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Thermal and Nonthermal Encapsulation Methods (Advances in Drying Science and Technology)
by Magdalini KrokidaEncapsulation is a topic of interest across a wide range of scientific and industrial areas, from pharmaceutics to food and agriculture, for the protection and controlled release of various substances during transportation, storage, and consumption. Since encapsulated materials can be protected from external conditions, encapsulation enhances their stability and maintains their viability. This book offers a comprehensive review of conventional and modern methods for encapsulation. It covers various thermal and nonthermal encapsulation methods applied across a number of industries, including freeze drying, spray drying, spray chilling and spray cooling, electrospinning/electrospraying, osmotic dehydration, extrusion, air-suspension coating, pan coating, and vacuum drying. The book presents basic fundamentals, principles, and applications of each method, enabling the reader to gain extended knowledge. The choice of the most suitable encapsulation technique is based on the raw materials, the required size, and the desirable characteristics of the final products.
Thermal and Reliability Criteria for Nuclear Fuel Safety (River Publishers Series In Chemical, Environmental, And Energy Engineering Ser.)
by Maksym Maksymov Svitlana Alyokhina Oleksandr BrunetkinThe book covers basic approaches to the nuclear fuel state of energy reactors in the last stages of the nuclear fuel cycle, these have been developed by the authors based on Ukrainian Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) operational experience. The book starts by looking at the physical safety basis of water-water energetic reactor (WWER) nuclear fuel. It goes on to discuss modern approaches to the heat exchange modelling in nuclear power plant equipment. Next, the safety criteria when making a decision about dry storage for WWER-1000 fuel assembly are discussed. Then the effect of reactor capacity cyclic changes on energy accumulation of creep formations in fuel cladding is covered in full, along with a chapter on the analysis of WWER-1000 fuel cladding failure. Finally, the book finishes with a description of thermal safety criteria for dry storage of spent nuclear fuel.The book is essential reading for anyone concerned with NPP maintenance and safety.
Thermal and Statistical Physics: Concepts and Applications
by Sandeep SharmaThis textbook presents the fundamental concepts and theories in thermal physics and elementary statistical mechanics in a very simple, systematic and comprehensive way. This book is written in a way that it presents the topics in a holistic manner with end-of-chapter exercises and examples where concepts are supported by numerous solved examples and multiple-choice questions to aid self-learning. The textbook also contains illustrated diagrams for better understanding of the concepts. The book will benefit students who are taking introductory courses in thermal physics, thermodynamics and statistical mechanics.
Thermal and Time Stability of Amorphous Alloys
by A. Glezer A. Potekaev A. CheretaevaThis reference is dedicated to the problem of time-temperature stability of amorphous (non-crystalline) metal alloys with strongly nonequilibrium structure and unique physical and mechanical properties that are obtained by quenching from the melt at a rate that exceeds one millions of degrees c.o.s. second. As a stability test, the behavior of the plasticity of amorphous alloys is studied. The book examines the fundamental characteristics of amorphous alloys, the basic laws of structural relaxation, generalized information about the phenomenon of the ductile-brittle transition (temper embrittlement), the development of physically justified methods of predicting the stability of the properties, and provides information about the attempts of controlling the structure for the purpose of suppressing or deceleration of the ductile-brittle transition and, as a consequence, increasing the temperature and temporal stability of the amorphous state.
Thermally and Optically Stimulated Luminescence
by Vasilis Pagonis Reuven ChenThermoluminescence (TL) and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) are two of the most important techniques used in radiation dosimetry. They have extensive practical applications in the monitoring of personnel radiation exposure, in medical dosimetry, environmental dosimetry, spacecraft, nuclear reactors, food irradiation etc., and in geological /archaeological dating.Thermally and Optically Stimulated Luminescence: A Simulation Approach describes these phenomena, the relevant theoretical models and their prediction, using both approximations and numerical simulation. The authors concentrate on an alternative approach in which they simulate various experimental situations by numerically solving the relevant coupled differential equations for chosen sets of parameters.Opening with a historical overview and background theory, other chapters cover experimental measurements, dose dependence, dating procedures, trapping parameters, applications, radiophotoluminescence, and effects of ionization density.Designed for practitioners, researchers and graduate students in the field of radiation dosimetry, Thermally and Optically Stimulated Luminescence provides an essential synthesis of the major developments in modeling and numerical simulations of thermally and optically stimulated processes.
Thermally-driven Mesoscale Flows and their Interaction with Atmospheric Boundary Layer Turbulence (Springer Theses)
by Jon Ander Arrillaga MitxelenaThis book presents developments of novel techniques and applies them in order to understand the interactions between thermally driven mesoscale flows (sea and mountain breezes) and the turbulent exchange within the atmospheric boundary layer. These interactions are not accurately reproduced in the meteorological models currently employed for weather forecasting. Consequently, important variables such as air temperature and wind speed are misrepresented. Also, the concentrations of relevant greenhouse gases such as CO2 are considerably affected by these interactions.By applying a systematic algorithm based on objective criteria (presented here), the thesis explores complete observational databases spanning up to 10 years. Further, it presents statistically significant and robust results on the topic, which has only been studied in a handful of cases in the extant literature. Lastly, by applying the algorithm directly to the outputs of the meteorological model, the thesis helps readers understand the processes discussed and reveals the biases in such models.
Thermische Energiespeicher in der Gebäudetechnik: Sensible Speicher, Latente Speicher, Systemintegration
by Johannes GoekeDie Speicherung von thermischer Energie in Form von Wärme und Kälte steht im Mittelpunkt dieses Buches. Inhalt sind die Themenbereiche wassergefüllte Speicher mit sensibler Wärme, latente Wärme-/Kältespeicher mit Phasenwechsel-Materialien sowie das Gebäude als thermischer Speicher. Dazu kommen Anwendungen im Bereich der Gebäude und Quartiere. Dabei liegt der Focus immer wieder auf der Belade- und Entladedynamik der unterschiedlichen Speichertypen.
Thermische Energiesysteme: Berechnung klassischer und regenerativer Komponenten und Anlagen
by Peter Von Böckh Matthias StripfDas Buch behandelt alle wesentlichen Aspekte zur grundlegenden Berechnung thermischer Energiesysteme. Es versetzt Studierende und Ingenieure in die Lage, reale Komponenten und Systeme tats#65533;chlich zu berechnen und zu konstruieren und ist damit eine ideale Fortsetzung der grundlagenorientierten B#65533;cher zur Thermodynamik, Fluidmechanik und W#65533;rme#65533;bertragung. Neben den klassischen Komponenten und Anlagen zur Energieversorgung werden auch die an Bedeutung gewinnenden Technologien, wie Windkraftanlagen und W#65533;rmepumpen im Detail behandelt. Alle Beispiele sind als Mathcad-Programme im Internet herunterladbar, ebenso wichtige Diagramme und Programme zur Berechnung der Stoffwerte. Die Zielgruppen - Studierende des Maschinenbaus und der Verfahrenstechnik - Planer und Entwickler im Bereich Thermische Energiesysteme
Thermische Solarenergie
by Robert Stieglitz Volker HeinzelVon der physikalischen Basis bis zu Umsetzungen im häuslichen und kraftwerkstechnischen Bereich reichen die Aspekte der Solarthermie. Dieses Buch bietet eine fundierte Analyse der Thematik von Grundlagen der solaren Einstrahlung bis zu neuen Anwendungen. Diskutiert werden passive Aspekte, Energie- und Impulstransport in Systemen, aktive Nutzung von Niedertemperatursystemen sowie kraftwerkstechnische Umsetzungen. Bisher genutzte Konzepte, Spezifika und die Ankopplung an Kraftwerkszyklen werden ebenso beschrieben wie potenzielle Speicherverfahren.
Thermische Trennverfahren: Aufgaben und Auslegungsbeispiele
by Klaus Sattler Till AdrianThermische Trennverfahren verursachen bei der Herstellung von Produkten und Verbrauchsgütern in verfahrenstechnischen Produktionsanlagen häufig den größten Teil der Investitions- und Betriebskosten des Gesamtverfahrens - ihre optimale Gestaltung ist deshalb von größer wirtschaftlicher Bedeutung. Anhand von über 80 Aufgaben und Auslegungsbeispielen hilft das Buch, praxisrelevante Vorgehensweisen im industriellen Umfeld zu verstehen. Die Schritt für Schritt abgehandelten Beispiele reichen von der Aufgabenstellung am Beginn eines Projektes über die thermodynamische Auslegung bis hin zur fluiddynamischen Dimensionierung der Apparate. Zur Lösung der Aufgaben kommen neben den didaktisch wertvollen 'Papier- und Bleistiftmethoden' auch modernen Prozesssimulations-Werkzeuge und praxisgängige Programme zur Apparatedimensionierung zum Einsatz. Der Leser gewinnt ein Gefühl dafür, an welchen Stellen überschlägige Rechnungen sinnvoll sind und bei welchen Problemen eine rigorosere Betrachtung notwendig ist. Die optimale Auslegung eines Verfahrens in einem gesamtwirtschaftlichen Zusammenhang - das Fundament jeder unternehmerischen Entscheidung - kann im Rahmen von Parameterstudien mit Tabellenkalkulationsblättern (EXCEL). Das Aufgabenbuch ist ideal für Studierenden und im Berufsleben stehenden Ingenieuren, Chemikern und Physikern in der Verfahrens-, Bioverfahrens- und Lebensmitteltechnik, im Chemieingenieurwesen, Umweltschutz, Anlagen- und Apparatebau.
Thermische Trennverfahren: Grundlagen, Auslegung, Apparate
by Klaus SattlerBei der Herstellung von Produkten und Verbrauchsgütern in verfahrenstechnischen Produktionsanlagen spielen thermische Trennverfahren neben der chemischen Stoffumwandlung eine besondere Rolle und verursachen häufig den größten Teil der Anlagenbetriebs- und Investitionskosten. Das Buch gibt eine klare, verständliche und an den Bedürfnissen der Praxis ausgerichtete Gesamtdarstellung dieser thermischen Trennverfahren und ihrer Einordnung in die Gesamtanlage. Ein umfangreiches Einführungskapitel verdeutlicht die physikalischen und physikalisch-chemischen Gesetzmäßigkeiten und Prinzipien, die allen thermischen Trennverfahren zugrunde liegen. Es folgt eine praxisorientierte Darstellung von Verfahrensweisen, Auslegungsprinzipien und apparativen Realisierungen in der Destillation und Teilkondensation, Absorption, Adsorption, Trocknung, Extraktion, Lösungseindampfung und Kristallisation. '... Das Buch ist in Inhalt, Darstellung und Gestaltung vorzüglich gelungen. Es kann bereits heute unter die Standardwerke der thermischen Trenntechnik eingereiht werden.' - Chemie Ingenieur Technik '.... Das Buch ist für alle Chemieingenieure und Verfahrenstechniker in Studium und Beruf eine wertvolle, unentbehrliche Hilfe ...' - Deutsche Lebensmittel-Rundschau '... Nach wie vor ein wichtiger, konkurrenzloser Titel für Ingenieure ...' - ekz
Thermische Turbomaschinen
by Walter TraupelDas Werk gibt eine umfassende Darstellung der theoretischen Grundlagen zur Berechnung und Auslegung von Dampfturbinen, Gasturbinen und Turbokompressoren. Der erste Band behandelt die thermodynamische Prozeßführung von Dampf- und Gasturbinenanlagen und die thermodynamisch-strömungstechnische Berechnung der Turbomaschinen selbst. Um zu einem vertieften Verständnis zu führen, wird die Theorie stets aus den Grundwissenschaften heraus entwickelt, weshalb auch ein kurzer Abriß der thermodynamischen und strömungstechnischen Grundlagen an den Anfang gestellt ist.
Thermische Turbomaschinen: Geänderte Betriebsbedingungen, Regelung, Mechanische Probleme, Temperaturprobleme
by Walter TraupelDas Buch behandelt ausführlich das Verhalten der thermischen Turbomaschinen unter geänderten Betriebsbedingungen und darauf aufbauend ihre Regelungseigenschaften. Weiter werden die spezifischen Festigkeitsprobleme der Turbomaschinen dargestellt. Diesen Kapiteln ist ein allgemeines Kapitel über die Grundlagen der Festigkeitsrechnungen vorausgeschickt, das zwar diejenigen Aspekte besonders hervorhebt, die im Turbomaschinenbau vor allem wichtig sind, aber auch für verwandte Gebiete bedeutsam ist, da eine geraffte Darstellung dieser Art bis heute fehlt. Der Bestimmung der Temperaturverteilung in den maßgebenden Konstruktionsteilen (insbes. in der gekühlten Gasturbine) ist ein weiteres Kapitel gewidmet. Den Abschluß bilden die Ausführungen über die Schaufelschwingungen und die lauftechnischen Probleme der Rotoren.
Thermisches Management elektrischer Maschinen
by Mihály Németh-CsókaDas Buch fasst den aktuellen Stand der wichtigsten thermischen Aspekte einer umrichtergespeisten elektrischen Maschine zusammen. Neben den typischen Themen wie Modellierung, Wirkungsgradoptimierung oder Widerstandadaption werden auch Bestimmung von Zeitkonstanten, Temperaturmessung, kT-Adaption, Entmagnetisierung und Alterung der Isolation beschrieben.Schwerpunkte sind praktische Anwendungsmöglichkeiten in Echtzeitsystemen bei der Modellierung und bei der Wirkungsgradoptimierung. Das Buch eignet sich besonders für den Ingenieur mit industrieller Praxis oder als Lehrbuch für Studenten, die sich vertiefend mit elektrischen Antrieben beschäftigen.
Thermitic Thermodynamics: A Computational Survey and Comprehensive Interpretation of Over 800 Combinations of Metals, Metalloids, and Oxides
by Anthony Peter ShawThermites, which are generally considered to be reactive mixtures of powdered metals and metal oxides, are an important subset of energetic materials. The underlying thermodynamic properties of a given mixture dictate whether it may undergo a self-sustaining reaction, liberating heat in the process. Thermodynamic information in the existing scientific literature regarding thermitic combinations is scattered and incomplete. Currently, a comprehensive overview of this nature would be of great use to those working in the areas of pyrotechnics, pyrometallurgy, high-temperature chemistry, and materials science. Thermitic Thermodynamics solves this problem by describing the results of calculations on over 800 combinations of metal, metalloid, and metal oxide reactants.Other features include: A first-of-its-kind adiabatic survey of binary thermitic reactions Provides an overview of key trends in exothermic metal-metal oxide reactivity Describes the role of non-oxide product formation in thermitic systems Explains how to interpret the results of thermochemical calculations effectively An invaluable resource, this book provides an accessible introduction for students and is also an enduring guide for professionals.
Thermo-Acoustics of Nanofluids and Transfer Processes (Emerging Materials and Technologies)
by Shriram S. Sonawane Manjakuppam MalikaThis book explains the physical principles and theoretical basis of acoustics of nanofluids with mathematical rigor, focusing on concepts and points of view that have proven effective in applications such as heat transfer, petroleum science and technology, wastewater treatment, food processing, and hydrogen production. It provides a rigorous framework to aid readers in building innovative nanofluid-based devices, covering essential topics such as the study and measurement of thermophysical characteristics, convection, and heat transfer equipment performance.Features: Focuses on the basics of nanofluids, shedding light on the thermo-acoustic behavior Discusses the specific needs of a nanofluid for a process in terms of both heat and mass transfer Discusses the process transfer of nanofluids with reference to thermo-acoustics Discusses the numerical and experimental investigations of nanofluids used in various fields of industrial applications Reviews fundamentals and applied aspects of acoustic cavitation This book is aimed at graduate students and researchers in fluid dynamics, nanotechnology, and chemical and mechanical engineering.
Thermo-Gas Dynamics of Hydrogen Combustion and Explosion
by Boris E. Gelfand Mikhail V. Silnikov Sergey P. Medvedev Sergey V. KhomikThe potential of hydrogen as an important future energy source has generated fresh interest in the study of hydrogenous gas mixtures. Indeed, both its high caloricity and reactivity are unique properties, the latter underscoring safety considerations when handling such mixtures. The present monograph is devoted to the various aspects of hydrogen combustion and explosion processes. In addition to theoretical and phenomenological considerations, this work also collates the results of many experiments from less well known sources. The text reviews the literature in this respect, thereby providing valuable information about the thermo-gas-dynamical parameters of combustion processes for selected experimental settings in a range of scientific and industrial applications.
Thermo-Gas Dynamics of Hydrogen Combustion and Explosion (Shock Wave and High Pressure Phenomena)
by Boris E. Gelfand Mikhail V. Silnikov Sergey P. Medvedev Sergey V. KhomikThe potential of hydrogen as an important future energy source has generated fresh interest in the study of hydrogenous gas mixtures. Indeed, both its high caloricity and reactivity are unique properties, the latter underscoring safety considerations when handling such mixtures. The present monograph is devoted to the various aspects of hydrogen combustion and explosion processes. In addition to theoretical and phenomenological considerations, this work also collates the results of many experiments from less well known sources. The text reviews the literature in this respect, thereby providing valuable information about the thermo-gas-dynamical parameters of combustion processes for selected experimental settings in a range of scientific and industrial applications.
Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical-Chemical (Terrestrial Environmental Sciences)
by Thomas Nagel Olaf Kolditz Hua Shao Haibing Shao Ju Wang Thorsten Schäfer Chun-Liang Zhang Horst Geckeis Uwe DüsterlohThis book is open access book. The collaborative Pilot Project, titled “Comparison of Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical-Chemical (THMC) Processes in Bentonite Barrier Systems”, aims to investigate the fundamentals, conduct laboratory and field experiments, and develop numerical models for barrier systems that ensure the safe isolation of radioactive waste in deep geological repositories. This book compares methodologies and technologies used in experimental laboratory and field research, as well as systems analysis, in a collaborative work of German and Chinese scientists. Both parties have access to exceptional experimental and modelling research capabilities. The Beishan underground research laboratory (URL) is currently under construction in Gansu, China. It will serve as an international collaboration platform for URL research in the future. International cooperation is essential for excellent research and development due to the high cost of scientific programmes and technical operation of URLs, making it a precondition for providing secure solutions. This is important not only for deep geological repositories for radioactive waste disposal but also for other geoenergy applications, such as energy storage and geothermal energy utilization.
Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical-Chemical Processes in Fractured Porous Media: From Benchmarking To Tutoring (Terrestrial Environmental Sciences Ser.)
by Thomas Nagel Olaf Kolditz Hua Shao Wenqing Wang Sebastian BauerThe book comprises the 3rd collection of benchmarks and examples for porous and fractured media mechanics. Analysis of thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical (THMC) processes is essential to a wide area of applications in environmental engineering, such as geological waste deposition, geothermal energy utilization (shallow and deep systems), carbon capture and storage (CCS) as well as water resources management and hydrology. In order to assess the feasibility, safety as well as sustainability of geoenvironmental applications, model-based simulation is the only way to quantify future scenarios. This charges a huge responsibility concerning the reliability of conceptual models and computational tools. Benchmarking is an appropriate methodology to verify the quality and validate the concept of models based on best practices. Moreover, benchmarking and code comparison are building strong community links. The 3rd THMC benchmark book also introduces benchmark-based tutorials, therefore the subtitle is selected as “From Benchmarking to Tutoring”. The benchmark book is part of the OpenGeoSys initiative - an open source project to share knowledge and experience in environmental analysis and scientific computation. The new version of OGS-6 is introduced and first benchmarks are presented therein (see appendices).
Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical-Chemical Processes in Fractured Porous Media: Modelling and Benchmarking
by Olaf Kolditz Hua Shao Wenqing Wang Sebastian BauerThe present book provides guidance to understanding complicated coupled processes based on the experimental data available and implementation of developed algorithms in numerical codes. Results of selected test cases in the fields of closed-form solutions (e. g. , deformation processes), single processes (such as groundwater flow) as well as coupled processes are presented. It is part of the OpenGeoSys initiative - an open source project to share knowledge and experience in environmental analysis and scientific computation with the community.
Thermo-Hydrodynamic Design of Fluidized Bed Combustors
by Stephen M. Folga Walter F. Podolski Jacques X. Bouillard Robert W. LyczkowskiThermo-Hydrodynamic Design of Fluidized Bed Combustors: Estimating Metal Wastage is a unique volume that finds that the most sensitive parameters affecting metal wastage are superficial fluidizing velocity, particle diameter, and particle sphericity. Gross consistencies between disparate data sources using different techniques were found when the erosion rates are compared on the same basis using the concept of renormalization. The simplified mechanistic models and correlations, when validated, can be used to renormalize any experimental data so they can be compared on a consistent basis using a master equation.
Thermo-Mechanically Coupled Cyclic Deformation and Fatigue Failure of NiTi Shape Memory Alloys: Experiments, Simulations and Theories (Springer Series in Materials Science #335)
by Guozheng Kang Qianhua Kan Chao YuWritten by leading experts in the field, this book highlights an authoritative and comprehensive introduction to thermo-mechanically coupled cyclic deformation and fatigue failure of shape memory alloys. The book deals with: (1) experimental observations on the cyclic deformation and fatigue failure in the macroscopic and microscopic scales; (2) molecular dynamics and phase-field simulations for the thermo-mechanical behaviors and underlying mechanisms during cyclic deformation; (3) macroscopic phenomenological and crystal plasticity-based cyclic constitutive models; and (4) fatigue failure models. This book is an important reference for students, practicing engineers and researchers who study shape memory alloys in the areas of mechanical, civil and aerospace engineering as well as materials science.
Thermo-Poroelasticity and Geomechanics
by Selvadurai A. P. S. Suvorov A. P.Investigations of multi-physical processes in geomaterials have gained increasing attention due to the ongoing interest in solving complex geoenvironmental problems. This book provides a comprehensive exposition of the classical theory of thermo-poroelasticity, complemented by complete examples to problems in thermo-poromechanics that are used to validate computational results from multi-physics codes used in practice. The methodologies offer an insight into real-life problems related to modern environmental geosciences, including nuclear waste management, geologic sequestration of greenhouse gases to mitigate climate change, and the impact of energy resources recovery on groundwater resources. A strong focus is placed on analytical approaches to benchmark the accuracy of the computational approaches that are ultimately used in real-life problems. The extensive coverage of both theory and applications in thermo-poroelasticity and geomechanics provides a unified presentation of the topics, making this an accessible and invaluable resource for researchers, students or practitioners in the field.
ThermoPoetics: Energy in Victorian Literature and Science
by Barri J. GoldAn engaging exploration of the mutually productive interaction of literature and energy science in the Victorian era, as seen in Tennyson, Dickens, Stoker, and others. In ThermoPoetics, Barri Gold sets out to show us how analogous, intertwined, and mutually productive poetry and physics may be. Charting the simultaneous emergence of the laws of thermodynamics in literature and in physics that began in the 1830s, Gold finds that not only can science influence literature, but literature can influence science, especially in the early stages of intellectual development. Nineteenth-century physics was often conducted in words. And, Gold claims, a poet could be a genius in thermodynamics and a novelist could be a damn good engineer.Gold's lively readings of works by Alfred Tennyson, Charles Dickens, Herbert Spencer, Bram Stoker, Oscar Wilde, and others offer a decidedly literary introduction to such elements of thermodynamic thought as conservation and dissipation, the linguistic tension between force and energy, the quest for a grand unified theory, strategies for coping within an inexorably entropic universe, and the demonic potential of the thermodynamically savvy individual. Gold shows us that in A Tale of Two Cities, for example, Dickens produces order in spite of the universal drive to entropy; Wilde's Dorian Gray and Stoker's Dracula, on the other hand, reveal the creative potential of chaos.Victorian literature embraced the language and ideas of energy physics to address the era's concerns about religion, evolution, race, class, empire, gender, and sexuality. Gold argues that these concerns, in turn, shaped the hopes and fears expressed about the new physics.