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Strengthening the Human Right to Sanitation as an Instrument for Inclusive Development (IHE Delft PhD Thesis Series)
by Pedi Chiemena ObaniOver a third of the current 7.3 billion people worldwide are burdened with poor sanitation services. The resulting social, relational and ecological exclusion make the realisation of the human right to sanitation (HRS) a critical concern development concern. However, the literature has evolved in a largely compartmentalised manner, focusing on the formal recognition of the HRS in domestic legal systems, without sufficiently addressing the drivers of poor sanitation services. This research expounds on the impact of the HRS on human wellbeing and the environment within the context of a developing country like Nigeria as a case study. The findings show that contrary to the focus in the literature, the drivers of poor sanitation services are not confined to legal factors, such as the formal recognition of the HRS within domestic legal systems. Rather, the drivers include social, economic and environmental limitations to improved sanitation services. Based on the findings, the book argues that the focus in the literature on the formal recognition of the HRS in national legal systems is insufficient for tackling the main drivers of poor sanitation services. It is therefore necessary to reformulate the HRS discourse using complementary governance instruments that advance social, relational and ecological inclusion.
Streptococcus suis: Methods and Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology #2815)
by Jesús Arenas BustoThis volume covers the classic and new techniques used to study the zoonotic pathogen Streptococcus suis. The chapters in this book cover are organized in four sections and cover topics such as techniques for cultivation, isolation, typing of S. suis biofilm formation and genetic manipulation; analysis of antibiotic resistance and transference; detection in pigs and infection models; and evaluation of economic impact and prevention. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Comprehensive and thorough, Streptococcus suis: Methods and Protocols is a valuable resource for both novel and expert researchers who want to expand their knowledge of this important field.
Stress: Neural, Endocrine and Molecular Studies
by Richard McCarty Greti Aguilera Esther L. Sabban Richard KvetňanskýDistilling information from the Seventh Symposium on Catecholamines and other Neurotransmitters in Stress held in the Slovak Republic, Stress: Neural, Endocrine and Molecular Studies presents the results of current research into stress focusing on catecholamines and other neurotransmitter molecules. Topics covered include peripheral influences on the stress response, central influences on the stress response, molecular regulation during stress, and more. This text is suitable for graduates and researchers in the disciplines of neuroscience, endocrinology, medicine, immunology, cell and molecular biology, biochemistry, pharmacology, and stress research.
Stress and Animal Welfare: Key Issues in the Biology of Humans and Other Animals (Animal Welfare #19)
by Donald M. Broom Ken G. JohnsonThis is the Second Edition of a well-received book that reflects a fresh, integrated coverage of the concepts and scientific measurement of stress and welfare of animals including humans. This book explains the basic biological principles of coping with many forms of adversity. The major part of this work is devoted to explaining scientifically usable concepts in stress and welfare. A wide range of welfare indicators are highlighted in detail with examples being drawn from man and other species. The necessity for combining information from disciplines is emphasized with a one-health, one-welfare approach. This information forms the basis for a synthesis of new ideas. Among the issues covered are:- How brain and body systems regulate using feelings, physiological responses, behaviour and responses to pathology- Limits to adaptation- Assessing positive and negative welfare during both short-term and long-term situations- Ethical problems and suggested solutionsA proper assessment of animal welfare is essential to take informed decisions about what is morally acceptable in terms of practice and in the development of a more effective legislation. This work encapsulates a very wide body of literature on scientific aspects of animal welfare and will thus prove a valuable asset for animal welfare scientists, psychologists, students and teachers of all forms of biology, behaviour, medicine, veterinary medicine and animal usage.
Stress and Environmental Regulation of Gene Expression and Adaptation in Bacteria, 2 Volume Set
by Frans J. de BruijnBacteria in various habitats are subject to continuously changing environmental conditions, such as nutrient deprivation, heat and cold stress, UV radiation, oxidative stress, dessication, acid stress, nitrosative stress, cell envelope stress, heavy metal exposure, osmotic stress, and others. In order to survive, they have to respond to these conditions by adapting their physiology through sometimes drastic changes in gene expression. In addition they may adapt by changing their morphology, forming biofilms, fruiting bodies or spores, filaments, Viable But Not Culturable (VBNC) cells or moving away from stress compounds via chemotaxis. Changes in gene expression constitute the main component of the bacterial response to stress and environmental changes, and involve a myriad of different mechanisms, including (alternative) sigma factors, bi- or tri-component regulatory systems, small non-coding RNA's, chaperones, CHRIS-Cas systems, DNA repair, toxin-antitoxin systems, the stringent response, efflux pumps, alarmones, and modulation of the cell envelope or membranes, to name a few. Many regulatory elements are conserved in different bacteria; however there are endless variations on the theme and novel elements of gene regulation in bacteria inhabiting particular environments are constantly being discovered. Especially in (pathogenic) bacteria colonizing the human body a plethora of bacterial responses to innate stresses such as pH, reactive nitrogen and oxygen species and antibiotic stress are being described. An attempt is made to not only cover model systems but give a broad overview of the stress-responsive regulatory systems in a variety of bacteria, including medically important bacteria, where elucidation of certain aspects of these systems could lead to treatment strategies of the pathogens. Many of the regulatory systems being uncovered are specific, but there is also considerable "cross-talk" between different circuits. Stress and Environmental Regulation of Gene Expression and Adaptation in Bacteria is a comprehensive two-volume work bringing together both review and original research articles on key topics in stress and environmental control of gene expression in bacteria. Volume One contains key overview chapters, as well as content on one/two/three component regulatory systems and stress responses, sigma factors and stress responses, small non-coding RNAs and stress responses, toxin-antitoxin systems and stress responses, stringent response to stress, responses to UV irradiation, SOS and double stranded systems repair systems and stress, adaptation to both oxidative and osmotic stress, and desiccation tolerance and drought stress. Volume Two covers heat shock responses, chaperonins and stress, cold shock responses, adaptation to acid stress, nitrosative stress, and envelope stress, as well as iron homeostasis, metal resistance, quorum sensing, chemotaxis and biofilm formation, and viable but not culturable (VBNC) cells.Covering the full breadth of current stress and environmental control of gene expression studies and expanding it towards future advances in the field, these two volumes are a one-stop reference for (non) medical molecular geneticists interested in gene regulation under stress.
Stress and Health: Biological and Psychological Interactions (Behavioral Medicine And Health Psychology Ser.)
by Dr William R. LovalloStress and Health: Biological and Psychological Interactions, by William R. Lovallo, is a brief and accessible examination of psychological stress and its psychophysiological relationships with cognition, emotions, brain functions, and the peripheral mechanisms by which the body is regulated. Updated throughout, the Third Edition covers two new and significant areas of emerging research: how our early life experiences alter key stress responsive systems at the level of gene expression; and what large, normal, and small stress responses may mean for our overall health and well-being.
Stress and Health: Biological and Psychological Interactions (Behavioral Medicine And Health Psychology Ser.)
by Dr William R. LovalloStress and Health: Biological and Psychological Interactions, by William R. Lovallo, is a brief and accessible examination of psychological stress and its psychophysiological relationships with cognition, emotions, brain functions, and the peripheral mechanisms by which the body is regulated. Updated throughout, the Third Edition covers two new and significant areas of emerging research: how our early life experiences alter key stress responsive systems at the level of gene expression; and what large, normal, and small stress responses may mean for our overall health and well-being.
Stress and Poverty: A Cross-Disciplinary Investigation of Stress in Cells, Individuals, and Society
by Michael Breitenbach Elisabeth Kapferer Clemens SedmakThe word stress is everywhere and highly overused. Everyone is stressed, it seems, all the time. Looking into the meaning of stress in the natural science and the humanities, this book explores cellular stress as cause of and in correlation with what humans experience as stress. When do we psychologically feel stress and when do we show physiological evidence of stress in our brain? Stress is a deviation from what feels normal and healthy. It can be created by social or economic factors and become chronic, which has substantial impacts on the individual and society as a whole. Focusing on poverty as one chronic inducer of stress, this book explores how the lack of pressure-free time, the hardships and unpredictability of everyday life and a general lack of protection lead to destructive toxic stress. This pressure affects cognitive and social functioning, brain development during childhood and may also result in premature aging. How can the sciences inform our understanding of and our response to stress? What can be done about toxic stress both on a personal level and in terms of structures and policies? The book is written for anyone interested in stress, its causes and consequences, and its relationship to poverty.
Stress and Strain Engineering at Nanoscale in Semiconductor Devices
by Chinmay K. MaitiAnticipating a limit to the continuous miniaturization (More-Moore), intense research efforts are being made to co-integrate various functionalities (More-than-Moore) in a single chip. Currently, strain engineering is the main technique used to enhance the performance of advanced semiconductor devices. Written from an engineering applications standpoint, this book encompasses broad areas of semiconductor devices involving the design, simulation, and analysis of Si, heterostructure silicongermanium (SiGe), and III-N compound semiconductor devices. The book provides the background and physical insight needed to understand the new and future developments in the technology CAD (TCAD) design at the nanoscale. Features Covers stressstrain engineering in semiconductor devices, such as FinFETs and III-V Nitride-based devices Includes comprehensive mobility model for strained substrates in global and local strain techniques and their implementation in device simulations Explains the development of strain/stress relationships and their effects on the band structures of strained substrates Uses design of experiments to find the optimum process conditions Illustrates the use of TCAD for modeling strain-engineered FinFETs for DC and AC performance predictions This book is for graduate students and researchers studying solid-state devices and materials, microelectronics, systems and controls, power electronics, nanomaterials, and electronic materials and devices.
Stress Biology in Photosynthetic Organisms: Molecular Insights and Cellular Responses
by Arun Kumar MishraThis book explores the intricate mechanisms underlying the stress responses of phototrophs, which play a critical and foundational role in shaping and sustaining life on Earth.The photoautotrophic entities encounter a spectrum of natural and anthropogenic stresses, inducing a multitude of responses at the physiological, biochemical, genetic, and developmental levels. The comprehension of how these phototrophs adeptly counter stressors transcends mere scientific pursuit; it stands as an essential endeavor for predicting their adaptability in an ever-evolving world and, crucially, for conserving our delicate ecosystems. The book will shed light on the sophisticated interplay of stress signaling pathways and the nuanced engagement of stress-responsive hormones within these life forms. Furthermore, it unveils the cryptic genetic and epigenetic controls dictating stress-related gene expression, yielding profound insights into the enduring recollection of their responses to environmental challenges.This book is an essential read for researchers, educators, and students alike. It offers a comprehensive panorama of stress biology, unveiling the innermost mechanisms at play within photosynthetic organisms discussing their resilience and adaptation.
Stress Biology of Cyanobacteria: Molecular Mechanisms to Cellular Responses
by Ashish Kumar Srivastava Amar Nath Rai Brett A. NeilanA significant component of many different ecosystems, cyanobacteria occupy almost every niche of the earth, including fresh and salt waters, rice fields, hot springs, arid deserts, and polar regions. Cyanobacteria, along with algae, produce nearly half the global oxygen, making assessment of their ecophysiologies important for understanding climate
Stress Biology of Yeasts and Fungi
by Hiroshi Takagi Hiroshi KitagakiThis book describes cutting-edge science and technology of the characterization, breeding, and development of yeasts and fungi used worldwide in fermentation industries such as alcohol beverage brewing, bread making, and bioethanol production. The book also covers numerous topics and important areas the previous literature has missed, ranging widely from molecular mechanisms to biotechnological applications related to stress response/tolerance of yeasts and fungi. During fermentation processes, cells of yeast and fungus, mostly Saccharomyces and Aspergillus oryzae spp. , respectively, are exposed to a variety of fermentation "stresses". Such stresses lead to growth inhibition or cell death. Under severe stress conditions, their fermentation ability and enzyme productivity are rather limited. Therefore, in terms of industrial application, stress tolerance is the key characteristic for yeast and fungal cells. The first part of this book provides stress response/tolerance mechanisms of yeast used for the production of sake, beer, wine, bread, and bioethanol. The second part covers stress response/tolerance mechanisms of fungi during environmental changes and biological processes of industrial fermentation. Readers benefit nicely from the novel understandings and methodologies of these industrial microbes. The book is suitable for both academic scientists and graduate-level students specialized in applied microbiology and biochemistry and biotechnology and for industrial researchers and engineers who are involved in fermentation-based technologies. The fundamental studies described in this book can be applied to the breeding of useful microbes (yeasts, fungi), the production of valuable compounds (ethanol, CO2, amino acids, organic acids, and enzymes) and the development of promising processes to solve environmental issues (bioethanol, biorefinery).
Stress Concentration at Notches
by Mykhaylo P. Savruk Andrzej KazberukThis book compiles solutions of linear theory of elasticity problems for isotropic and anisotropic bodies with sharp and rounded notches. It contains an overview of established and recent achievements, and presents the authors' original solutions in the field considered with extensive discussion. The volume demonstrates through numerous, useful examples the effectiveness of singular integral equations for obtaining exact solutions of boundary problems of the theory of elasticity for bodies with cracks and notches. Incorporating analytical and numerical solutions of the problems of stress concentrations in solid bodies with crack-like defects, this volume is ideal for scientists and PhD students dealing with the problems of theory of elasticity and fracture mechanics.
Stress Concentrators in Continuous Deformable Bodies (Advanced Structured Materials #181)
by Vahram N. HakobyanThis book is devoted to the study of topical issues of the simultaneous interaction of various types of stress concentrators with massive homogeneous and composite deformable bodies. A wide class of new contact and mixed problems is considered, and their closed or effective solutions are constructed. The features of the dynamic mutual influence of various stress concentrators in some problems of forced vibrations of composite massive bodies are also studied.
Stress Corrosion Cracking of Pipelines
by Y. Frank ChengExplains why pipeline stress corrosion cracking happens and how it can be preventedPipelines sit at the heart of the global economy. When they are in good working order, they deliver fuel to meet the ever-growing demand for energy around the world. When they fail due to stress corrosion cracking, they can wreak environmental havoc.This book skillfully explains the fundamental science and engineering of pipeline stress corrosion cracking based on the latest research findings and actual case histories. The author explains how and why pipelines fall prey to stress corrosion cracking and then offers tested and proven strategies for preventing, detecting, and monitoring it in order to prevent pipeline failure.Stress Corrosion Cracking of Pipelines begins with a brief introduction and then explores general principals of stress corrosion cracking, including two detailed case studies of pipeline failure. Next, the author covers:Near-neutral pH stress corrosion cracking of pipelinesHigh pH stress corrosion cracking of pipelinesStress corrosion cracking of pipelines in acidic soil environmentsStress corrosion cracking at pipeline weldsStress corrosion cracking of high-strength pipeline steelsThe final chapter is dedicated to effective management and mitigation of pipeline stress corrosion cracking. Throughout the book, the author develops a number of theoretical models and concepts based on advanced microscopic electrochemical measurements to help readers better understand the occurrence of stress corrosion cracking.By examining all aspects of pipeline stress corrosion cracking--the causes, mechanisms, and management strategies--this book enables engineers to construct better pipelines and then maintain and monitor them to ensure safe, reliable energy supplies for the world.
Stress Ecology
by Christian E.W. SteinbergNot all stress is stressful; instead, it appears that stress in the environment, below the mutation threshold, is essential for many subtle manifestations of population structures and biodiversity, and has played a substantial role in the evolution of life. Intrigued by the behavior of laboratory animals that contradicted our current understanding of stress, the author and his group studied the beneficial effects of stress on animals and plants. The seemingly "crazy" animals demonstrated that several stress paradigms are outdated and have to be reconsidered. The book describes the general stress responses in microorganisms, plants, and animals to abiotic and biotic, to natural and anthropogenic stressors. These stress responses include the activation of oxygen, the biotransformation system, the stress proteins, and the metal-binding proteins. The potential of stress response lies in the transcription of genes, whereas the actual response is manifested by proteins and metabolites. Yet, not all stress responses are in the genes: micro-RNAs and epigenetics play central roles. Multiple stressors, such as environmental realism, do not always act additively; they may even diminish one another. Furthermore, one stressor often prepares the subject for the next one to come and may produce extended lifespans and increased offspring numbers, thus causing shifts in population structures. This book provides the first comprehensive analysis of the ecological and evolutionary effects of stress.
Stress Free for Good: 10 Scientifically Proven Life Skills for Health and Happiness
by Fred Luskin Kenneth R. PelletierPlan for creating a life with less stress that can lead to better physical and emotional health. These 10 suggested skills were developed over many years that the authors spent doing research at Stanford University's school of medicine.
Stress-Free Science: A Visual Guide to Acing Science in Grades 4-8
by Laurie E. WestphalEquipped with the #1 guide to help kids (and their parents) with science homework, students will be able to quickly find the definitions and illustrated examples that will enable them to solve many of the science challenges they face. Covering everything from "acceleration" to "zygote," Stress-Free Science:Is perfect for both kids and their parents looking for help with science homework and the tools to ace the class!Provides students in grades 4–8 with hundreds of science terms and kid-friendly definitions, full-color illustrations, and examples.Covers subjects like physical sciences, Earth sciences, life sciences, basic science equipment, and measurement and units.Helps students complete science tasks with confidence.Will help with any science assignment, project, or experiment.This well-organized and easy-to-follow quick reference guide includes illustrated, concise explanations of the most common terms used in general science classes. Packed with strategies to help students get better grades and master science concepts without any headaches, this science study guide also includes a handy reference section, complete with commonly used formulas, measurement conversions, charts detailing household chemicals and acids and bases, instructions for using science equipment safely, tips on following the scientific process, and information on graphing results and data.
Stress-Free Science: A Visual Guide to Acing Science in Grades 4-8
by Laurie E. WestphalEquipped with the #1 guide to help kids (and their parents) with science homework, students will be able to quickly find the definitions and illustrated examples that will enable them to solve many of the science challenges they face. Covering everything from "acceleration" to "zygote," Stress-Free Science: Is perfect for both kids and their parents looking for help with science homework and the tools to ace the class!Provides students in grades 4-8 with hundreds of science terms and kid-friendly definitions, full-color illustrations, and examples.Covers subjects like physical sciences, Earth sciences, life sciences, basic science equipment, and measurement and units.Helps students complete science tasks with confidence.Will help with any science assignment, project, or experiment.
Stress, Immunity, and Aging
by E. L. CooperThis book contains two personal reminiscences of historical importance to research on stress and infectious disease. It deals with perspectives on immunity, aging, and disease and the prospects for immunorestoration in the treatment of immunodeficiency arising from aging and stress.
Stress-Induced Mutagenesis
by David MittelmanThe discovery of stress-induced mutagenesis has changed ideas about mutation and evolution, and revealed mutagenic programs that differ from standard spontaneous mutagenesis in rapidly proliferating cells. The stress-induced mutations occur during growth-limiting stress, and can include adaptive mutations that allow growth in the otherwise growth-limiting environment. The stress responses increase mutagenesis specifically when cells are maladapted to their environments, i.e. are stressed, potentially accelerating evolution then. The mutation mechanism also includes temporary suspension of post-synthesis mismatch repair, resembling mutagenesis characteristic of some cancers. Stress-induced mutation mechanisms may provide important models for genome instability underlying some cancers and genetic diseases, resistance to chemotherapeutic and antibiotic drugs, pathogenicity of microbes, and many other important evolutionary processes. This book covers pathways of stress-induced mutagenesis in all systems. The principle focus is mammalian systems, but much of what is known of these pathways comes from non-mammalian systems.
Stress Less: 9 Habits from the Bible and Brain Science to Build Resilience and Reduce Anxiety • Biblically Sound • Research Informed
by Charles StoneWe&’re living in a stressed-out world. According to a poll from the American Psychological Association more than a quarter of U.S. adults say they&’re so stressed they can&’t function. But it&’s not just adults. Teenagers and children are also experiencing the negative effects of stress. Blending brain science, biblical truth, and best practices, Stress Less provides hope and healing. From his PhD research, pastor Charles Stone presents nine actionable insights for those battling stress or who have friends or family with fear and anxiety. Stone writes about biblical characters who successfully and unsuccessfully navigated stress and shares how he&’s responded to the stresses in his life, including a cancer diagnoses, heart issue, pre-diabetes diagnosis, and depression.Stone answers the questions: What is stress?What does stress do to the body and brain?How do we build resistance to stress? He shows how changes in thinking, feeling, sleep, spiritual practices, and relationships can help us thrive through life&’s stresses. Readers learn how gratitude and soaking your soul in Jesus can cultivate a life of greater well-being and joy. While we can&’t eliminate the stressors of life, we can learn to navigate them with courage and grace. This timely resource is a practical guide for anyone who feels the creep of stress, who desires freedom and peace, and who wants to Stress Less.
Stress Management and Prevention: Applications to Daily Life
by David D. ChenGain a critical understanding of the nature of stress from a positive psychology framework that allows you to look beyond a simple pathology of stress-related symptoms. This new edition of Stress Management and Prevention integrates Eastern and Western concepts of stress while emphasizing an experiential approach to learning through the use of exercises, activities, and self-reflection. This student-friendly text contains chapters on conflict resolution, mindfulness meditation, time management, prevention of health risks, and cognitive restructuring. Included throughout are an emphasis on mindfulness and the neuroscience behind it, more theories, and new techniques for stress reduction and time management. An updated companion website includes even more video-based activities so students can see techniques in practice.
Stress Physiology of Tea in the Face of Climate Change
by Wen-Yan Han Xin Li Golam Jalal AhammedThis book focuses on the existing knowledge regarding the effect of global climate change on tea plant physiology, biochemistry, and metabolism as well as economic and societal aspects of the tea industry. Specifically, this book synthesizes recent advances in the physiological and molecular mechanisms of the responses of tea plants to various abiotic and biotic stressors including high temperature, low temperature or freezing, drought, low light, UV radiation, elevated CO2, ozone, nutrient deficiency, insect herbivory, and pathogenic agents. This book also discusses challenges and potential management strategies for sustaining tea yield and quality in the face of climate change. Dr. Wen-Yan Han is a Professor and Dr. Xin Li is an Associate Professor at the Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (TRI, CAAS), Hangzhou, PR China. Dr. Golam Jalal Ahammed is an Associate Professor at the Department of Horticulture, College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, PR China.
Stress Physiology of Woody Plants
by Wenhao DaiThis book addresses the importance woody plants have in agriculture, forestry, and the environment and how various stresses affect their performance. It reviews physiological and molecular responses of woody plants to major environmental stresses and focuses on the mechanisms involved in imparting resistance to stress. Chapters cover basics of plant physiology including plant structure and plant growth, photosynthesis, respiration, plant growth regulation, abiotic and biotic plant stresses including drought, water logging, nutrient deficiency, salinity, chilling, freezing, heat, oxidative stress, and heavy metal toxicity.