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Time, Chance and Reduction
by Gerhard Ernst Andreas HuttemannStatistical mechanics attempts to explain the behavior of macroscopic physical systems in terms of the mechanical properties of their constituents. Although it is one of the fundamental theories of physics, it has received little attention from philosophers of science. Nevertheless, it raises philosophical questions of fundamental importance on the nature of time, chance and reduction. Most philosophical issues in this domain relate to the question of the reduction of thermodynamics to statistical mechanics. This book addresses issues inherent in this reduction: the time-asymmetry of thermodynamics and its absence in statistical mechanics; the role and essential nature of chance and probability in this reduction when thermodynamics is non-probabilistic; and how, if at all, the reduction is possible. Compiling contributions on current research by experts in the field, this is an invaluable survey of the philosophy of statistical mechanics for academic researchers and graduate students interested in the foundations of physics.
Time, Communication and Global Capitalism (International Political Economy Series)
by Wayne HopeIn this book Wayne Hope analyzes the double relation between time and global capitalism. In order to do this, he cross-relates four epistemes of time - epochality, time reckoning, temporality and coevalness – with four materializations of time – hegemony, conflict, crisis and rupture. Using this framework allows Hope to argue that global capitalism is epochally distinctive, riven by time conflicts, prone to recurring crises, and vulnerable to collective opposition. These critical insights are not easily thematized in a mediated world of real-time reflexivity, detemporalized presentism, and denials of coevalness associated with structural exclusions of the poor. However, the worldwide repercussions of the 2008 financial collapse and the resulting confluence of occupation movements, riots, protests, strike activity, and anti-austerity activism raises the prospect of a rupture within and beyond global capitalism.
Time Crystals (Springer Series on Atomic, Optical, and Plasma Physics #114)
by Krzysztof SachaThis book provides the first comprehensive description of time crystals which have a repeating structure in time. It introduces the fundamental concepts behind time crystals and explores the many different branches of this new research area.The book starts with the original idea of the time crystallization in quantum systems as introduced by Wilczek and follows the development of the field up to the present day. Both spontaneous formation of crystalline structures in time and concepts of the condensed matter physics in the time domain, ranging from Anderson localization in time to many-body systems with exotic interactions, are described. The prospect of creation of novel objects by means of time engineering is also presented.The book assumes knowledge of quantum mechanics to the graduate level. It serves as a valuable reference with pointers to future research directions for graduate students and senior scientists alike.
The Time Cure: Treating PTSD with the New Psychology of Time Perspective Therapy
by Richard M. Sword Rosemary K. M. Sword Philip ZimbardoZimbardo shows how those living with PTSD can shift their perspectives to change the way they think about past traumatic experiences, get away from a fatalistic mindset, and focus more on a positive future.
Time Delay ODE/PDE Models: Applications in Biomedical Science and Engineering
by W.E. SchiesserTime delayed (lagged) variables are an inherent feature of biological/physiological systems. For example, infection from a disease may at first be asymptomatic, and only after a delay is the infection apparent so that treatment can begin.Thus, to adequately describe physiological systems, time delays are frequently required and must be included in the equations of mathematical models. The intent of this book is to present a methodology for the formulation and computer implementation of mathematical models based on time delay ordinary differential equations (DODEs) and partial differential equations (DPDEs). The DODE/DPDE methodology is presented through a series of example applications, particularly in biomedical science and engineering (BMSE). The computer-based implementation of the example models is explained with routines coded (programmed) in R, a quality, open-source scientific computing system that is readily available from the Internet. Formal mathematics isminimized, e.g., no theorems and proofs. Rather, the presentation is through detailed examples that the reader/researcher/analyst can execute on modest computers. The DPDE analysis is based on the method of lines (MOL), an established general algorithm for PDEs, implemented with finite differences. The example applications can first be executed to confirm the reported solutions, then extended by variation of the parameters and the equation terms, and even the forumulation and use of alternative DODE/DPDE models. • Introduces time delay ordinary and partial differential equations (DODE/DPDEs) and their numerical computer-based integration (solution) • Illustrates the computer implementation of DODE/DPDE models with coding (programming) in R, a quality, open-source scientific programming system readily available from the Internet • Applies DODE/DPDE models to biological/physiological systems through a series of examples • Provides the R routines for all of the illustrative applications through a download link • Facilitates the use of the models with reasonable time and effort on modest computers
Time-Delayed Linear Quadratic Optimal Control Problems (SpringerBriefs on PDEs and Data Science)
by Weijun Meng Jingtao Shi Jiongmin YongThis book characterizes the open-loop and closed-loop solvability for time-delayed linear quadratic optimal control problems. Different from the existing literature, in the current book, we present a theory of deterministic LQ problems with delays which has several new features: Our system is time-varying, with both the state equation and cost functional being allowed to include discrete and distributed delays, both in the state and the control. We take different approaches to discuss the unboundedness of the control operator. The open-loop solvability of the lifted problem is characterized by the solvability of a system of forward-backward integral evolution equations and the convexity condition of the cost functional. Surprisingly, the adjoint equations involve some coupled partial differential equations, which is significantly different from that in the literature, where, the adjoint equations are all some anticipated backward ordinary differential equations. The closed-loop solvability is characterized by the solvability of three equivalent integral operator-valued Riccati equations and two equivalent backward integral evolution equations which are much easier to handle than the differential operator-valued Riccati equations used in the literature to study similar problems. The closed-loop representation of open-loop optimal control is presented through three equivalent integral operator-valued Riccati equations.
Time-Dependent CP Violation Measurements
by Markus RöhrkenThis thesis describes a high-quality, high-precision method for the data analysis of an interesting elementary particle reaction. The data was collected at the Japanese B-meson factory KEKB with the Belle detector, one of the most successful large-scale experiments worldwide. CP violation is a subtle quantum effect that makes the world look different when simultaneously left and right and matter and antimatter are exchanged. This being a prerequisite for our own world to have developed from the big bang, there are only a few experimental indications of such effects, and their detection requires very intricate techniques. The discovery of CP violation in B meson decays garnered Kobayashi and Maskawa, who had predicted these findings as early as 1973, the 2008 Nobel prize in physics. This thesis describes in great detail what are by far the best measurements of branching ratios and CP violation parameters in two special reactions with two charm mesons in the final state. It presents an in-depth but accessible overview of the theory, phenomenology, experimental setup, data collection, Monte Carlo simulations, (blind) statistical data analysis, and systematic uncertainty studies.
Time-Dependent Mechanical Behavior of Ceramic-Matrix Composites at Elevated Temperatures (Advanced Ceramics and Composites #1)
by Longbiao LiThis book investigates the time-dependent behavior of fiber-reinforced ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs) at elevated temperatures. The author combines the time-dependent damage mechanisms of interface and fiber oxidation and fracture with the micromechanical approach to establish the relationships between the first matrix cracking stress, matrix multiple cracking evolution, tensile strength, tensile stress-strain curves and tensile fatigue of fiber-reinforced CMCs and time. Then, using damage models of energy balance, the fracture mechanics approach, critical matrix strain energy criterion, Global Load Sharing criterion, and hysteresis loops he determines the first matrix cracking stress, interface debonded length, matrix cracking density, fibers failure probability, tensile strength, tensile stress-strain curves and fatigue hysteresis loops. Lastly, he predicts the time-dependent mechanical behavior of different fiber-reinforced CMCs, i.e., C/SiC and SiC/SiC, using the developed approaches, in order to reduce the failure risk during the operation of aero engines. The book is intended for undergraduate and graduate students who are interested in the mechanical behavior of CMCs, researchers investigating the damage evolution of CMCs at elevated temperatures, and designers responsible for hot-section CMC components in aero engines.
Time Dependent Phase Space Filters: A Stable Absorbing Boundary Condition (SpringerBriefs on PDEs and Data Science)
by Avy Soffer Chris Stucchio Minh-Binh TranThis book introduces an interesting and alternative way to design absorbing boundary conditions (ABCs) for quantum wave equations, basically the nonlinear Schrödinger equation. The focus of this book is the application of the phase space filter approach to derive accurate radiation conditions for Schrödinger equations.Researchers who are interested in partial differential equations and mathematical physics might find this book appealing.
Time, Emergences and Communications
by Bernard DuguéThis book presents an attempt to understand emergences in various situations where material components interact by coordinating their actions to "make system" with emerging properties (or functions) accessible to experimental investigation. I will endeavor to show that communications play a decisive role in these processes. A strategy will be implemented. If communications are so important, then we must show that they are an essential property of matter. This justifies the detailed analyses on the quantum world developed in the first five chapters. Also includes a study of the strange property of entanglement as well as an interpretation of the chemical bonds which cannot be circumvented in order to understand the functioning of complex systems; Living cells and animals. So the strategy consolidates as much as possible the physical foundations and the understanding of the primordial matter and then passing to the realities based on very large numbers of elementary components.
Time Expansion Experiences: The Psychology of Time Perception and the Illusion of Linear Time
by Steve TaylorHave you ever been in an accident and felt that time slowed down? Have you felt time stretch radically, or even apparently disappear, in a state of deep meditation? Psychologist Dr Steve Taylor calls these Time Expansion Experiences, and in this book he shares his years of research into this life-changing phenomenon.Most of us will have experienced a TEE, an experience of time slowing down in an extreme situation, and yet it is a phenomenon that has never been fully explored or explained - until now.Psychologist Dr. Steve Taylor has spent several years analysing &“time expansion experiences&” (or TEEs), after collecting hundreds of reports. He has also found many examples of "time cessation experiences" (or TCEs), in which time appears to disappear altogether. In this book he shares the fascinating psychology and shared features behind all of these case studies, coming to an incredible conclusion: TEEs are a real altered state of consciousness, rather than a trick of recollection. Not only this, but TEEs and TCEs are almost always positive, with a sense of calm well-being, clarity and heightened awareness. In this ground-breaking book, discover profound implications: What do unusual states of consciousness such as mystical experiences, psychedelic experiences, and near-death experiences tell us about time and consciousness?What can the countless reports of &“life review&” - when people view a whole lifetime of events and experiences within a few seconds - tell about the past, present and the future?What does modern physics have to say about the idea that linear time is illusory?If our perception of time is an illusion, is it possible to speed up and slow down time at will, including inducing TEEs?
Time for a Checkup
by Amy TaoPeople visit the doctor at least once a year–even when they’re not sick! Doctors ask questions to check that your mind and body are healthy. Doctors use different tools to find out if you’re healthy like stethoscopes, thermometers and blood pressure cuffs. The nurse will measure your height and weight, too! Find out other ways doctors check if you’re healthy?
TIME for Kids: 300 Fantastic Facts!: Space (TIME for Kids)
by Wes LocherLearn 300 fun facts about outer space, astronauts, planets, stars, moons, and more in this out-of-this-world book for young readers!This book is packed with exciting information about space! Learn 300 fascinating facts about planets, astronauts, stars, the sun, moons, space exploration, black holes, asteroids, rockets, rovers, and more in this awesome book for space lovers and armchair astronauts of all ages.
TIME For Kids X-WHY-Z Space: Kids Ask. We Answer
by Mark Shulman James Buckley Jr.TIME FOR KIDS brings you the third title in the highly successful X-WHY-Z series. These colorful pages will introduce children ages 4 to 6 to the natural wonders of space, with beautiful images and simple text that is perfect for beginning readers or for reading along. The book will explain basic concepts of planets, stars, asteroids and space ships, beginning with what is most familiar to kids and expanding throughout the universe.
A Time for Metabolism and Hormones (Research and Perspectives in Endocrine Interactions)
by Yves Christen Paolo Sassone-CorsiRecent years have seen spectacular advances in the field of circadian biology. These have attracted the interest of researchers in many fields, including endocrinology, neurosciences, cancer, and behavior. By integrating a circadian view within the fields of endocrinology and metabolism, researchers will be able to reveal many, yet-unsuspected aspects of how organisms cope with changes in the environment and subsequent control of homeostasis. This field is opening new avenues in our understanding of metabolism and endocrinology. A panel of the most distinguished investigators in the field gathered together to discuss the present state and the future of the field. The editors trust that this volume will be of use to those colleagues who will be picking up the challenge to unravel how the circadian clock can be targeted for the future development of specific pharmacological strategies toward a number of pathologies.
Time-frequency Analysis of Seismic Signals
by Yanghua WangA practical and insightful discussion of time-frequency analysis methods and technologies Time–frequency analysis of seismic signals aims to reveal the local properties of nonstationary signals. The local properties, such as time-period, frequency, and spectral content, vary with time, and the time of a seismic signal is a proxy of geologic depth. Therefore, the time–frequency spectrum is composed of the frequency spectra that are generated by using the classic Fourier transform at different time positions. Different time–frequency analysis methods are distinguished in the construction of the local kernel prior to using the Fourier transform. Based on the difference in constructing the Fourier transform kernel, this book categorises time–frequency analysis methods into two groups: Gabor transform-type methods and energy density distribution methods. This book systematically presents time–frequency analysis methods, including technologies which have not been previously discussed in print or in which the author has been instrumental in developing. In the presentation of each method, the fundamental theory and mathematical concepts are summarised, with an emphasis on the engineering aspects. This book also provides a practical guide to geophysicists who attempt to generate geophysically meaningful time–frequency spectra, who attempt to process seismic data with time-dependent operations for the fidelity of nonstationary signals, and who attempt to exploit the time–frequency space seismic attributes for quantitative characterisation of hydrocarbon reservoirs.
Time in Control Theory: On Concepts, Measures and Uses (Synthesis Lectures on Electrical Engineering)
by Blas M. VinagreControl Theory is an interdisciplinary field of engineering and mathematics that studies the behavior of dynamic systems with external stimuli and how to modify such behavior through feedback, and the very concept of dynamic system implies the study of how the trajectories of a point in a geometric space evolve in time. Thus, time is at the very foundation of control theory, and its development and achievements are conditioned both by the conception we have of it and by our way of measuring and using it. Following a quasi-chronological order, this work aims to give an overview of how these conceptions and these ways of measuring and using time are reflected in the paths followed by control theory from its origins to the present day.
Time in Early Modern Islam
by Stephen P. BlakeThe prophet Muhammad and the early Islamic community radically redefined the concept of time that they had inherited from earlier religions' beliefs and practices. This new temporal system, based on a lunar calendar and era, was complex and required sophistication and accuracy. From the ninth to the sixteenth centuries, it was the Muslim astronomers of the Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal empires who were responsible for the major advances in mathematics, astronomy and astrology. This fascinating study compares the Islamic concept of time, and its historical and cultural significance, across these three great empires. Each empire, while mindful of earlier models, created a new temporal system, fashioning a new solar calendar and era and a new round of rituals and ceremonies from the cultural resources at hand. This book contributes to our understanding of the Muslim temporal system and our appreciation of the influence of Islamic science on the Western world.
Time in Ecology: A Theoretical Framework [MPB 61] (Monographs In Population Biology Ser. #80)
by Eric PostEcologists traditionally regard time as part of the background against which ecological interactions play out. In this book, Eric Post argues that time should be treated as a resource used by organisms for growth, maintenance, and offspring production.Post uses insights from phenology—the study of the timing of life-cycle events—to present a theoretical framework of time in ecology that casts long-standing observations in the field in an entirely new light. Combining conceptual models with field data, he demonstrates how phenological advances, delays, and stasis, documented in an array of taxa, can all be viewed as adaptive components of an organism’s strategic use of time. Post shows how the allocation of time by individual organisms to critical life history stages is not only a response to environmental cues but also an important driver of interactions at the population, species, and community levels.To demonstrate the applications of this exciting new conceptual framework, Time in Ecology uses meta-analyses of previous studies as well as Post’s original data on the phenological dynamics of plants, caribou, and muskoxen in Greenland.
TIME Innocent: The Fight Against Wrongful Convictions
by The Editors of TIMETIME looks at those wrongfully convicted, and the fight to set them free.
TIME John Glenn: A Hero's Life
by The Editors of TIMEOn Feb. 20, 1962, astronaut John Glenn spent four hours and 56 minutes in space, orbiting Earth three times in one of the most highly anticipated events in American history. The thrilling mission propelled the U.S. in its space race against Russia, and Glenn became a national hero the moment he splashed down in the Atlantic. He followed that with an extraordinarily rich and productive life, serving four terms as an Ohio senator and, remarkably, returning to space at age 77 in 1998. This riveting, lavishly illustrated 100-page special edition of TIME brings Glenn, and his signature achievements, to life through an unmatched level of journalism. Among the highlights:Original real-time reporting of GlennÍs astounding spaceflight and the Mercury 7The beautiful love story of John and Annie Glenn, married for 73 yearsA timeline chronicling manÍs progress in outer spaceThe Right Stuff: GlennÍs exceptional makeup from Tom WolfeÍs classic bookGlenn as statesman: TIME assesses the astronautÍs political legacy
Time, Language, and Visuality in Agamben’s Philosophy
by Jenny DoussanGiorgio Agamben, a philosopher both celebrated and reviled, is among the prominent voices in contemporary Italian thought today. His work, which touches upon fields as diverse as aesthetics and biopolitics, is often understood within a framework of Aristotelian potentiality. With this incisive critique, Doussan identifies a different tendency in the philosopher's work, an engagement with the problem of time that is inextricably bound up with language and visuality. Founded in his early writings on metaphysics and continuing to his present occupation with inoperativity, Time, Language and Visuality in Agamben's Philosophy forges an original path through Agamben's extensive commentary on the linguistic and the visual to illuminate the recurrent temporal theme of capture and evasion the cat-and-mouse game that bears the foundational violence of not just representation but concept-formation itself. In the process, Doussan both reveals its limit and establishes a ground for future engagements. "
TIME-LIFE American Inventors: A History of Genius
by The Editors of TIME-LIFEFrom Thomas Edison to Alexander Graham Bell to Benjamin Franklin to Henry Ford to the Wright Brothers, our country has been built upon a foundation of innovation. A melting pot of diversity, America harbors a collaborative spirit and inspires an exchange of ideas where what is developed by one inventor is adopted by others and pushed further, improved, and perfected, fusing different perspectives together as one.In this all-new special edition from TIME LIFE, American Inventors chronicles those minds that transformed the worlds of Industry, Information, Home, Health, and Transportation and inspired generations to come. Learn more about the inventors that went down in history for their vision, dedication and perseverance in this celebration of American ingenuity. As automotive inventor and businessman Charles Kettering once put it, although "the world hates change, it is the only thing that has brought progress" and this nation is composed of a rich history of genius that continues to inspire progress each and every day.
Time, Life & Memory: Bergson and Contemporary Science (Library of Ethics and Applied Philosophy #38)
by Laurens LandeweerdThis book revitalizes the relevance of the ideas of Henri Bergson (1859-1941) for current developments in exact sciences. It explores the relevance of Bergson's thought for contemporary philosophical reflections on three of the most important scientific research areas of today, namely physics, the life sciences and the neurosciences. It does so on the basis of the three interrelated topics of time, life and memory. Henri Bergson (1859-1941) was one of the most widely read philosophers of his era. The European public was seeking for answers to questions of the soul and the nature of life and fitting within a historical niche between intellectual rationalism and intuitive spiritualism, his writings drew much attention. This work focuses on the relevance of his philosophy for developments in exact sciences today. The discussion of physics in relation to the abstract and the concrete, the life sciences in relation to concepts of life in relation to new and emerging biotechnology, and the neurosciences in relation to the dual nature of human identity, focuses on one main topic: time. Time, isolated from experience, as the measure of the events in the universe in modern physics; time as the measure of emergent systems in evolution as the backdrop of the theory of evolution in biology; time in relation to memory and imagination in neuropsychological accounts of memory. The author thus discusses the ideas of Henri Bergson as a basis to unveil time as a living process, rather than as an instrument for the measure of events. This view forms the basis of a novel approach to the philosophy of technology. An exciting book for academics interested in the interplay between hard sciences and philosophy.
Time Lord
by Clark BlaiseIt is difficult today to imagine life before standard time was established in 1884. In the middle of the nineteenth century, for example, there were 144 official time zones in North America alone. The confusion that ensued, especially among the burgeoning railroad companies, was an hourly comedy of errors that ultimately threatened to impede progress. The creation of standard time, with its two dozen global time zones, is one of the great inventions of the Victorian Era, yet it has been largely taken for granted.In Time Lord, Clark Blaise re-creates the life of Sanford Fleming, who struggled to convince the world to accept standard time. It's a fascinating story of science, politics, nationalism, and the determined vision of one man who changed the world. Set in a time marked by substantial technological and cultural transformation, Time Lord is also an erudite exploration of art, literature, consciousness, and our changing relationship to timeFrom the Trade Paperback edition.