ages of surgery took place in Ancient Greece and India and 1,300 years later in Western Europe and the USA. Between these periods, no original operations took place. Maybury explains why this happened and reveals the Greek theory that dominated surgery for over 2,000 years. He describes the passage and translation of the Greek manuscripts and their acceptance in the Arabian Empires and how in turn the Arabic versions strongly influenced Italy and then Western Europe. He also tells of the Edict of Tours of 1163 that devastated surgery and took 700 years to rectify and also the extraordinary modern era when all the tissues of the body were finally operated upon and very much more.