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A Guide to Empirical Orthogonal Functions for Climate Data Analysis
by Valeria Simoncini Antonio NavarraClimatology and meteorology have basically been a descriptive science until it became possible to use numerical models, but it is crucial to the success of the strategy that the model must be a good representation of the real climate system of the Earth. Models are required to reproduce not only the mean properties of climate, but also its variability and the strong spatial relations between climate variability in geographically diverse regions. Quantitative techniques were developed to explore the climate variability and its relations between different geographical locations. Methods were borrowed from descriptive statistics, where they were developed to analyze variance of related observations-variable pairs, or to identify unknown relations between variables. A Guide to Empirical Orthogonal Functions for Climate Data Analysis uses a different approach, trying to introduce the reader to a practical application of the methods, including data sets from climate simulations and MATLAB codes for the algorithms. All pictures and examples used in the book may be reproduced by using the data sets and the routines available in the book . Though the main thrust of the book is for climatological examples, the treatment is sufficiently general that the discussion is also useful for students and practitioners in other fields. Supplementary datasets are available via http://extra.springer.com
A Guide to English-Russian and Russian-English Non-literary Translation
by Alexandr ZaytsevLying at the intersection of translatology, cognitive science and linguistics, this brief provides a comprehensive framework for studying, investigating and teaching English-Russian/Russian-English non-literary translation. It provides a holistic perspective on the process of non-literary translation, illustrating each of its steps with carefully analyzed real-life examples. Readers will learn how to choose and process multidimensional attention units in original texts by activating different types of knowledge, as well as how to effectively devise target-language matches for them using various translation techniques. It is rounded out with handy and feasible recommendations on the structure and content of an undergraduate course in translation. The abundance of examples makes it suitable not only for use in the classroom, but also for independent study.
A Guide to Experiments in Quantum Optics
by Hans-A. Bachor Timothy C. RalphProvides fully updated coverage of new experiments in quantum optics This fully revised and expanded edition of a well-established textbook on experiments on quantum optics covers new concepts, results, procedures, and developments in state-of-the-art experiments. It starts with the basic building blocks and ideas of quantum optics, then moves on to detailed procedures and new techniques for each experiment. Focusing on metrology, communications, and quantum logic, this new edition also places more emphasis on single photon technology and hybrid detection. In addition, it offers end-of-chapter summaries and full problem sets throughout. Beginning with an introduction to the subject, A Guide to Experiments in Quantum Optics, 3rd Edition presents readers with chapters on classical models of light, photons, quantum models of light, as well as basic optical components. It goes on to give readers full coverage of lasers and amplifiers, and examines numerous photodetection techniques being used today. Other chapters examine quantum noise, squeezing experiments, the application of squeezed light, and fundamental tests of quantum mechanics. The book finishes with a section on quantum information before summarizing of the contents and offering an outlook on the future of the field. -Provides all new updates to the field of quantum optics, covering the building blocks, models and concepts, latest results, detailed procedures, and modern experiments -Places emphasis on three major goals: metrology, communications, and quantum logic -Presents fundamental tests of quantum mechanics (Schrodinger Kitten, multimode entanglement, photon systems as quantum emulators), and introduces the density function -Includes new trends and technologies in quantum optics and photodetection, new results in sensing and metrology, and more coverage of quantum gates and logic, cluster states, waveguides for multimodes, discord and other quantum measures, and quantum control -Offers end of chapter summaries and problem sets as new features A Guide to Experiments in Quantum Optics, 3rd Edition is an ideal book for professionals, and graduate and upper level students in physics and engineering science.
A Guide to Feynman Diagrams in the Many-Body Problem: Second Edition
by Richard D. Mattuck"A great delight to read." -- Physics TodayAmong the most fertile areas of modern physics, many-body theory has produced a wealth of fundamental results in all areas of the discipline. Unfortunately the subject is notoriously difficult and, until the publication of this book, most treatments of the topic were inaccessible to the average experimenter or non-specialist theoretician.The present work, by contrast, is well within the grasp of the nonexpert. It is intended primarily as a "self-study" book that introduces one aspect of many-body theory, i.e. the method of Feynman diagrams. The book also lends itself to use as a reference in courses on solid state and nuclear physics which make some use of the many-body techniques. And, finally, it can be used as a supplementary reference in a many-body course.Chapters 1 through 6 provide an introduction to the major concepts of the field, among them Feynman diagrams, quasi-particles and vacuum amplitudes. Chapters 7 through 16 give basic coverage to topics ranging from Dyson's equation and the ladder approximation to Fermi systems at finite temperature and superconductivity. Appendixes summarize the Dirac formalism and include a rigorous derivation of the rules for diagrams. Problems are provided at the end of each chapter and solutions are given at the back of the book.For this second edition, Dr. Mattuck, formerly of the H. C. Orsted Institute and the University of Copenhagen, added to many chapters a new section showing in mathematical detail how typical many-body calculations with Feynman diagrams are carried out. In addition, new exercises were included, some of which gave the reader the opportunity to carry out simpler many-body calculations himself. new chapter on the quantum field theory of phase transitions rounds out this unusually clear, helpful and informative guide to the physics of the many-body problem.
A Guide to Hubble Space Telescope Objects: Their Selection, Location, and Significance (The Patrick Moore Practical Astronomy Series)
by James L. Chen Adam ChenFrom the authors of "How to Find the Apollo Landing Sites," this is a guide to connecting the view above with the history of recent scientific discoveries from the Hubble Space Telescope. Each selected HST photo is shown with a sky map and a photograph or drawing to illustrate where to find it and how it should appear from a backyard telescope. Here is the casual observer's chance to locate the deep space objects visually, and appreciate the historic Hubble photos in comparison to what is visible from a backyard telescope. HST objects of all types are addressed, from Messier objects, Caldwell objects, and NGC objects, and are arranged in terms of what can be seen during the seasons. Additionally, the reader is given an historical perspective on the work of Edwin Hubble, while locating and viewing the deep space objects that changed astronomy forever. Countless people have seen the amazing photographs taken by the Hubble Space Telescope. But how many people can actually point out where in the sky those objects are? Why were these objects chosen to be studied? What discoveries were made from the Hubble Space Telescope photographs? This book is for anyone who wants answers to these questions.
A Guide to Managing Zoo Animal Welfare: A Behavioral Approach
by Jason V. Watters Bethany L. KrebsComprehensive reference detailing behavioral assessment techniques, behavioral approaches, and practical tools for animal welfare across different species A Guide to Managing Zoo Animal Welfare delivers a step-by-step guide to behavioral assessment approaches, techniques, and tools for animal welfare with an emphasis on animals living in zoos and aquaria. The authors develop a unique “balance-based” approach that can be used to assess and enhance the welfare of a diverse range of species. Backed by extensive scientific literature, this book also provides foundational context to help readers to understand why the authors give these recommendations and guidelines. This book is divided into three sections. Section I details background concepts and goals, discussing the animal mind through neuroscience, psychology, and behavior, even questioning wild animal behavior’s validity as a template for captive animal behavior. Section II details the core behavioral Needs of animals, investigating, acquiring rewards, and exerting control. Section III explains how to practically assess if animals’ Needs are met and address deficiencies, covering topics like food, space, and social rewards and methods to make environments dynamic. A Guide to Managing Zoo Animal Welfare includes information on: Proximate and ultimate reasoning for the existence of each of the NeedsWelfare benefits of meeting the Needs, including positive affect, maintaining homeostasis, passing on genes, and learning through reinforcementThe highly variable personalities of individual animals and different animal species, as well as why personality is an important facet of animal welfareA guide for assessing animal welfare using the Three Needs model Presenting highly unique insight and a novel approach, A Guide to Managing Zoo Animal Welfare is an essential learning resource for professional animal behaviorists in zoos and aquaria, researchers in animal behavior and animal welfare, and students in veterinary sciences and zoology programs of study.
A Guide to Moist-Soil Wetland Plants of the Mississippi Alluvial Valley
by Michael L. Schummer Heath M. Hagy K. Sarah Fleming Joshua C. Cheshier James T. CallicuttMoist-soil wetlands are seasonally flooded areas that produce early-succession plant communities of grasses, sedges, and other herbaceous plants. Moist-soil wetland plants provide food and cover for a diversity of wildlife species, including waterfowl and other waterbirds. Thus, conservation and management of moist-soil plants has become a major component of wildlife conservation efforts in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley and elsewhere in North America. The authors combined their extensive experience working in managed and unmanaged wetlands from southern Missouri to southern Louisiana to produce this beautifully illustrated identification guide. A detailed, yet user friendly field guide to identify moist-soil plants of the Mississippi Alluvial Valley has not been available until now. Management to encourage the growth of moist-soil plants is a common conservation strategy used by state, federal, and private landowners to increase food and cover for wildlife. Thus, landowners must be able to identify moist-soil plants to meet their wildlife conservation goals. Landowners, scientists, wildlife biologists, and students alike will welcome this useful resource which includes 600 detailed color photographs of plants, images of seeds and tubers, and other helpful information to aid in identification. The book includes subsections of major plant groups occurring in moist-soil wetlands including aquatics, grasses, broadleaves, sedges and rushes, trees and shrubs, vines, and agricultural crops.
A Guide to Musculoskeletal Radiology
by Narendra Singh Kushwaha Mohammad Baqar AbbasThis book covers all the aspects of orthopedic skeletal radiographic imaging or musculoskeletal radiology. It fills the gap and simply presents essential concepts. It emphasizes radiology principles as well as important surgical aspects. It assists readers in understanding the fundamentals of a radiograph and its interpretation. It includes a description of radiographs helpful for students and surgeons. The book is suitable for practicing orthopedic surgeons, radiologists and postgraduate students of orthopedic surgery, FNB students during their specialization fellowship.
A Guide to Outcome Modeling In Radiotherapy and Oncology: Listening to the Data (Series in Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering)
by Issam El NaqaThis book explores outcome modeling in cancer from a data-centric perspective to enable a better understanding of complex treatment response, to guide the design of advanced clinical trials, and to aid personalized patient care and improve their quality of life. It contains coverage of the relevant data sources available for model construction (panomics), ranging from clinical or preclinical resources to basic patient and treatment characteristics, medical imaging (radiomics), and molecular biological markers such as those involved in genomics, proteomics and metabolomics. It also includes discussions on the varying methodologies for predictive model building with analytical and data-driven approaches. This book is primarily intended to act as a tutorial for newcomers to the field of outcome modeling, as it includes in-depth how-to recipes on modeling artistry while providing sufficient instruction on how such models can approximate the physical and biological realities of clinical treatment. The book will also be of value to seasoned practitioners as a reference on the varying aspects of outcome modeling and their current applications. Features: Covers top-down approaches applying statistical, machine learning, and big data analytics and bottom-up approaches using first principles and multi-scale techniques, including numerical simulations based on Monte Carlo and automata techniques Provides an overview of the available software tools and resources for outcome model development and evaluation, and includes hands-on detailed examples throughout Presents a diverse selection of the common applications of outcome modeling in a wide variety of areas: treatment planning in radiotherapy, chemotherapy and immunotherapy, utility-based and biomarker applications, particle therapy modeling, oncological surgery, and the design of adaptive and SMART clinical trials
A Guide to Pharmacovigilance Audits in the USA
by Heather MurphyPharmacovigilance Audits are an important and growing requirement for Pharmaceutical/BioTech companies. A niche skillset combined with an understanding of audit principles and pharmacovigilance operational and regulatory knowledge are required to effectively conduct these audits This book provides practical guidance to auditors as to what questions to ask, what information to look for, and what documents to request to ensure the auditee Pharmacovigilance System is compliant with regulations, contractual requirements, and industry best practice. The scope is limited to the requirements based on the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Regulations. This is an ideal book for auditors and auditees who want to obtain practical PV auditing skills to use within the BioTechnology/Pharmaceutical Industry in the USA.
A Guide to Practical Toxicology: Evaluation, Prediction and Risk
by Adam WoolleyAn experienced toxicologist researcher and consultant provides an overview of toxicology for practicing toxicologists and students in the field, with 15 chapters addressing topics from the necessity of measurement and definitions and maintenance of normality to larger issues of risk assessment and management in the workplace and environment and the future of toxicity testing. Pedagogical tools include text boxes with necessary background information; tables and case studies; and study design and interpretation. Annotation ©2004 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)
A Guide to Qualitative Field Research
by Carol A. BaileyThoroughly revised, the Second Edition of A Guide to Qualitative Field Research provides novice researchers with comprehensive and accessible instructions for conducting qualitative field research. Using rich examples from classic ethnographies to help bring abstract principles alive, author Carol A. Bailey thoroughly explains the entire research process from selecting a topic to writing the final manuscript, and all of the steps in between!
A Guide to SQL (Eighth Edition)
by Mary Z. Last Philip J. PrattA GUIDE TO SQL, 8E, continues to be the essential SQL reference. It builds on the success of previous editions by presenting basic SQL commands in the context of a running case in which a business uses SQL to manage orders, parts, customers, and sales reps. The book covers the fundamentals of SQL programming using straightforward instruction and extensive hands-on exercises. Continuing with its focus on learning the basics regardless of the database environment chosen, this edition features examples from the latest databases: Oracle 11g, Access 2007, and MySQL. The eighth edition expands on the use of running case studies by adding a third running case to the extensive hands-on pedagogy at the end of every chapter.
A Guide to Sample Size for Animal-based Studies
by Penny S. ReynoldsA Guide to Sample Size for Animal-based Studies Understand a foundational area of experimental design with this innovative reference Animal-based research is an essential part of basic and preclinical research, but poses a unique set of experimental design challenges. The most important of these are the 3Rs − Replacement, Reduction and Refinement − the principles comprising the ethical framework for humane animal-based studies. However, many researchers have difficulty navigating the design trade-offs necessary to simultaneously minimize animal use, and produce scientific information that is both rigorous and reliable. A Guide to Sample Size for Animal-based Studies meets this need with a thorough, accessible reference work to the subject. This book provides a straightforward systematic approach to “rightsizing” animal-based experiments, with sample size estimates based on the fundamentals of statistical thinking: structured research questions, variation control and appropriate design of experiments. The result is a much-needed guide to planning animal-based experiments to ensure scientifically valid and reliable results. This book offers: Step-by-step guidance in diverse methods for approximating and refining sample size Detailed treatment of research topics specific to animal-based research, including pilot, feasibility and proof-of-concept studies Sample size approximation methods for different types of data − binary, continuous, ordinal, time to event − and different study types − description, comparison, nested designs, reference interval construction and dose-response studies Numerous worked examples, using real data from published papers, together with SAS and R code A Guide to Sample Size for Animal-based Studies is a must-have reference for preclinical and veterinary researchers, as well as ethical oversight committees and policymakers.
A Guide to Signals and Systems in Continuous Time
by Stéphane LafortuneThis textbook is a concise yet precise supplement to traditional books on Signals and Systems, focusing exclusively on the continuous-time case. Students can use this guide to review material, reinforce their understanding, and see how all the parts connect together in a uniform treatment focused on mathematical clarity. Readers learn the “what”, “why” and “how” about the ubiquitous Fourier and Laplace transforms encountered in the study of linear time-invariant systems in engineering: what are these transforms, why do we need them, and how do we use them? Readers will come away with an understanding of the gradual progression from time-domain analysis to frequency-domain and s-domain techniques for continuous-time linear time-invariant systems. This book reflects the author’s experience in teaching this material for over 25 years in sophomore- and junior-level required engineering courses and is ideal for undergraduate classes in electrical engineering.
A Guide to Writing in the Sciences
by Patricia Patchet-Golubev Andrea A. GilpinWhile teaching writing to undergraduate science students, Gilpin and Patchet-Golubev discovered that although many relatively sophisticated manuals for scientific writing exist, most are aimed at mainly professionals or specialists and are of little practical use to the majority of students. This introductory guide fills that large gap.Direct and friendly in tone the book provides clear and concise explanations of the basic elements of scientific writing required of students. The various genres are detailed -- in particular lab reports and research essays - as well as scientific articles, poster presentations, proposals, and even essay exams. Similarities and differences among these genres are underlined in order to illustrate structural principles and to provide practical writing tips. A detailed chapter covers the elements of grammar and punctuation that are fundamental to all good writing; it also outlines some key points about scientific style in particular.Using accessible language throughout, the authors organize their material with helpful lists, copious examples, and boxed writing and research tips. There are several useful appendices (including a classification chart of organisms and an international units conversion chart), an index, and selected bibliography on science and technical writing. Unique in its field, this guide offers a practical and valuable guide to the basic principles and conventions of science writing.
A Guide to Zona Pellucida Domain Proteins
by Eveline S. Litscher Paul M. WassarmanThis book provides a coherent, clear, and uniform presentation of structural, genetic, molecular, and biochemical information available for the zona pellucida domain protein family, which impact pathologies such as infertility, deafness, and cancer. Furthermore it: Details information about the structure and function of the ZP domain in ZPDC-proteins Provides illustrations of the organization of ZPDC-proteins, the genes that encode the proteins, and examples of mutations in the ZP domain that cause diseases Speculates as to the evolution of the ZP domain and potential therapeutics for diseases stemming from ZP domain mutations Addresses mammalian and non-mammalian systems
A Guide to a Healthier Planet, Volume 2: Scientific Insights and Actionable Steps to Help Resolve Climate, Pollution and Biodiversity Issues
by Erlijn van GenuchtenThis successor volume builds upon the first book with additional chapters meant to inspire readers to take action towards a healthier planet. It focuses on closing the gap between scientific insights on pressing environmental issues that do not often reach the general public, and putting that scientific knowledge in the hands of everyday people who can use these insights to take action against climate change, pollution, and biodiversity loss. The goal of this work is to share fascinating facts about nature and sustainability to inspire taking action toward a healthier planet, and to provide ideas on how we can take action to solve environmental issues in an informed and easy-to-understand way. The chapters are sourced from the author's work published on medium.com/@ErlijnG with added content not available on medium.com.All chapters are based on open-access research articles covering various environmental issues and solutions that are not often disseminated in popular discourse but are nonetheless important for non-scientific audiences to understand and become familiar with. They allow readers to explore the broad range of concepts and issues and recognize the far-reaching consequences, and trigger the desire to take action. Also, each chapter provides concrete ideas of how we as individuals can take action in daily life to make a positive difference related to the issues described. The book is a multimodal work, as it includes images and videos that accompany the text.
A Guide to a Healthier Planet: Scientific Insights and Actionable Steps to Help Resolve Climate, Pollution and Biodiversity Issues
by Erlijn van GenuchtenThis book focuses on closing the gap between scientific insights on pressing environmental issues that do not often reach the general public, and putting that scientific knowledge in the hands of everyday people who can use these insights to take action against climate change, pollution, and biodiversity loss. The goal of this work is to share fascinating facts about nature and sustainability to inspire taking action toward a healthier planet, and to provide ideas on how we can take action to solve environmental issues in an informed and easy-to-understand way. The chapters are sourced from the author's work published on medium.com/@ErlijnG with added content not available on medium.com.All chapters are based on open-access research articles covering various environmental issues and solutions that are not often disseminated in popular discourse but are nonetheless important for non-scientific audiences to understand and become familiar with. They allow readers to explore the broad range of concepts and issues and recognize the far-reaching consequences, and trigger the desire to take action. Also, each chapter provides concrete ideas of how we as individuals can take action in daily life to make a positive difference related to the issues described. The book is a multimodal work, as it includes images and videos that accompany the text.
A Guide to the Economic Removal of Metals from Aqueous Solutions
by Yogesh C. SharmaWater pollution is topic of immense and common concern throughout the world. This book presents the results and data from research and adsorption experiments carried out on the removal of nickel and chromium (as well as other metals) from aqueous solutions using modified silica sand.
A Guide to the Scientific Career: Virtues, Communication, Research, and Academic Writing
by Marios Loukas R. Shane Tubbs Mohammadali M. Shoja Marion Karl Anastasia Arynchyna Anthony V. D'antoni Sandra M. BuergerA concise, easy-to-read source of essential tips and skills for writing research papers and career management In order to be truly successful in the biomedical professions, one must have excellent communication skills and networking abilities. Of equal importance is the possession of sufficient clinical knowledge, as well as a proficiency in conducting research and writing scientific papers. This unique and important book provides medical students and residents with the most commonly encountered topics in the academic and professional lifestyle, teaching them all of the practical nuances that are often only learned through experience. Written by a team of experienced professionals to help guide younger researchers, A Guide to the Scientific Career: Virtues, Communication, Research and Academic Writing features ten sections composed of seventy-four chapters that cover: qualities of research scientists; career satisfaction and its determinants; publishing in academic medicine; assessing a researcher’s scientific productivity and scholarly impact; manners in academics; communication skills; essence of collaborative research; dealing with manipulative people; writing and scientific misconduct: ethical and legal aspects; plagiarism; research regulations, proposals, grants, and practice; publication and resources; tips on writing every type of paper and report; and much more. An easy-to-read source of essential tips and skills for scientific research Emphasizes good communication skills, sound clinical judgment, knowledge of research methodology, and good writing skills Offers comprehensive guidelines that address every aspect of the medical student/resident academic and professional lifestyle Combines elements of a career-management guide and publication guide in one comprehensive reference source Includes selected personal stories by great researchers, fascinating writers, inspiring mentors, and extraordinary clinicians/scientists A Guide to the Scientific Career: Virtues, Communication, Research and Academic Writing is an excellent interdisciplinary text that will appeal to all medical students and scientists who seek to improve their writing and communication skills in order to make the most of their chosen career.
A Guide to the Systems of Provision Approach: Who Gets What, How and Why
by Ben Fine Kate BaylissUnderstanding consumption requires looking at the systems by which goods and services are provided – not just how they are produced but the historically evolved structures, power relations and cultures within which they are located. The Systems of Provision approach provides an interdisciplinary framework for unpacking these complex issues. This book provides a comprehensive account of the Systems of Provision approach, setting out core concepts and theoretical origins alongside numerous case studies. The book combines fresh understandings of everyday consumption using examples from food, housing, and water, with implications for society’s major challenges, including inequality, climate change, and prospects for capitalism. Readers do not require prior knowledge across the subject matter covered but the text remains significant for accomplished researchers and policymakers, especially those interested in the messy real world realities underpinning who gets what, how, and why across public and private provision in global, national, and historical contexts.
A Guided Tour of Mathematical Methods for the Physical Sciences, Third Edition
by Roel Snieder Kasper Van WijkMathematical methods are essential tools for all physical scientists. This book provides a comprehensive tour of the mathematical knowledge and techniques that are needed by students across the physical sciences. In contrast to more traditional textbooks, all the material is presented in the form of exercises. Within these exercises, basic mathematical theory and its applications in the physical sciences are well integrated. In this way, the mathematical insights that readers acquire are driven by their physical-science insight. This third edition has been completely revised: new material has been added to most chapters, and two completely new chapters on probability and statistics and on inverse problems have been added. This guided tour of mathematical techniques is instructive, applied, and fun. This book is targeted for all students of the physical sciences. It can serve as a stand-alone text, or as a source of exercises and examples to complement other textbooks.
A Handbook for DNA-Encoded Chemistry
by Robert A. Goodnow Jr.This book comprehensively describes the development and practice of DNA-encoded library synthesis technology. Together, the chapters detail an approach to drug discovery that offers an attractive addition to the portfolio of existing hit generation technologies such as high-throughput screening, structure-based drug discovery and fragment-based screening. The book:Provides a valuable guide for understanding and applying DNA-encoded combinatorial chemistry Helps chemists generate and screen novel chemical libraries of large size and quality Bridges interdisciplinary areas of DNA-encoded combinatorial chemistry - synthetic and analytical chemistry, molecular biology, informatics, and biochemistry Shows medicinal and pharmaceutical chemists how to efficiently broaden available "chemical space" for drug discovery Provides expert and up-to-date summary of reported literature for DNA-encoded and DNA-directed chemistry technology and methods
A Handbook of Bioanalysis and Drug Metabolism
by Gary EvansRecent years have seen a greater industrial emphasis in undergraduate and postgraduate courses in the pharmaceutical and chemical sciences. However, textbooks have been slow to adapt, leaving the field without a text/reference that is both instructional and practical in the industrial setting – until now. A Handbook of Bioanalysis and Drug Metabolismis a stimulating new text that examines the techniques, methodology, and theory of bioanalysis, pharmacokinetics, and metabolism from the perspective of scientists with extensive professional experience in drug discovery and development. These three areas of research help drug developers to optimize the active component within potential drugs thereby increasing their effectiveness, and to provide safety and efficacy information required by regulators when granting a drug license. Professionals with extensive experience in drug discovery and development as well as specialized knowledge of the individual topics contributed to each chapter to create a current and well-credentialed text. It covers topics such as high performance liquid chromatography, protein binding, pharmacokinetics and drug–drug interactions. The unique industrial perspective helps to reinforce theory and develop valuable analytical and interpreting skills. This text is an invaluable guide to students in courses such as pharmaceutical science, pharmacology, chemistry, physiology and toxicology, as well as professionals in the biotechnology industry.