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Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons: Environmental Fate, Toxicity, and Remediation
by Saranya Kuppusamy Naga Raju Maddela Mallavarapu Megharaj Kadiyala VenkateswarluThe term “total petroleum hydrocarbons” (TPHs) is used for any mixture of several hundred hydrocarbons found in crude oil, and they represent the sum of volatile petroleum hydrocarbons and extractable petroleum hydrocarbons. The petrol-range organics include hydrocarbons from C6 to C10, while diesel-range organics are C10-C28 hydrocarbons. Environmental pollution by petroleum hydrocarbons is one of the major global concerns, particularly in oil-yielding countries. In fact, there are more than five million potentially contaminated areas worldwide that represent, in general, a lost economic opportunity and a threat to the health and well-being of humans and the environment. Petroleum-contaminated sites constitute almost one-third of the total sites polluted with chemicals around the globe. The land contamination caused by industrialization was recognized as early as the 1960s, but less than a tenth of potentially contaminated lands have been remediated due to the nature of the contamination, cost, technical impracticability, and insufficient land legislation and enforcement. This book is the first single source that provides comprehensive information on the different aspects of TPHs, such as sources and range of products, methods of analysis, fate and bioavailability, ecological implications including impact on human health, potential approaches for bioremediation such as risk-based remediation, and regulatory assessment procedures for TPH-contaminated sites. As such, it is a valuable resource for researchers, graduate students, technicians in the oil industry and remediation practitioners, as well as policy makers.
Total R & D Management: Strategies and Tactics for 21st Century Healthcare Manufacturers
by Roger DabbahDrawing on a lifetime of experience, Roger Dobbah gives readers an in-depth view of R&D survival strategies and tactics and demonstrates how to apply them to any organization. The author provides insights into the role of R&D, the crucial topic of creativity and innovation, and the differences and similarities between general management and R&D man
Total-Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis and Related Methods
by Alex Von Bohlen Reinhold KlockenkämperProviding an accessible introduction into the use of Total-Reflection X-ray Fluorescence (TXRF) Analysis, both from a theoretical point of view and for practical applications, this new edition of Total-Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis is completely updated and enlarged to emphasize new methods and techniques. Written to enable students and scientists to evaluate the suitability of a TXRF method for their specific needs, the text provides an overview to the physical fundamentals and principles of Total-Reflection X-ray Fluorescence (TXRF) Analysis, explains instrumentation and setups, and describes applications in a great variety of disciplines.
The Total Skywatcher's Manual: Explore the Sky: 298 Tips, Tricks, & Skills
by Astronomical Society of the PacificStar charts, step-by-step projects, photos, and more: &“The Total Skywatcher&’s Manual is a fun book, but more importantly, it&’s a useful book.&” —Sky & Telescope With fully illustrated star charts, gorgeous astrophotography, and step-by-step project instruction, this is the only guide you need to navigate the night (and day) sky. Learn about the phases of the moon, how to conduct your own deep-sky observations, how the universe is expanding, our search for life on other planets, meteors vs. meteorites, sunspots and solar flares, best eclipse-viewing techniques—everything you need to know to appreciate the wonder of our universe. The Total Skywatcher&’s Manual will help stargazers, comet-spotters, and planet-seekers: Choose the best telescope Identify constellations and objects in the night sky Search for extraterrestrial phenomena Plan star parties Capture beautiful space imagery and much more For well over a century, the Astronomical Society of the Pacific has provided resources, tools, and information to astronomy enthusiasts, including amateur astronomers, families, and science educators. Now they draw on their wide-ranging expertise to guide you through the skies.
Total Socioenvironmental Systems: An Analytical Framework for Human-Natural Interactions and Sustainability
by Yichun XieThis book presents a new analytical framework and several newly developed quantitative methods to investigate the interactions between climatic, ecological, and socioeconomic factors as a total socioenvironmental system (TSES). Facing the increasingly imperiled ecosystems around the world, understanding the complex relationships between humans and environments is of utmost importance. This book offers several solutions to these challenges based on the author's research and illustrates them with case studies and annotated data sets. It develops the conceptual framework of a TSES, emphasizing the identification of causal relationships as a starting point to investigating the interactions between biophysical phenomena and socioeconomic factors. The book experiments with various spatial data assimilation techniques such as GIS for matching diverged areal units over which biophysical and socioeconomic datasets are collected. Trend extraction methods including machine learning for synchronizing distinct temporal rhythms hidden in biophysical and socioeconomic phenomena to augment their causal relationships are explored as well. The book also examines sustainability in urban systems, social systems, and ecosystems. This volume will be useful to readers across many disciplines, including but not limited to geographic information science, ecological informatics, environmental informatics, regional and urban modeling, quantitative social sciences and planning.
Total Synthesis of (±)-Maoecrystal V
by Jianxian GongIn this thesis, the author describes the total synthesis of natural product Maoecrystal V in detail. In the first part of the thesis, the author introduces the research background and reviews the research progress in total synthesis of Maoecrystal V. In the second part, the author develops a novel and concise approach for the stereo selective construction of the tetracyclic model system of Maoecrystal V. The model system is accomplished in 8 steps with 20% yield. In the third part, the author describes the first successful total synthesis of Maoecrystal V and investigates four strategies for constructing the key tetrahydrofuran oxa-bridge skeleton. The total synthesis starts from a known compound and is accomplished in 17 steps with 1. 2% yield. The successful total synthesis of Maoecrystal V will contribute to the development of efficient synthetic strategies for natural products and other compounds with complex structures.
Total Synthesis of Bioactive Natural Products by Palladium-Catalyzed Domino Cyclization of Allenes and Related Compounds
by Shinsuke InukiThe author has developed novel methodologies for highly efficient construction of functionalized heterocycles by palladium-catalyzed domino/cascade cyclization of allenes and related compounds containing appropriate nucleophilic group(s). Based on these methodologies, enantioselective total syntheses of bioactive natural products, pachastrissamine (26% overall yield in seven steps), lysergic acid (4.0% overall yield in fifteen steps), lysergol (3.6% overall yield in fifteen steps) and isolysergol (8.2% overall yield in eleven steps) have been achieved. These are more facile synthetic route than those previously reported. These findings would contribute to the development of efficient synthetic methods for biologically active compounds containing a complex structure.
Total Synthesis of Indole Alkaloids: Based on Direct Construction of Pyrrolocarbazole Scaffolds via Gold-Catalyzed Cascade Cyclizations (Springer Theses)
by Junpei MatsuokaThis book explores efficient syntheses of indole alkaloids based on gold-catalyzed cascade cyclizations, presenting two strategies for total synthesis of these natural products based on gold-catalyzed reactions of conjugated diyne or ynamide. The book first describes the total and formal synthesis of dictyodendrins A–F based on direct construction of the pyrrolo[2,3-c]carbazole core using the gold-catalyzed annulation of azido-diynes and protected pyrrole. This synthetic strategy features late-stage functionalization of the pyrrolo[2,3-c]carbazole scaffold at several positions and allows diverse access to dictyodendrins and their derivatives. Secondly, the book discusses the formal synthesis of vindorosine based on the pyrrolo[2,3-d]carbazole construction using the gold-catalyzed cascade cyclization of ynamide. Importantly, the reaction using a chiral gold complex provides the optically active pyrrolo[2,3-d]carbazole. This strategy facilitates the rapid construction of the pyrrolocarbazole core structure of aspidosperma and related alkaloids, including vindorosine. These methodologies can accelerate the medicinal application of pyrrolocarbazole-type alkaloids and related compounds.
Total Synthesis of Natural Products
by Jie Jack Li E. J. Corey'Total Synthesis of Natural Products' is written and edited by some of today's leaders in organic chemistry. Eleven chapters cover a range of natural products, from steroids to alkaloids. Each chapter contains an introduction to the natural product in question, descriptions of its biological and pharmacological properties and outlines of total synthesis procedures already carried out. Particular emphasis is placed on novel methodologies developed by the respective authors and their research groups. This text is ideal for graduate and advanced undergraduate students, as well as organic chemists in academia and industry.
Total Synthesis of Natural Products with Antimicrobial Activity (Springer Theses)
by Andrew GiltrapThis thesis focuses on the development of efficient and scalable total syntheses of natural products that can be used as preferred scaffolds for anti-infective drug discovery. It describes the total synthesis of two classes of antimicrobial non-ribosomal peptides (NRPs) – teixobactin and the skyllamycins – with subsequent biological evaluation. The first part describes the first total synthesis of teixobactin by means of a solid-phase peptide synthesis-macrolactamisation approach, yielding a synthetic natural product that can combat a number of clinically relevant Gram-positive bacterial pathogens. The second part describes the first total synthesis of skyllamycins A-C, a family of structurally complex cyclic NRPs, which inhibit the growth of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms that are responsible for significant mortality among cystic fibrosis patients.
Total Synthesis of Plakortide E and Biomimetic Synthesis of Plakortone B
by Xiao-Yu SunIn his thesis, Xiaoyu Sun conducts the first total synthesis of all possible stereoisomers of plakortide E and also confirms the absolute configuration of natural plakortide E. Xiaoyu Sun subsequently converts Plakortide E methyl ester to plakortone B in a biomimetic conversion. Construction and functionalization of cyclic peroxides are notoriously difficult due to the very low O-O bond dissociation energy. Plaktoride E is isolated from the Jamaican marine sponge platorits halichondrioides and contains a five-membered peroxide ring, with oxygen atoms linked to tertiary C4 and C6 centers. The methodology used for synthesizing highly substituted cyclic peroxides is novel and useful, and not only extends the field of Pd-catalyzed reactions, but also provides a convenient synthetic approach for the preparation of the 1,2-dioxolanes series. Plakortide E and plakortone B are bioactive, which means that the synthetic studies on them and their analogs are pivotal in drug discovery.
Total Synthesis of Thielocin B1 as a Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitor of PAC3 Homodimer
by Kosuke OhsawaThis book focuses on thielocin B1 (TB1), which was found to be an inhibitor of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) of proteasome assembling chaperone (PAC) 3 homodimer, and elucidates the mechanism by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies. Interfaces of PPIs recently have been expected to be novel therapeutic targets, while it is difficult to apply conventional methodology based on lock and key theory. The author achieved the first total synthesis of TB1 and its spin-labeled derivative to carry out NMR experiments because the supply of TB1 from natural sources was limited. Unique 2,2',6,6'-tetrasubstituted diphenyl ether moiety of TB1 was synthesized from a depsidone skeleton by chemoselective reduction of lactone. In the process of elongating side wings, efficient formylation utilizing dichloromethyl methyl ether-silver trifluoromethanesulfonate was developed for the sterically hindered aromatic compound. NMR titration experiments and paramagnetic relaxation enhancement observation of PAC3 homodimer were performed with synthesized TB1 and its molecular probe, respectively. The results of the above NMR studies and additional in silico docking studies suggested that TB1 promotes the dissociation to monomeric PAC3 after interaction with PAC3 homodimer. The rare mechanism shown in this book indicates a potential novel drug target in the interfaces of PPIs with no cavity or groove.
Totally Implantable Venous Access Devices
by Isidoro Di Carlo Roberto BiffiSince their first application in 1982, Totally Implantable Venous Access Devices (TIVADs) have become increasingly important in the clinical practice, as more intensive chemotherapy and parenteral treatments have come into use. At this time, there is objective evidence that TIVADs are a safe, effective strategy for long-term venous access; they play a significant role throughout the management of the oncology patient, as they are needed in the initial phases for active treatments as well as in the last stages for palliative measures, making possible repeated administration of chemotherapeutic vesicant agents, nutrients, antibiotics, analgesics, and blood products. According to a number of prospective studies, use of TIVADs is associated with a significant complication rate (10% to 25% of all patients). Evidence-based data support that most complications are directly related to inappropriate technique of placement and/or nursing care, sometimes leading to TIVAD loss, significant morbidity, increased duration of hospitalization, and additional medical cost. A group of world-renowned experts - both in the clinical and research fields - contributed to this volume, whose aim is to provide clinicians, nurses and medical students with a multidisciplinary, full update on these devices, as long term central venous access can no be longer considered a routine matter, and serious complications can be maintained at a very low level only if strict adherence to a well-defined protocol of surgical technique and of catheter care is maintained.
Totally Wired: The Rise and Fall of Josh Harris and the Great Dotcom Swindle
by Andrew Smith&“The Social Network meets Hammer of the Gods&” in this story of a 1990s web titan who made a fortune and lost it all—and what happened afterward (The Independent). One day in February 2001, Josh Harris woke to certain knowledge that he was about to lose everything. The man Time magazine called &“The Warhol of the Web&” was reduced to a helpless spectator as his fortune dwindled from 85 million dollars to nothing, all in the space of a week. Harris had been a maverick genius preternaturally adapted to the new online world. He founded New York&’s first dotcom, Pseudo.com, and paved the way for a cadre of twentysomethings to follow, riding a wave of tech euphoria to unimagined wealth and fame for five years—before the great dotcom crash, in which Web 1.0 was wiped from the face of the earth. Long before then, though, Harris&’s view of the web had darkened, and he began a series of lurid social experiments aimed at illustrating his worst fear: that the internet would soon alter the very fabric of society—cognitive, social, political, and otherwise. In Totally Wired, journalist Andrew Smith seeks to unravel the opaque and mysterious episodes of the early dotcom craze, in which the seeds of our current reality were sown. Drawing on in-depth interviews with Harris and those who worked alongside him in downtown Manhattan&’s &“Silicon Alley,&” the tale moves from a compound in Ethiopia through New York, San Francisco, Las Vegas, London, and Salt Lake City, Utah; from the dawn of the web to the present, taking in the rise of alternative facts, troll society, and the unexpected origins of the net itself, as our world has grown uncannily to resemble the one Harris predicted—and urged us to evade. &“Raucous, whimsical, sad and very funny…a fascinating account of what could have been, what briefly was, what almost lasted.&” ―TheWall Street Journal &“Told with verve and style…A valuable history.&” ―Kirkus Reviews &“A brilliant exploration of madness and genius in the early days of the web.&”―The Guardian &“Dark and compelling.&”―Daily Mail &“This is a book whose time has come.&”―Sunday Times
Totalsynthese des Marinen Makrolids Palmerolid A
by Julia SünnerDer Naturstoff Palmerolid A wurde im Jahr 2006 erstmals isoliert und zeigte in zellbiologischen Untersuchungen eine sehr starke und außergewöhnlich selektive cytotoxische Aktivität gegenüber ausgewählten Krebszelllinien. Als 20-gliedriges Makrolacton mit fünf Stereozentren, mehreren isolierten und konjugierten Doppelbindungseinheiten und einer Dienamid-tragenden Seitenkette bietet der hochfunktionalisierte Naturstoff aus struktureller Sicht für den Synthesechemiker interessante Herausforderungen. Im Rahmen dieser Studie wurde eine Strategie entwickelt, die den totalsynthetischen Zugang zu diesem hochpotenten Molekül ermöglicht. Über die hier beschriebene Synthesesequenz konnte eine bemerkenswerte Menge des Naturstoffs zur Verfügung gestellt werden, um seine pharmakologischen und toxikologischen Eigenschaften ausführlich zu untersuchen.
Touch
by David J. LindenThe New York Times bestselling author examines how our sense of touch and emotion are interconnectedJohns Hopkins neuroscientist and bestselling author of The Compass of Pleasure David J. Linden presents an engaging and fascinating examination of how the interface between our sense of touch and our emotional responses affects our social interactions as well as our general health and development. Accessible in its wit and clarity, Touch explores scientific advances in the understanding of touch that help explain our sense of self and our experience of the world.From skin to nerves to brain, the organization of the body's touch circuits powerfully influences our lives--affecting everything from consumer choice to sexual intercourse, tool use to the origins of language, chronic pain to healing. Interpersonal touch is crucial to social bonding and individual development. Linden lucidly explains how sensory and emotional context work together to distinguish between perceptions of what feels good and what feels bad. Linking biology and behavioral science, Linden offers an entertaining and enlightening answer to how we feel in every sense of the word.From the Hardcover edition.
Touch and Blindness: Psychology and Neuroscience
by Morton A. Heller Soledad BallesterosResearch on touch and blindness has undergone rapid transformation in recent years, with dramatic developments in technology designed to provide assistance to those who are blind, and advancements in robotics that demand haptic interfaces. Touch and Blindness approaches the study of the topic from the perspectives of psychological methodology and the most sophisticated, state-of-the-art techniques in neuroscience. This book, edited by well-known leaders in the field, is derived from the discussions presented by speakers at a conference held in 2002, and presents current research in the field. The book is arranged in a logical, disciplinary fashion, first discussing touch and blindness from a psychological perspective, followed by an examination from the perspective of neuroscience. Some specific topics include:*processing spatial information from touch and movement;*form, projection, and pictures for the blind;*neural substrate and visual and tactile object representations; and*the role of visual cortex in tactile processing. Touch and Blindness is ideal for researchers in psychology and neuroscience, medicine, and special education.
Touch and Blindness: Psychology and Neuroscience
by Morton A. Heller Soledad BallesterosThis is a scholarly document concerning the neurological aspects of visual impairment.
Touch It: Materials, Matter and You
by Adrienne MasonThe book helps in introducing Physical sciences to children practically, by exploring materials - their colour, shape, size, mass, magnetism etc.
Touch Matters: Handshakes, Hugs, and the New Science on How Touch Can Enhance Your Well-Being
by Michael BanissyAn exploration of the new science behind our most underappreciated sense and why we need to harness the power of touch for our health and well-being.Every day, we use our sense of touch to navigate the world. A handshake, a pat on the shoulder, a hug—all essential touches that make up our daily lives. In Touch Matters, Professor Michael Banissy brings together diverse scientific insights from the world's largest study on touch with takeaways on how to enhance your levels of touch for a happier, healthier life. The book explains why touch is essential to our well-being, the role it plays in our relationships, friendships, in the bedroom, workplace, in team activities such as sports, and much more. Banissy's latest research explores:Our "touch personalities"Touch starvationHow touch defines our relationships and self-esteemThe impact of touch on our physical and mental health This is a fascinating window into one of our most important and basic senses and how to harness its power.FEATURES ORIGINAL RESEARCH FROM "THE TOUCH TEST": Touch Matters is based on one of Banissy's most recent projects—the Touch Test—a science and broadcast collaboration with the BBC and Wellcome Collection. This project explored attitudes and experiences of touch via the world's largest contemporary survey on the topic, public exhibitions, and a series of broadcast programs focused on the topic of touch that received worldwide attention. The project had approximately 40,000 participants from 113 countries.OFFERS GUIDANCE ON COMMUNICATING AND CONNECTING IN OUR DAILY AND PROFESSIONAL LIVES: As we return to office work and live in a world where touch has become loaded with meaning, this book will help people understand how important touch is and the role it plays in every aspect of our lives, from relationships and friendships to the workplace and team activities and much more.Perfect for:Readers interested in science, psychology, and self-helpFans of James Nestor's Breath, Marc Brackett's Permission to Feel, Bill Bryson's The Body, Mark Miodownik's Stuff MattersAdults and parents of children resuming in-person activities including going back to the office, returning to school, traveling, and socializingThose interested in learning more about the science of touch, touch starvation, and how important touch is to child/human developmentPeople struggling with depression or anxiety around physical contact
Touch The Sun: A NASA Braille Book
by Noreen GriceTouch the Sun is a universally designed book with colorful raised images and combined text in print and Braille that explores the dynamic nature of our Sun.Topics include: size comparison between Earth and the Sun, the interior layers of the Sun, sunspots and their motion, views of the Sun in visible and ultraviolet light, solar eruptions as seen from space based observatories, massive solar storms, and the effect of space weather on Earth.According to the author, "This book is hot!"
Touching a Nerve: Our Brains, Our Selves
by Patricia S. ChurchlandA trailblazing philosopher's exploration of the latest brain science--and its ethical and practical implications. What happens when we accept that everything we feel and think stems not from an immaterial spirit but from electrical and chemical activity in our brains? In this thought-provoking narrative--drawn from professional expertise as well as personal life experiences--trailblazing neurophilosopher Patricia S. Churchland grounds the philosophy of mind in the essential ingredients of biology. She reflects with humor on how she came to harmonize science and philosophy, the mind and the brain, abstract ideals and daily life. Offering lucid explanations of the neural workings that underlie identity, she reveals how the latest research into consciousness, memory, and free will can help us reexamine enduring philosophical, ethical, and spiritual questions: What shapes our personalities? How do we account for near-death experiences? How do we make decisions? And why do we feel empathy for others? Recent scientific discoveries also provide insights into a fascinating range of real-world dilemmas--for example, whether an adolescent can be held responsible for his actions and whether a patient in a coma can be considered a self. Churchland appreciates that the brain-based understanding of the mind can unnerve even our greatest thinkers. At a conference she attended, a prominent philosopher cried out, "I hate the brain; I hate the brain!" But as Churchland shows, he need not feel this way. Accepting that our brains are the basis of who we are liberates us from the shackles of superstition. It allows us to take ourselves seriously as a product of evolved mechanisms, past experiences, and social influences. And it gives us hope that we can fix some grievous conditions, and when we cannot, we can at least understand them with compassion.
Touching for Knowing
by Yvette Hatwell Arlette Streri Edouard GentazA number of articles exploring ways people learn. Learning through touch instead of vision is contrasted.
A Tour of the Human Body: Amazing Numbers--Fantastic Facts (Number Tours for Curious Kids)
by Jennifer BerneJennifer Berne takes children on a tour of the human body to reveal the wonders of how it works -- with some astonishing numbers and fascinating facts along the way.From our eyes to our toes, kids will find out what makes the human body tick. They&’ll discover that our hearts beat 100,000 times a day, which equals 36 MILLION times a year. And that our tongue&’s 8,000 taste buds can detect only 5 flavors. And that we have 60,000 miles of blood vessels, enough to circle the world more than twice!With such remarkable facts and numbers, and vivid informative illustrations by Dawn DeVries Sokol, this book takes your child on an entertainingly educational journey through the wonders of the human body.
A Tour of the Senses: How Your Brain Interprets the World
by John M. Henshaw2012 Outstanding Academic Title, Choice MagazineEver wonder why some people have difficulty recognizing faces or why food found delicious in one culture is reviled in another? John M. Henshaw ponders these and other surprising facts in this fascinating and fast-paced tour of the senses.From when stimuli first excite our senses to the near-miraculous sense organs themselves to the mystery of how our brain interprets senses, Henshaw explains the complex phenomena of how we see, feel, taste, touch, and smell. He takes us through the rich history of sensory perception, dating back to Aristotle’s classification of the five main senses, and helps us understand the science and technology behind sensory research today.A Tour of the Senses travels beyond our human senses. Henshaw describes artificial sensing technologies and instruments, unusual sensory abilities of the animal kingdom, and techniques for improving, rehabilitating, and even replacing sense organs. This entertaining introduction to sensory science is a clever mix of research findings and real-world stories that helps us understand the complex processes that turn sensory stimuli into sophisticated brain responses.