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Two-Phase Heat Transfer Enhancement (SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology)
by Sujoy Kumar Saha Hrishiraj Ranjan Madhu Sruthi Emani Anand Kumar BhartiThis Brief concerns heat transfer and pressure drop in heat transfer enhancement for boiling and condensation. The authors divide their topic into six areas: abrasive treatment and coatings, combined structured and porous surfaces, basic principles of boiling mechanism, vapor space condensation, convective vaporization, and forced condensation inside tubes. Within this framework, the book examines range of specific phenomena including abrasive treatment, open grooves, 3D cavities, etched surfaces, electroplating, pierced 3D cover sheets, attached wire and screen promoters, non-wetting coatings, oxide and ceramic coatings, porous surfaces, structured surfaces (integral roughness), combined structured and porous surfaces, composite surfaces, single-tube pool boiling tests, theoretical fundamentals like liquid superheat, effect of cavity shape and contact angle on superheat, entrapment of vapor in cavities, nucleation at a surface cavity, effect of dissolved gases, bubble departure diameter, bubble dynamics, boiling hysteresis and orientation effects, basic principles of boiling mechanism, visualization and mechanism of boiling in subsurface tunnels, and Chien and Webb parametric boiling studies.
Two Phase Separation in the T-Junction
by Faheem Ejaz William Pao Hafiz Muhammad AliThis book provides a comprehensive yet concise knowledge and understanding in the field of Two-phase separation in the T-Junction. and this book can not only contribute to the academics, but it can also provide valuable insight for the industrial use of the T-junction.This book discusses in detail, the effect of different parameters on phase separation. These independent variables include diameter ratio, velocity ratio, individual phase velocities, side arm inclination, main arm inclination, mass split ratio, density of the working fluid, types of T-junctions used and modification in the T-Junction. The objectives and goals of this books are concerned with the research involved with the heat transfer applications, fluid mechanics and flow transmission in the petroleum field. Currently the data from the literature indicates that there is no specific source of consistent conclusion about the multiphase phenomenon. This book can provide a database of knowledge keeping in view of all the previous studies of the recent decades.So, engineers performing their duties in their respective sector, graduate and Ph.D students in the field of engineering can get valuable information about Two Phase Separation in the T-Junction.
The Two-Photon Decay of the 11-/2 Isomer of 137Ba and Mixed-Symmetry States of 92,94Zr and 94Mo
by Christopher WalzThis work focuses on new electromagnetic decay mode in nuclear physics. The first part of the thesis presents the observation of the two-photon decay for a transition where the one-photon decay is allowed. In the second part, so called quadrupole mixed-symmetry is investigated in inelastic proton scattering experiments. In 1930 Nobel-prize winner M. Goeppert-Mayer was the first to discuss the two-photon decay of an exited state in her doctoral thesis. This process has been observed many times in atomic physics. However in nuclear physics data is sparse. Here this decay mode has only been observed for the special case of a transition between nuclear states with spin and parity quantum number 0+. For such a transition, the one-photon decay - the main experimental obstacle to observe the two-photon decay - is forbidden. Furthermore, the energy sharing and angular distributions were measured, allowing conclusions to be drawn about the multipoles contributing to the two-photon transition. Quadrupole mixed-symmetry states are an excitation mode in spherical nuclei which are sensitive to the strength of the quadrupole residual interaction. A new signature for these interesting states is presented which allows identification of mixed-symmetry states independently of electromagnetic transition strengths. Furthermore this signature represents a valuable additional observable to test model predictions for mixed-symmetry states.
The Two Sexes: Growing Up Apart, Coming Together
by Eleanor Maccoby"This book is about sex (or gender) in the broadest sense: about how an individual's development from infancy into adulthood is affected by being either a male or a female. Although some individuals are hermaphrodites, the vast majority of human beings are biologically clearly either male or female. And, again in the vast majority of cases, the sex identity assigned to an individual by society, as well as the sex identity adopted by the individual, corresponds to the person's biological sex. This book will be concerned with the development of people who are unambiguously members of one gender category or the other. In many respects, males and females take quite similar developmental paths. But in some important respects, their paths diverge. In this book I begin by showing that when boys and girls are engaged in social play, they congregate primarily with others of their own sex during the preschool and middle-childhood years, and that different childhood "cultures" prevail in these gender-segregated playgroups. I will consider the set of possible reasons why this divergence occurs, and discuss the implications of childhood divergence for the ways in which males and females interact when the two sexes converge in adolescence and adulthood. In particular, I will consider how the different social histories of the two sexes affect the relationships of heterosexual couples, the way men and women relate to each other as co-parents, and the nature of same-sex and cross-sex interactions that occur in the workplace." The Family and Public Policy Series
Two Sides of the Moon: Our Story of the Cold War Space Race
by David Scott Alexei LeonovWith a foreword by Neil Armstrong and an introduction by Tom HanksIn this unique dual autobiography, astronaut David Scott and cosmonaut Alexei Leonov recount their exceptional lives and careers spent on the cutting edge of science and space exploration. This book reveals, in a very personal way, the drama of one of the most ambitious contests ever embarked on by man, set against the conflict that once held the world in suspense: the clash between communism and Western democracy. Through the men’s memoirs, their courage emerges from their perseverance in times of extraordinary difficulty and danger.
Two Sides of the Moon: Our Story of the Cold War Space Race
by David Scott Alexei LeonovGrowing up on either side of the Iron Curtain, David Scott and Alexei Leonov experienced very different childhoods but shared the same dream to fly. Excelling in every area of mental and physical agility, Scott and Leonov became elite fighter pilots and were chosen by their countries' burgeoning space programs to take part in the greatest technological race ever-to land a man on the moon. In this unique dual autobiography, astronaut Scott and cosmonaut Leonov recount their exceptional lives and careers spent on the cutting edge of science and space exploration. With each mission fraught with perilous risks, and each space program touched by tragedy, these parallel tales of adventure and heroism read like a modern-day thriller. Cutting fast between their differing recollections, this book reveals, in a very personal way, the drama of one of the most ambitious contests ever embarked on by man, set against the conflict that once held the world in suspense: the clash between Russian communism and Western democracy.Before training to be the USSR's first man on the moon, Leonov became the first man to walk in space. It was a feat that won him a place in history but almost cost him his life. A year later, in 1966, Gemini 8, with David Scott and Neil Armstrong aboard, tumbled out of control across space. Surviving against dramatic odds-a split-second decision by pilot Armstrong saved their lives-they both went on to fly their own lunar missions: Armstrong to command Apollo 11 and become the first man to walk on the moon, and Scott to perform an EVA during the Apollo 9 mission and command the most complex expedition in the history of exploration, Apollo 15. Spending three days on the moon, Scott became the seventh man to walk on its breathtaking surface. Marking a new age of USA/USSR cooperation, the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project brought Scott and Leonov together, finally ending the Cold War silence and building a friendship that would last for decades. Their courage, passion for exploration, and determination to push themselves to the limit emerge in these memoirs not only through their triumphs but also through their perseverance in times of extraordinary difficulty and danger.
Two Sides of the Moon: Our Story of the Cold War Space Race
by Christine Toomey Neil Armstrong Tom Hanks Alexei Leonov David ScottSpace was one of the most fiercely fought battlegrounds of the Cold War, the Moon its ultimate beachhead. In this dual autobiography,Apollo 15 commander David Scott and cosmonaut Alexei Leonov, the first man to ever walk in space, recount their exceptional lives and careers spent on the cutting edge of science and space exploration—and their participation in the greatest technological race ever—to land a man on the Moon. With each mission fraught with perilous tasks, and each space program touched by tragedy, these parallel tales of adventure and heroism read like a modern-day thriller. Cutting fast between their differing recollections, this book reveals, in a very personal way, the drama of one of the most ambitious contests ever embarked on by man, set against the conflict that once held the world in suspense: the clash between Communism and Western democracy. Through the men's memoirs, their courage, passion for exploration, and determination to push themselves to the limit, emerge not only through their triumphs but also through their perseverance in times of extraordinary difficulty and danger. "Two Sides of the Moon is unique among space histories. If you are looking for a balanced, interesting, and personal account of the American and Soviet space programs during the 1960s and 1970s this is it. " ---Astronomy Magazine
Two Studies in Gas-Phase Ion Spectroscopy
by Matthew J. SimpsonIn this thesis Matthew Simpson reportstwo areas of work in gas ion spectroscopy, each investigation in itself worthy of a PhD. The first study uses tunable vacuum-ultraviolet radiation from a synchrotron to identify negative ions from twenty four photoexcited polyatomic molecules in the gas phase. From these experiments, Matthew collects a vast amount of data and summarises and reviews ion-pair formation from polyatomic molecules. The second study is on selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry. Matthew investigates the reactions of cations and anions with ethene, monofluoroethene, 1,1-difluoroethene and tetrafluoroethene. In this study Matthew tries to explain why certain products are formed preferentially over other products at a microscopic level of understanding. The data recorded in this thesis form the most comprehensive collection of information about anion formation and are the basis of a review and numerous articles in specialist journals.
Two Truths and a Lie: Histories and Mysteries
by Laurie Ann Thompson Ammi-Joan PaquetteCrazy-but-true stories about history, geography, and human achievement make this acclaimed nonfiction series perfect for fans of curiosities and wonders. A fun way for middle graders to explore ways to separate fact from fiction.Did you know that a young girl once saved an entire beach community from a devastating tsunami thanks to something she learned in her fourth-grade geography lesson? Or that there is a person alive today who generates her own magnetic field? Or how about the fact that Benjamin Franklin once challenged the Royal Academy of Brussels to devise a way to make farts smell good?Welcome to Two Truths and a Lie: Histories and Mysteries! You know the game: Every story in this book is strange and astounding, but one out of every three is an outright lie.Can you guess which stories are the facts and which are the fakes? It’s not going to be easy. Some false stories are based on truth, and some of the true stories are just plain unbelievable! Don’t be fooled by the photos that accompany each story—it’s going to take all your smarts and some clever research to root out the alternative facts.From a train that transported dead people to antique photos of real fairies to a dog who was elected mayor, the stories in this book will amaze you! Just don’t believe everything you read. . . .
Two Truths and a Lie: It's Alive!
by Lisa K. Weber Laurie Ann Thompson Ammi-Joan PaquetteTwo Truths and a Lie is the first book in a fascinating new series that presents some of the most crazy-but-true stories about the living world as well as a handful of stories that are too crazy to be true—and asks readers to separate facts from the fakes! Did you know that there is a fungus that can control the mind of an ant and make it do its bidding? Would you believe there is such a thing as a corpse flower—a ten-foot-tall plant with a blossom that smells like a zombie? How about a species of octopus that doesn’t live in water but rather lurks in trees in the Pacific Northwest?Every story in this book is strange and astounding. But not all of them are real. Just like the old game in this book’s title, two out of every three stories are completely true and one is an outright lie. Can you guess which? It’s not going to be easy. Some false stories are based on truth, and some of the true stories are just plain unbelievable. And they’re all accompanied by dozens of photos, maps, and illustrations. Amaze yourself and trick your friends as you sort out the fakes from the facts!Acclaimed authors Ammi-Joan Paquette and Laurie Ann Thompson have teamed up to create a series of sneaky stories about the natural world designed to amaze, disgust, and occasionally bamboozle you.
Two Truths and a Lie: Forces of Nature
by Ammi-Joan Paquette Laurie Ann ThompsonCrazy-but-true stories about the natural world make this acclaimed nonfiction series perfect for fans of curiosities and wonders—and anyone looking to explore ways to separate fact from fiction.Did you know studies have shown that too many fidget spinners spinning in the same direction can potentially have adverse effects on the earth’s magnetic field? Or that there’s a company that can turn your deceased loved one’s remains into a diamond? Or that the loudest sound in history was made by the eruption of a volcano in 1883, whose echoing blast circled the planet twice?Welcome to Two Truths and a Lie: Forces of Nature! You’ve heard of the game: Every story in this book is strange and astounding, but one out of every three is an outright lie. Picking out the fakes isn’t as easy as you think, however. Some false stories are based on truth, and some of the true stories are just plain unbelievable! Don’t be fooled by the photos that accompany each story—it’s going to take all your smarts and some clever research to ferret out the truth.From a man who gave himself an appendectomy to radio signals from other planets to eagles that have been trained to take out spy drones, the stories in this third installment in the Two Truths and a Lie series will amaze you! Just don’t believe everything you read. . . .
Tycho and Kepler: The Unlikely Partnership that Forever Changed our Understanding of the Heavens
by Kitty FergusonThe extraordinary, unlikely tale of Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler and their enormous contribution to astronomy and understanding of the cosmos is one of the strangest stories in the history of science.Kepler was a poor, devoutly religious teacher with a genius for mathematics. Brahe was an arrogant, extravagant aristocrat who possessed the finest astronomical instruments and observations of the time, before the telescope. Both espoused theories that seem off-the-wall to modern minds, but their fateful meeting in Prague in 1600 was to change the future of science.Set in one of the most turbulent and colourful eras in European history, when medieval was giving way to modern, Tycho and Kepler is a double biography of these two remarkable men.
Tyler's Herbs of Choice: The Therapeutic Use of Phytomedicinals, Third Edition
by Dennis V.C. AwangDoes Echinacea fight the common cold? Does St. John's Wort (SJW) really counteract depression? What about chondroitin for joint health? Today's healthcare professionals are increasingly confronted with questions from patients who want to use herbal supplements to treat various conditions. A critical and scientific assessment of medicinal plant rese
Tyler's Honest Herbal: A Sensible Guide to the Use of Herbs and Related Remedies
by Steven FosterHere is the fourth edition of Tyler's Honest Herbal: A Sensible Guide to the Use of Herbs and Related Remedies, providing essential botanical information as well as folkloric background of herbal remedies in a clear, accessible style. Unlike other herb books, this book gives you a serious evaluation of both the positive and negative features of the
Type 2 Diabetes
by Claire StockerDiabetes is now reaching epidemic proportions, and the associated complications of this disease can be disabling and even life-threatening. In Type 2 Diabetes: Methods and Protocols, leading investigators provide up-to-date explanations of commonly used laboratory protocols used in diabetes research. Covering the commonly described in vivo and in vitro model systems, the volume ultimately leads to an overall view of how cellular dysfunction and degeneration leads to susceptibility and diabetes disease progression. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular BiologyTM series format, chapters include brief introductions to their respective subjects, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols, and expert notes on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Comprehensive and cutting-edge, Type 2 Diabetes: Methods and Protocols offers succinct, proven techniques to aid research scientists and clinicians in continuing the study of this debilitating disease.
Type 2 Diabetes: Methods and Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology #2076)
by Claire J. StockerThis second edition volume expands on the previous editions with updates on the commonly used techniques and analysis used by clinicians and scientists to study diabetes. The chapters in this book cover topics such as nutritional models of type 2 diabetes mellitus; the isolation and purification of rodent pancreatic islets of Langerhans; nitric oxide and redox state measurements in pancreatic beta cells; and primary adipocytes as a model for insulin sensitivity. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.Cutting-edge and practical, Type 2 Diabetes: Methods and Protocols, Second Edition is a valuable resource for all researchers who are interested in learning more about this important and evolving field.
Type-2 Fuzzy Logic and Systems: Dedicated to Professor Jerry Mendel for his Pioneering Contribution (Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing #362)
by Oscar Castillo Hani Hagras Robert JohnThis book explores recent perspectives on type-2 fuzzy sets. Written as a tribute to Professor Jerry Mendel for his pioneering works on type-2 fuzzy sets and systems, it covers a wide range of topics, including applications to the Go game, machine learning and pattern recognition, as well as type-2 fuzzy control and intelligent systems. The book is intended as a reference guide for the type-2 fuzzy logic community, yet it aims also at other communities dealing with similar methods and applications.
Type-2 Fuzzy Neural Networks and Their Applications
by Rafik Aziz Aliev Babek Ghalib GuirimovThis book deals with the theory, design principles, and application of hybrid intelligent systems using type-2 fuzzy sets in combination with other paradigms of Soft Computing technology such as Neuro-Computing and Evolutionary Computing. It provides a self-contained exposition of the foundation of type-2 fuzzy neural networks and presents a vast compendium of its applications to control, forecasting, decision making, system identification and other real problems. Type-2 Fuzzy Neural Networks and Their Applications is helpful for teachers and students of universities and colleges, for scientists and practitioners from various fields such as control, decision analysis, pattern recognition and similar fields.
Type-3 Fuzzy Logic and Fractal Theory for Medical Diagnosis (SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology)
by Patricia Melin Oscar CastilloThis book is intended to be a reference for scientists and engineers interested in applying type-3 fuzzy logic and fractal theory techniques in medical diagnosis. In this book, a new model based on type-3 fuzzy logic and fractal theory for applications in medical diagnosis is presented. The main idea is that a higher type and order of fuzzy logic can help in solving various diagnosis problems and find better results. In addition, fractal theory is also employed for enhancing medical diagnosis. In this regard, several hybrid intelligent methods are offered. In this book, the authors test the proposed methods using several medical diagnosis problems, like diagnosis of problems in the brain, hearth, lungs, and others. The authors can notice that when type-3 fuzzy systems are implemented to model the behavior of systems, the results in diagnosis are enhanced, because the management of uncertainty is better. For this reason, the authors consider in this book the proposed methods using type-3 fuzzy systems and fractal theory to improve the diagnosis in complex medical problems.
Type-B Cytochromes: Sensors and Switches
by J.L. KielThis book describes cellular level sensors that act as switches, turning on gene expression and other metabolic processes necessary for cell survival and differentiation. These responses can also initiate programmed cell death or activate latent human immunodeficiency virus or animal leukemia viruses. These redox sensors are nonspecific in sensitivity but specific in response. Unlike ligand/antiligand-type specific sensors, they respond to ionizing and ultraviolet radiations, pH gradients, heat, light, electric and magnetic fields, redox chemicals, mechanical stress, and other nonspecific stressors. The sensors are type-b cytochromes, including NADPH oxidases, NO synthases, and nitrogen oxide reductases. The intense radiation of early pre-biotic earth may have been the evolutionary driving force for the development of their common ancestor.
Type Specimens of Fossil Fishes: Catalogue of the University of Alberta Laboratory for Vertebrate Paleontology
by John Clay BrunerThe Laboratory for Vertebrate Paleontology at the University of Allberta houses type specimens of fossil fishes. This book is a catalogue of these specimens. Included for each entry is taxonomy, detailed collection locality information, the citation wherein the species was originally described, and a list of individual type specimens. This is the first list ever compiled of the fossil fish types deposited in the collections of the University of Alberta Laboratory for Vertebrate Paleontology (UALVP). This collection contains 88 fish holotypes, 966 fish paratypes, 55 casts of fish holotypes from other museums, and 20 casts of fish paratypes from other museums. Key selling features: List all of the type specimens of fossil fishes currently housed in the collection of the Laboratory of Vertebrate Paleontology at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, Canada. Provides details of all 88 holotypes and nearly 1000 paratypes as well as casts of types specimens held in other museum collections. Includes information on unpublished "types" - type specimens of not yet described new species.
Typicality Reasoning in Probability, Physics, and Metaphysics (New Directions in the Philosophy of Science)
by Dustin LazaroviciThis book provides a comprehensive investigation into the concept of typicality and its significance for physics and the philosophy of science. It identifies typicality as a fundamental way of reasoning, central to how natural laws explain and are tested against phenomena. The book discusses various applications of typicality to foundational questions in physics and beyond.These include:a unified interpretation of objective probabilities in classical mechanics and quantum mechanicsa detailed discussion of Boltzmann's statistical mechanics, entropy, and the second law of thermodynamicsa novel account of the asymmetry of causation and the arrow of time Finally, the book turns to the question: "What are laws of nature"? It argues that typicality extends to a powerful way of reasoning in metaphysics that can and should inform our commitments about the fundamental ontology of the world. On this basis, it develops an argument against the Humean best system account, according to which laws of nature are merely an efficient summary of contingent regularities.
Tyrannical Minds: Narcissism, Personality, And Dictatorship
by Dean A. HaycockAn incisive examination into the pairing of psychology and situation that creates despotic leaders from the author of Murderous Minds. Not everyone can become a tyrant. It requires a particular confluence of events to gain absolute control over entire nations. First, you must be born with the potential to develop brutal personality traits. Often, these are combined in “The Dark Triad” of malignant narcissism, Machiavellianism and psychopathy, as well as elements of paranoia, and an extraordinary ambition to achieve control over others. Second, your predisposition to antisocial behavior must be developed and strengthened during childhood. You might suffer physical and/or psychological abuse, or grow up in trying times. Finally, you must come of age when the political system of your country is unstable. Together, these events establish a basis for a rise to power, one that Joseph Stalin, Adolf Hitler, Mao Zedong, Saddam Hussein, and Muammar Qaddafi all used to gain life-and-death control over their countrymen and women. It is how Osama bin Laden and the leaders of the Islamic State hoped to gain such power. Though these men lived in different times and places, and came from vastly different backgrounds, many of them felt respect for each other. They often seemed to recognize their shared, “dark” personality traits and viewed them as strengths. Only in rare cases did they show signs of mental disorders. “Getting inside the heads” of foreign leaders and terrorists is one way governments try to understand, predict, and influence their actions. Psychological profiles can help us understand the urges of tyrants to dominate, subjugate, torture and slaughter. Tyrannical Minds reveals how recognizing their psychological traits can provide insight into the motivations and actions of dangerous leaders, potentially allow to us predict their behavior?and even how to stop them. As strongmen and authoritarian leaders around the world increase in number, understanding the most extreme examples of tyrannical behavior should serve as a warning to anyone indifferent to the threats posed by political extremism.
Tyrannosaurid Paleobiology (Life Of The Past Ser.)
by Philip J. Currie Ralph E. Molnar J. Michael Parrish Eva B. KoppelhusThe opening of an exhibit focused on "Jane," a beautifully preserved tyrannosaur collected by the Burpee Museum of Natural History, was the occasion for an international symposium on tyrannosaur paleobiology. This volume, drawn from the symposium, includes studies of the tyrannosaurids Chingkankousaurus fragilis and "Sir William" and the generic status of Nanotyrannus; theropod teeth, pedal proportions, brain size, and craniocervical function; soft tissue reconstruction, including that of "Jane"; paleopathology and tyrannosaurid claws; dating the "Jane" site; and tyrannosaur feeding and hunting strategies. Tyrannosaurid Paleobiology highlights the far ranging and vital state of current tyrannosaurid dinosaur research and discovery.
Tyranny from Ancient Greece to Renaissance France
by Orest RanumThis Palgrave Pivot examines how prominent thinkers throughout history, from ancient Greece to sixteenth-century France, have perceived tyrants and tyranny. Ancient philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle were the first to build a vocabulary for tyrants and the forms of government they corrupted. Thirteenth century analyses of tyranny by Thomas Aquinas and John of Salisbury, revived from Antiquity, were recast as short observations about what tyrants do. They claimed that tyrants govern for their own advantage, not for the people. Tyrants could be usurpers, increase taxes, and live in luxury. The list of tyrannical actions grew over time, especially in periods of turmoil and civil war, often raising the question: When can a tyrant be legitimately deposed or killed? In offering a brief biography of these political philosophers, including Machiavelli, Erasmus, More, Bodin, and others, along with their views on tyrannical behavior, Orest Ranum reveals how the concept of tyranny has been shaped over time, and how it still persists in political thought to this day.