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Taphonomy
by David J. Bottjer Peter A. AllisonTaphonomic bias is a pervasive feature of the fossil record. A pressing concern, however, is the extent to which taphonomic processes have varied through the ages. It is one thing to work with a biased data set and quite another to work with a bias that has changed with time. This book includes work from both new and established researchers who are using laboratory, field and data-base techniques to characterise and quantify the temporal and spatial variation in taphonomic bias. It may not provide all the answers but it will at least shed light on the right questions.
The Taphonomy of Echinoids: Skeletal Morphologies, Environmental Factors and Preservation Pathways (Elements of Paleontology)
by James H. Nebelsick Andrea MancosuThe study of echinoid evolution, diversity, and ecology has always suffered from the fact that they are represented by taxa showing widely differing architectural designs of their multi-plated skeletons, inhabiting a large range of marine paleoenvironments, which result in highly varying taphonomic biases dictating their presence and recognition. This Element addresses the taphonomy of echinoids and includes: a general introduction to the morphological features of echinoids that play a role in their preservation; a review of processes which play an important role in the differential preservation of both regular and irregular echinoids including predation and transport; a summary of taphonomic pathways included in actualistic studies for recent sea urchins and then reconstructed for fossil taxa; and finally, a case study of the variation of echinoid taphonomy across a shelf gradient using the rich Miocene echinoid fauna of Sardinia.
Taphonomy of Human Remains: Forensic Analysis of the Dead and the Depositional Environment
by Eline M.J. Schotsmans Nicholas Márquez-Grant Shari L. ForbesA truly interdisciplinary approach to this core subject within Forensic Science Combines essential theory with practical crime scene work Includes case studies Applicable to all time periods so has relevance for conventional archaeology, prehistory and anthropology Combines points of view from both established practitioners and young researchers to ensure relevance
Tapirs of the World: Ecology, Conservation and Management (Fascinating Life Sciences)
by Mario Melletti Rafael Reyna-Hurtado Patrícia MediciThis beautifully illustrated book is the first comprehensive work ever published on all four tapir species worldwide, filling a gap in the scientific literature. The book provides information on the systematics, phylogeny, evolution, ecology, conservation, and management of all tapir species. This volume is aimed at a wide range of readers, including researchers, wildlife managers, zoologists, conservation biologists, ecologists, veterinarians, zoo staff, students and environmental policy makers.
The Tapper Twins Go Viral (The Tapper Twins #4)
by Geoff RodkeyTold as a series of interviews, photos, texts, social media hits, and videogame screenshots, The Tapper Twins Go Viral is a laugh-a-page book with a serious lesson: never feed the internet trolls! Claudia Tapper just doesn't get it: How is it possible that the video of the best breakup song she's ever written is watched by virtually nobody, when her brother Reese's completely moronic 2-second clip of an video game wipeout ends up being the hottest thing online at Culvert Prep? Unfortunately, Claudia's bold declaration of injustice sets the stage for the bet of her life: Which of the Tapper twins can get more online followers in a week? She had better top Reese's rapidly escalating popularity or she can kiss her social life goodbye if she loses the bet and is forced to post the most embarrassing video imaginable!
Tapping the Pines: The Naval Stores Industry in the American South
by Robert B. Outland IIIThe extraction of raw turpentine and tar from the southern longleaf pine -- along with the manufacture of derivative products such as spirits of turpentine and rosin -- constitutes what was once the largest industry in North Carolina and one of the most important in the South: naval stores production. In a pathbreaking study that seamlessly weaves together business, environmental, labor, and social history, Robert B. Outland III offers the first complete account of this sizable though little-understood sector of the southern economy. Outland traces the South's naval stores industry from its colonial origins to the mid-twentieth century, when it was supplanted by the rising chemicals industry. A horror for workers and a scourge to the Southeast's pine forests, the methods and consequences of this expansive enterprise remained virtually unchanged for more than two centuries.An important part of the timber products trade, naval stores were originally used primarily in shipbuilding and maintenance. Over the course of the nineteenth century, these products came to be used in myriad ways -- including in the manufacture of paint thinner, soap, and a widely popular lamp oil -- and demand soared. In response, North Carolina producers enlarged their operations and expanded throughout the Southeast, especially into Georgia and Florida, but the short-term economic development they initiated ultimately contributed to long-term underdevelopment.Outland vividly describes the primitive harvest and production methods that eventually destroyed the very trees the trade relied upon, forcing operators to relocate every few years. He introduces the many different people involved in the industry, from the wealthy owner to the powerless worker, and explores the reliance on forced labor -- slavery before the Civil War and afterwards debt peonage and convict leasing. He demonstrates how the isolated forest environment created harsh working and living conditions, making the life of a turpentine hand and his family exceedingly difficult. With an exacting attention to detail and exhaustive research, Outland offers not only the first definitive history of the naval stores industry but also a fresh interpretation of the socioeconomic development of the piney woods South. Tapping the Pines is an essential volume for anyone interested in the region.
Taproots - Underlying Principles of Milton Erickson's Therapy and Hypnosis
by William Hudson O'HanlonThe author, who knew Ericson, makes since of Ericson's work and style for other psychologists and persons interested in incorporating Ericsonian techniques into therapy. Proposes a framework for understanding Ericson. Many case studies are provided.
Tar Sands
by Andrew NikiforukTar Sands critically examines the frenzied development in the Canadian tar sands and the far-reaching implications for all of North America. Bitumen, the sticky stuff that ancients used to glue the Tower of Babel together, is the world's most expensive hydrocarbon. This difficult-to-find resource has made Canada the number-one supplier of oil to the United States, and every major oil company now owns a lease in the Alberta tar sands. The region has become a global Deadwood, complete with rapturous engineers, cut-throat cocaine dealers, Muslim extremists, and a huge population of homeless individuals.In this award-winning book, a Canadian bestseller, journalist Andrew Nikiforuk exposes the disastrous environmental, social, and political costs of the tar sands, arguing forcefully for change. This updated edition includes new chapters on the most energy-inefficient tar sands projects (the steam plants), as well as new material on the controversial carbon cemeteries and nuclear proposals to accelerate bitumen production.
Tarangire: Human-Wildlife Coexistence in a Fragmented Ecosystem (Ecological Studies #243)
by Christian Kiffner Monica L. Bond Derek E. LeeThis edited volume summarizes multidisciplinary work on wildlife conservation in the Tarangire Ecosystem of northern Tanzania. By drawing together human-centered, wildlife-centered, and interdisciplinary research, this book contributes to furthering our understanding of the often complex mechanisms underlying human-wildlife interactions in dynamic landscapes. By synthesizing the wealth of knowledge generated by anthropologists, ecologists, conservationists, entrepreneurs, geographers, sociologists, and zoologists over the last decades, this book also highlights practicable and locally adapted solutions for shaping human-wildlife interactions towards coexistence. Readers will discover the reciprocal and often unexpected direct and indirect dynamics between people and wildlife. While boundaries (e.g. between people and wildlife, between protected and un-protected areas, and between different groups of people) are a common theme throughout the different chapters, this book stresses the commonalities, links, and synergies between seemingly disparate disciplines, opinions, and conservation approaches. The chapters are divided into clear sections, such as the human dimension, the wildlife dimension and human-wildlife interactions, representing a detailed summary of anthropological, ecological, and interdisciplinary research projects that have been conducted in the Tarangire Ecosystem over the last decades. Beyond, this work contributes to the debate about land-sharing versus land-sparing and provides an in-depth case study for understanding the complexities associated with human-wildlife coexistence in one of the few remaining ecosystems that supports migratory populations of large mammals. The topic of this book is particularly relevant for students, scholars, and practitioners who are interested in reconciling the needs of human populations with those of the environment in general and large mammal populations in particular.
Taranto 1940: 'A Glorious Episode'
by A. J. SmithersIn the long history of the British Isles few years can stand in comparison with 1940 in terms of unrivalled gloom. The fiasco in Norway, the evacuation of the BEF from Dunkirk, the fall of France and the entry of Italy into the war were hardly offset by the success of the Royal Air Force in the Battle of Britain and the failure of the Italian troops in their attempted invasion of Egypt. Near the end of the year, however, there occurred an event which is remarkable not only for its dramatic effect on the course of the war but for the fact that it has virtually disappeared from public memory. This was the sinking of the better part of the Italian Fleet in Taranto harbour which, at one stroke, gave the Royal Navy control of the Eastern Mediterranean, somewhat ironically referred to by the Italians as Mare Nostrum. Perhaps even more remarkable, as A.J. Smithers describes in this book, enlivened as always and as critics have frequently remarked, by his mordant wit and extraordinary breadth of knowledge, was the means by which this feat was achieved In November, 1940, the areal torpedo was in its infancy, while its carrier, the Swordfish, known as the 'Stringbag', looked more like something left over from the previous war. But, flying at night and against all the odds, the pilots and observed achieved their objective and with one mighty stroke totally altered the balance of maritime power in the Mediterranean, at last for the foreseeable future.
Target Identification and Validation in Drug Discovery: Methods and Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology #2905)
by Jürgen Moll Sebastian CarottaThis third edition book explores breakthrough techniques in the field of drug target identification and validation. With technologies and methodologies ranging from target identification to the analysis of clinical samples, as well as newer areas like artificial intelligence and machine learning applications, the book will aid decision-makers in drug development by offering a succinct overview of the available technologies for portfolio management. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step and readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and up-to-date, Target Identification and Validation in Drug Discovery: Methods and Protocols, Third Edition will help a diverse audience of scientists find valuable insights to address their drug development inquiries.
Target Identification and Validation in Drug Discovery
by Jurgen Moll Riccardo ColomboThe major reason for the elevated costs of drug development in the pharmaceutical industry is the high attrition rate. In Target Identification and Validation in Drug Discovery: Methods and Protocols, expert researchers in the field detail many of the methods which are now commonly used to identify and validate new target. These include methods and approaches covering biochemical, cell based, in vivo models and translational methods. Chapters also include selected case reports that demonstrate the integration of these technologies to real life experiences and to demonstrate the multiple use of more than one technology to increase knowledge on a specific target. These Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular BiologyTM series format, the chapters include the kind of detailed description and implementation advice that is crucial for getting optimal results in the laboratory. Thorough and intuitive, Target Identification and Validation in Drug Discovery: Methods and Protocols contains a comprehensive list of essential methods and clear protocols to follow.
Target in Control: Social Influence as Distributed Information Processing (SpringerBriefs in Complexity)
by Robin R. Vallacher Agnieszka Rychwalska Magdalena Roszczyńska-Kurasińska Karolina Ziembowicz Marta Kacprzyk-Murawska Andrzej K. Nowak Mikolaj BiesagaThis concise monograph introduces and examines social influence from the perspective of the so-called target, rather than from the source, thus providing for the first time a bidirectional account of this pervasive social phenomenon, further bridging simple micro-level dyadic interaction rules with macro-level properties of the (social) system. This integrative approach allows for advanced models of influence to be developed in both the social and natural sciences (e.g. social animals). In particular, when used to investigate emergent properties of social change, this approach shows that social transitions occur as “bubbles of new” in the “sea of old.” While in the traditional view influence is synonymous with achieving power and control over others, the present approach to social influence puts the emphasis on the target’s motives and strategies. Here, the target may actively seek out influence to help forge opinions and achieve guidance regarding courses of action. In this process, the target observes others, models their thought and behavior, and asks for information and opinions. In this broadened perspective, the processes of social influence enables those being influenced (the targets) to use the knowledge and processing capacity of influence sources to maximize their access to information, minimize their processing effort, while optimizing their own functioning and that of the social system in which they evolve. This short text addresses above all scientists interested in social influence in the fields of psychology, sociology, economy, marketing, and biology. However, also researchers interested in modeling social processes, especially opinion dynamics and social change, such as computer scientists, physicists and applied mathematicians will benefit from the insights provided.
Target Organ Toxicity in Marine and Freshwater Teleosts: Organs (New Perspectives: Toxicology and the Environment)
by Daniel Schlenk, William H. BensonAddressing the numerous gaps in current information, Target Organ Toxicology in Marine and Freshwater Teleosts is an essential resource for researchers and professionals in aquatic toxicology and environmental risk assessment. All the chapters are written by researchers who are internationally recognised for their work in mechanistic aspects of aquatic toxicology. Each chapter focuses on a specific target organ or physiological system and describes how various agents disrupt the normal physiological system and processes. This volume is devoted to specific organs with coverage of the gill, kidney, skin, liver and gut. The companion volume, Systems, provides coverage of toxic effects in the central nervous, immune, neurobehavioural and reproductive systems as well as describing general mechanisms of toxicity.
Target Organ Toxicity in Marine and Freshwater Teleosts: Systems (New Perspectives: Toxicology and the Environment)
by Daniel Schlenk William H. BensonAddressing the numerous gaps in current information, Target Organ Toxicology in Marine and Freshwater Teleosts is an essential resource for researchers and professionals in aquatic toxicology and environmental risk assessment.All the chapters are written by researchers who are internationally recognised for their work in mechanistic aspects of
Target Organ Toxicity, Volume I: Volume 2 (Routledge Revivals Ser.)
by Gerald M. CohenThis two-volume set provides essential information on the general princi-ples of target organ toxicity. Pharmacokinetics, metabolic activation and key defense mechanisms, excretion, species variation, and tissue-specific biochemistry are explored comprehensively. These general principles are then illustrated using specific examples of toxicity to different target organs and systems. DNA modifi-cation and repair in tumor induction, and specificity in tumor initiation are also examined. Of primary interest to toxicologist, pharma-cologists, biochemists, and environmental toxicologists.
Target Organ Toxicology in Caenorhabditis elegans
by Dayong WangThis book introduces readers to intestinal and epidermal barriers, and to toxicity induction of environmental toxicants or stresses in the intestine, epidermis, neurons, muscle, and reproductive organs in Caenorhabditis elegans. In addition, it discusses the protective responses of various organs and nematodes’ avoidance behaviour with regard to environmental toxicants or stresses. The intestinal, epidermal, neuronal, and germline signalling pathways required for the regulation of toxicity of environmental toxicants or stresses are also introduced and discussed. As a classic model animal with well-described genetic and developmental backgrounds, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been successfully and widely used in both toxicity assessments and toxicological studies on various environmental toxicants and stresses. Once exposure to certain environmental toxicants has occurred, the toxicants can enter into the primary targeted organs (such as intestinal cells), and even be translocated into secondary targeted organs (such as reproductive organs and neurons). Based on related available data, this book provides a systematic understanding of target organ toxicology in C. elegans.
Target Search Problems
by Denis Grebenkov Ralf Metzler Gleb OshaninThis book presents cutting-edge research addressing the mathematical models used to tackle the "Target problem" as it manifests itself in a wide range of disciplines. Leading international experts from around the world describe a variety of different approaches to this truly multidisciplinary topic. Recent years have witnessed a substantial and still growing interest in understanding the general "Target problem". This encompasses a wide range of different situations in which some "agents" perform a deterministic or stochastic motion to search for a certain immobile or mobile "target". Such problems arise in many disciplines: to name but a few, computer science, the evolution of stock markets, biochemistry, bio-medicine, evolutionary games, as well as diverse areas of physics. This book with its up-to-date collection of chapters authored by leading experts in these and other fields, provides a comprehensive and complete picture in broadlyaccessible language. The book will naturally serve as a source of inspiration for further research, as well as facilitating a cross-fertilization of approaches, ideas, and research directions.
Target Sites of Fungicide Action
by Wolfram KoellerTarget Sites of Fungicide Action presents a critical examination of the mode of action of antifungal inhibitors, especially the mechanistical aspects of agricultural fungicides and antifungal drugs. It provides an interdisciplinary approach through its discussions of inhibitors with target sites in sterol biosynthesis, molecular studies in fungicide research, and fungal resistance. Researchers and students in plant pathology, mycology, and medicine will find this book to be a comprehensive summary of current knowledge, as well as a source of stimulation for future research in the field of applied mycology.
Target Sites of Herbicide Action
by Peter Boger Gerhard SandmannThis publication is based on the plant processes and reaction sites for which reliable knowledge on both their physiology and biochem-istry and the mode of herbicidal action is available. Targets of the agrochemical research, such as enzymes of biosynthetic pathways or herbicide-binding peptides in the photosynthetic membrane, are highlighted. Detailed knowledge about the target sites will allow bio-chemical model systems to evaluate the biological activity of newly synthesized compounds before their conventional screening in the greenhouse. Quantitative structure/activity relationships should be performed more reliably with simple biological species or enzymol-ogy assays, to aid in the rational design of pesticides. This text is highly valuable for plant physiologists, pathologists, and chemists in the agrochemical industry and universities.
Target Volume Definition in Radiation Oncology
by Anca-Ligia Grosu Carsten Nieder Nils Henrik NicolayThis updated edition of the book provides radiation oncologists with a structured, state-of-the-art guide to target volume delineation for all major cancer types. It provides an overview of recent advances in radiation treatment techniques and multimodal imaging for radiation treatment planning. It also offers clear and structured guidelines for the contouring of target volumes and organs at risk, taking into account the available imaging modalities including PET/CT and multiparametric MR imaging. Each chapter addresses the target volume concepts of a particular tumor type and has been written by experts in the field. Covering all major tumor entities, the book provides practicing radiation oncologists with a guide to defining target volumes based on multimodal imaging.
Target Volume Delineation and Field Setup
by Jiade J. Lu Nancy Y. LeeThis handbook will enable radiation oncologists to appropriately and confidently select and delineate tumor volumes/fields for conformal radiation therapy, including intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), in patients with commonly encountered cancers. The orientation of this handbook is entirely practical, in that the focus is on the illustration of clinical target volume (CTV) delineation for each major malignancy. Each chapter provides guidelines and concise knowledge on treatment planning and CTV selection, explains how the anatomy of lymphatic drainage shapes target volume selection, and presents detailed illustrations of delineations, slice by slice, on planning CT images. While the emphasis is on target volume delineation for three-dimensional conformal therapy and IMRT, information is also provided on conventional radiation therapy field setup and planning for certain malignancies for which IMRT is not currently suitable.
Target Volume Delineation and Treatment Planning for Particle Therapy
by Nancy Y. Lee Jonathan E. Leeman Oren Cahlon Kevin Sine Guoliang Jiang Jiade J. Lu Stefan BothThis handbook is designed to enable radiation oncologists to treat patients appropriately and confidently by means of particle therapy. The orientation and purpose are entirely practical, in that the focus is on the physics essentials of delivery and treatment planning , illustration of the clinical target volume (CTV) and associated treatment planning for each major malignancy when using particle therapy, proton therapy in particular. Disease-specific chapters provide guidelines and concise knowledge on CTV selection and delineation and identify aspects that require the exercise of caution during treatment planning. The treatment planning techniques unique to proton therapy for each disease site are clearly described, covering beam orientation, matching/patching field techniques, robustness planning, robustness plan evaluation, etc. The published data on the use of particle therapy for a given disease site are also concisely reported. In addition to fully meeting the needs of radiation oncologists, this "know why" and "know how" guide to particle therapy will be valuable for medical physicists, dosimetrists, and radiation therapists.
Targeted Cancer Therapy in Biomedical Engineering (Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering)
by Rishabha Malviya Sonali SundramThis book highlights the role of Biomedical Engineering (BME) used in diagnosis (e.g., body scanners) and treatment (radiation therapy and minimal access surgery in order to prevent various diseases). In recent years, an important progress has been made in the expansion of biomedical microdevices which has a major role in diagnosis and therapy of cancer. When fighting cancer, efficacy and speed are of the utmost importance. A recently developed microfluidic chip has enabled a breakthrough in testing the efficacy of specialized cancer drugs.Effective cancer-targeting therapies will require both passive and active targeting strategies and a thorough understanding of physiologic barriers to targeted drug delivery. Targeted cancer treatments in development and the new combinatorial approaches show promise for improving targeted anticancer drug delivery and improving treatment outcomes.This book discusses the advancements and innovations in the field of BME that improve the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. This book is focused on bioengineering approaches to improve targeted delivery for cancer therapeutics, which include particles, targeting moieties, and stimuli-responsive drug release mechanisms. This book is a useful resource for students, researchers, and professionals in BME and medicine.
Targeted Delivery of Nanopesticides and Nanofertilizers in Sustainable Agricultural Farming (Nanotechnology in the Life Sciences)
by Ayesha Nazeer Faisal Ahmad Neeraj Verma Shamin AhmadNanofertilizers and nanopesticides increase crop efficiency because of a several-fold increase in the surface-to-volume ratio of nano-forms of nutrients and their suitability to foliar application. The potential agricultural benefits of these nanomaterials, their modes of action, and the fate of nanomaterials in the soil are all discussed. This book uses a multidisciplinary approach and highlights the expertise of the authors in the fields of materials science, nanotechnology, nanobiosensors, and agricultural research. It describes the details of nanoscale synthesis of materials for targeted delivery; in vitro, in vivo, and field trials experimentation; how to use digital technology for specific solutions including Big Data to create predictive mathematical modelling; along with the core knowledge of plant systems and their biosphere to improve crop yields. Also, the book discusses future perspectives and challenges of nanomaterials in agricultural applications. In summary, this book discusses agricultural nanobiotechnology with its main emphasis on understanding the interactions of nanoscale materials of pesticides and fertilizers. It also covers their application to improve the quality and increase crop yield with a minimum use of the active ingredients attached to the nanocarriers.