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Geographies of Plague Pandemics: The Spatial-Temporal Behavior of Plague to the Modern Day (Geographies of Health Series)
by Mark WelfordGeographies of Plague Pandemics synthesizes our current understanding of the spatial and temporal dynamics of plague, Yersinia pestis. The environmental, political, economic, and social impacts of the plague from Ancient Greece to the modern day are examined. Chapters explore the identity of plague DNA, its human mortality, and the source of ancient and modern plagues. This book also discusses the role plague has played in shifting power from Mediterranean Europe to north-western Europe during the 500 years that plague has raged across the continent. The book demonstrates how recent colonial structures influenced the spread and mortality of plague while changing colonial histories. In addition, this book provides critical insight into how plague has shaped modern medicine, public health, and disease monitoring, and what role, if any, it might play as a terror weapon. The scope and breadth of Geographies of Plague Pandemics offers geographers, historians, biologists, and public health educators the opportunity to explore the deep connections among disease and human existence.
Geographies of Post-Industrial Place, Memory, and Heritage (Routledge Research in Sustainable Urbanism)
by Mark Alan Rhodes II William R. Price Amy WalkerAll industrialization is deeply rooted within the specific geographies in which it took place, and echoes of previous industrialization continue to reverberate in these places through to the modern day. This book investigates the overlap of memory and the impacts of industrialization within today’s communities and the senses of place and heritage that grew alongside and in reaction to the growth of mines, mills, and factories. The economic and social change that accompanied the unchecked accumulation of wealth and exploitation of labor as the industrial revolution spread throughout the world has numerous lasting impacts on the socioeconomics of today. Likewise, the planet itself is now reeling. The memory and heritage of these processes reach into the communities that owe the industrial revolution their existence, but these populations also often suffered adverse impacts to their health and environment through the large-scale and rapid extraction of natural resources and production of goods. Through the themes of memory, community, and place; working post-industrial landscapes; and the de-romanticization of industrial pasts, this book examines the endurance and decline of these communities, the spatial processes of industrial byproducts, and the memory and heritage of industrialization and its legacies. While based in the traditions of geography, this collection also draws upon and will be of great interest to students and scholars of cultural anthropology, archaeology, sociology, history, architecture, civil engineering, and heritage, memory, museum, and tourism studies. Using global examples, the authors provide a uniquely geographic understanding to industrial heritage across the spaces, places, and memories of industrial development.
Geographies of Practice Transfer: A practice theoretical approach to the transfer of training practices within German multinational enterprises to China, India, and Mexico (Economic Geography)
by Judith WiemannEmploying a practice theoretical approach, this study centers on how German multinational enterprises transfer three selected production-related training practices to their subsidiaries in emerging economies: onboarding of new employees, shop floor inducting of machine operators, and German-style dual apprenticeship training for specialized technicians. Empirical findings are drawn from three research regions: Greater Shanghai Area (China), Metropolitan Areas Mumbai-Pune-Bangalore (India), and Central Mexico (Mexico).In doing so, this study contributes to debates about the internationalization of multinational enterprises conceptualizing internationalization through the lens of practice transfer. Practice transfer is still an understudied phenomenon in economic geography while international business studies have a long-standing research interest in this area. This study provides a bridge between these two disciplinary fields connecting debates in economic geography on proximity/distance and knowledge transfer with organization studies-based research in international business studies – all the while providing a unique new perspective by developing a practice theoretical approach to explain practice transfer across distance and between territories.
Geographies of Privilege
by France Winddance Twine Bradley GardenerHow are social inequalities experienced, reproduced and challenged in local, global and transnational spaces? What role does the control of space play in distribution of crucial resources and forms of capital (housing, education, pleasure, leisure, social relationships)? The case studies in Geographies of Privilege demonstrate how power operates and is activated within local, national, and global networks. Twine and Gardener have put together a collection that analyzes how the centrality of spaces (domestic, institutional, leisure, educational) are central to the production, maintenance and transformation of inequalities. The collected readings show how power--in the form of economic, social, symbolic, and cultural capital--is employed and experienced. The volume’s contributors take the reader to diverse sites, including brothels, blues clubs, dance clubs, elite schools, detention centers, advocacy organizations, and public sidewalks in Canada, Italy, Spain, United Arab Emirates, Mozambique, South Africa, and the United States. Geographies of Privilege is the perfect teaching tool for courses on social problems, race, class and gender in Geography, Sociology and Anthropology.
Geographies of Race and Food: Fields, Bodies, Markets (Critical Food Studies)
by Rachel Slocum Arun SaldanhaWhile interest in the relations of power and identity in food explodes, a hesitancy remains about calling these racial. What difference does race make in the fields where food is grown, the places it is sold and the manner in which it is eaten? How do we understand farming and provisioning, tasting and picking, eating and being eaten, hunger and gardening better by paying attention to race? This collection argues there is an unacknowledged racial dimension to the production and consumption of food under globalization. Building on case studies from across the world, it advances the conceptualization of race by emphasizing embodiment, circulation and materiality, while adding to food advocacy an antiracist perspective it often lacks. Within the three socio-physical spatialities of food - fields, bodies and markets - the collection reveals how race and food are intricately linked. An international and multidisciplinary team of scholars complements each other to shed light on how human groups become entrenched in myriad hierarchies through food, at scales from the dining room and market stall to the slave trade and empire. Following foodways as they constitute racial formations in often surprising ways, the chapters achieve a novel approach to the process of race as one that cannot be reduced to biology, culture or capitalism.
Geographies of Resistance
by Steve Pile Michael KeithUntil very recently questions of resistance seemed straightforward, addressed in terms of an analysis of power. This book demonstrates how new, radical geographies of resistance emerge, develop and operate. Radical cultural politics, exemplified by the black, feminist and gay liberation, has developed struggles to turn sites of oppression and discrimination into spaces of resistance. Post-colonial and queer theory have opened up new political spaces. Whether resistance is an act of transgression (crossing borders), opposition (such as constructing barricades), or everyday endurance (staying in place), these are geographies where space is constitutive of the social. Leading contemporary geographers draw on material from around the world, including Israel, Nepal, Canada, Philippines, Australia and Nigeria. Recasting current themes in critical human geography - politics, identity and place - the contributors introduce unexplored notions of resistance, offering exciting insights for those exploring social, cultural, urban, political and development issues in different worlds of change.
Geographies of Schooling (Knowledge and Space #14)
by Peter Meusburger Holger Jahnke Caroline KramerThis open access book explores the complex relationship between schooling as a set of practices embedded in educational institutions and their specific spatial dimensions from different disciplinary perspectives. It presents innovative empirical and conceptual research by international scholars from the fields of social geography, pedagogy, educational and social sciences in Germany, the United Kingdom, France, Czechia, Hungary, Austria, Switzerland, Norway and Canada. The book covers a broad range of topics, all examined from a spatial perspective: the governance of schooling, the transition processes of and within national school systems, the question of small schools in peripheral areas as well as the embeddedness of schooling in broader processes of social change. Transcending disciplinary boundaries, the book offers deep insights into current theoretical debates and empirical case studies within the broad research field encompassing the complex relationship between education and space.
Geographies of Sexualities: Theory, Practices and Politics
by Kath Browne Jason LimRecent years have seen a dramatic upsurge of interest in the connections between sexualities, space and place. Drawing established and 'founding' figures of the field together with emerging authors, this innovative volume offers a broad, interdisciplinary and international overview of the geographies of sexualities. Incorporating a discussion of queer geographies, Geographies of Sexualities engages with cutting edge agendas and challenges the orthodoxies within geography regarding spatialities and sexualities. It contains original and previously unpublished material that spans the often separated areas of theory, practices and politics. This innovative volume offers a trans-disciplinary engagement with the spatialities of sexualities, intersecting discussions of sexualities with issues such as development, race, gender and other forms of social difference.
The Geographies of Social Movements: Afro-Colombian Mobilization and the Aquatic Space
by Ulrich OslenderIn The Geographies of Social Movements Ulrich Oslender proposes a critical place perspective to examine the activism of black communities in the lowland rain forest of Colombia's Pacific Coast region. Drawing on extensive ethnographic fieldwork in and around the town of Guapi, Oslender examines how the work of local community councils, which have organized around newly granted ethnic and land rights since the early 1990s, is anchored to space and place. Exploring how residents' social relationships are entangled with the region's rivers, streams, swamps, rain, and tides, Oslender argues that this "aquatic space"--his conceptualization of the mutually constitutive relationships between people and their rain forest environment--provides a local epistemology that has shaped the political process. Oslender demonstrates that social mobilization among Colombia's Pacific Coast black communities is best understood as emerging out of their place-based identity and environmental imaginaries. He argues that the critical place perspective proposed accounts more fully for the multiple, multiscalar, rooted, and networked experiences within social movements.
Geographies of the 2020 U.S. Presidential Election (Routledge Research in Place, Space and Politics)
by Barney Warf John HeppenThis timely, insightful and expert-led volume interprets the 2020 U.S. Presidential Election from a geographical standpoint, with a focus on its spatial dimensions. With contributions from leading thinkers, this book highlights the unique circumstances of the election, including the Covid pandemic and a president who falsely alleged that it was a massive fraud, particularly after he lost. The volume offers an introduction and 12 chapters that examine the run-up to the election, the motivations of Trump supporters, the election results themselves, case studies of the battleground states of Wisconsin and Georgia, and the chaotic aftermath. Accompanied with an engaging plethora of figures providing a visual demonstration of data trends, both national and local case studies are considered throughout this book, as well as right-wing radicalization, the role of Cuban-Americans, race, and threats to American democracy. This book is an ideal study companion for faculty and graduate students in fields including geography and political science, sociology, American studies, media studies and urban planning, as well as those with an interest in U.S. politics more generally.
Geographies of the Haitian Diaspora (Routledge Studies on African and Black Diaspora)
by Jackson Regine O.This book considers the full sweep of Haitian community invention and recreation in a multitude of national territories, with an eye toward the "place" factors that shape the everyday lives of Haitian migrants. Regine O. Jackson brings together an interdisciplinary group of scholars to explore how Haitian communities differ across time and place, as well as how migrants adjust to new economic, political and racial realities. The volume includes descriptive ethnographies of Haitians in 19th century Jamaica, eastern Cuba, Detroit, the Dominican Republic, Guadeloupe, Paris, and Boston, and innovative scholarly work on non-geographic sites of Haitian community building. The most important question addressed here is not whether the places described represent typical or exceptional Haitian diasporic communities, but how, why and to what effect do Haitians in particular places use diaspora as a signifier. By examining the diversity (and sameness) of the Haitian experience in diaspora, Geographies of the Haitian Diaspora asks how we might situate community in view of increased scholarly attention to transnational processes.
Geographies of the Holocaust (The\spatial Humanities Ser.)
by Anne Kelly Knowles Tim Cole Alberto Giordano&“[A] pioneering work . . . Shed[s] light on the historic events surrounding the Holocaust from place, space, and environment-oriented perspectives.&” —Rudi Hartmann, PhD, Geography and Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado This book explores the geographies of the Holocaust at every scale of human experience, from the European continent to the experiences of individual human bodies. Built on six innovative case studies, it brings together historians and geographers to interrogate the places and spaces of the genocide. The cases encompass the landscapes of particular places (the killing zones in the East, deportations from sites in Italy, the camps of Auschwitz, the ghettos of Budapest) and the intimate spaces of bodies on evacuation marches. Geographies of the Holocaust puts forward models and a research agenda for different ways of visualizing and thinking about the Holocaust by examining the spaces and places where it was enacted and experienced. &“An excellent collection of scholarship and a model of interdisciplinary collaboration . . . The volume makes a timely contribution to the ongoing emergence of the spatial humanities and will undoubtedly advance scholarly and popular understandings of the Holocaust.&” —H-HistGeog &“An important work . . . and could be required reading in any number of courses on political geography, GIS, critical theory, biopolitics, genocide, and so forth.&” —Journal of Historical Geography &“Both students and researchers will find this work to be immensely informative and innovative . . . Essential.&” —Choice
Geographies of the New Economy: Critical Reflections (Regions and Cities)
by Andrew Leyshon Jonathan Beaverstock Peter W. Daniels Michael J. BradshawWhat is the 'new economy'? Where is it? How does it differ from the 'old economy'? How does the 'new economy' relate to issues such as the nature of work, social inclusion and exclusion? Geographies of the New Economy explores the meaning of the 'new economy' at the global scale from the perspective of advanced post-socialist and emerging economies. Drawing on evidence from regions around the world, the book debates the efficacy of the widely used concept of the ‘new economy’ and examines its socio-spatial consequences. This book is important reading for policy-makers, academics and students of geography, sociology, urban studies, economics, planning and policy studies.
Geographies of the Platform Economy: Critical Perspectives (Economic Geography)
by Mário Vale Daniela Ferreira Nuno RodriguesThis book provides a wider understanding of the geographies of the platform economy, focusing on the critical perspectives that have emerged on this new economic and digital context. Technological development, particularly the emergence of big data in combination with platforms, additive manufacturing, advanced robotics, machine learning and the internet of things, has created conditions for the appearance of a new economic context predominantly based on new forms of services. This new economic context has been described as the platform economy or platform capitalism. Other designations have also appeared to describe particular consequences of this new phenomena, such as the gig economy or the sharing economy.There is a significant diversity of scientific fields that are studying topics related to the platform economy. Several studies have emerged from different fields, including, but not limited to, geography, economy, sociology, information science, management, marketing, or the humanities. However, geography has become an important field to understand the platform economy given its critical position over the economic, cultural, and social issues that stem from this new economic context. The purpose of this book is to approach these discussions and offer a critical view of the platform economy from the perspective of geography, stemming from the different subfields of the discipline and not restricted to what has been referred to as Digital Geography.This book will appeal to scholars, undergraduate and postgraduate students in the social sciences. It will be particularly relevant to those with research interests in digital geographies and economic geography, economics and business.
Geographies of the University (Knowledge and Space #12)
by Peter Meusburger Michael Heffernan Laura SuarsanaThis open access volume raises awareness of the histories, geographies, and practices of universities and analyzes their role as key actors in today’s global knowledge economy. Universities are centers of research, teaching, and expertise with significant economic, social, and cultural impacts at different geographical scales. Scholars from a variety of disciplines and countries offer original analyses and discussions along five main themes: historical perspectives on the university as a site of knowledge production, cultural encounter, and political interest; institutional perspectives on university governance and the creation of innovative environments; relationships between universities and the city; the impact of universities on national and regional economies and cultures; and the processes of internationalization through student mobility, the creation of education hubs, and global regionalism in higher education.
Geographies of Transport and Mobility: Prospects and Challenges in an Age of Climate Change (Transport and Mobility)
by Stewart Barr Jan Prillwitz Tim Ryley Gareth ShawGeographies of Transport and Mobility aims to provide a comprehensive and evidenced account of the intellectual and pragmatic challenges for personal mobility in the twenty-first century. In doing so, it argues that geographers have a key role to play in shaping academic and policy debates on how personal mobility can become more sustainable. The book is structured in three parts. Part I explores how personal mobility has evolved since the mid-nineteenth century, plotting the intricate relationship between new forms of mobile technology, urban planning and design and social practices. Part II examines how researchers study transport and mobility, and outlines the different intellectual trajectories of transport geography and geographies of mobilities. Part III then outlines and discusses the discourse of sustainable mobility that has emerged in recent years; the ways in which social, economic and environmental sustainability can be promoted through different strategies, focusing on behavioural change and urban design. Geographies of Transport and Mobility provides a unique perspective on personal mobility by demonstrating how the way we travel has developed through complex economic and social processes. It argues that this historical context is critical for considering how mobility in the twenty-first century can be more sustainable, not just environmentally, but also economically and socially. As such, it argues for a renewed focus on sustainable place making as a way to radically shift mobility practices. Geographies of Transport and Mobility is designed to appeal to advanced level undergraduate students and researchers in the fields of geography, anthropology, psychology, sociology and transport studies.
Geographies of Urban Female Labor and Nationhood in Spanish Culture, 1880–1975 (New Hispanisms)
by Mar SoriaMar Soria presents an innovative cultural analysis of female workers in Spanish literature and films. Drawing from nation-building theories, the work of feminist geographers, and ideas about the construction of the marginal subject in society, Soria examines how working women were perceived as Other in Spain from 1880 to 1975. By studying the representation of these marginalized individuals in a diverse array of cultural artifacts, Soria contends that urban women workers symbolized the desires and anxieties of a nation caught between traditional values and rapidly shifting socioeconomic forces. Specifically, the representation of urban female work became a mode of reinforcing and contesting dominant discourses of gender, class, space, and nationhood in critical moments after 1880, when social and economic upheavals resulted in fears of impending national instability. Through these cultural artifacts Spaniards wrestled with the unresolved contradictions in the gender and class ideologies used to construct and maintain the national imaginary. Whether for reasons of inattention or disregard of issues surrounding class dynamics, nineteenth- and twentieth-century Spanish literary and cultural critics have assumed that working women played only a minimal role in the development of Spain as a modern nation. As a result, relatively few critics have investigated cultural narratives of female labor during this period. Soria demonstrates that without considering the role working women played in the construction and modernization of Spain, our understanding of Spanish culture and life at that time remains incomplete.
Geographies of Urban Sound
by Torsten WissmannTraffic, music, language and nature help to create unique soundscapes that are essential to the place-based character of each city. Taking into account both the urban soundscape and the impacts of sound on the urban dweller, this book examines sound not as a by-product of urban life, but as a fundamental part of the urban experience that is crucial to understanding the city´s sense of place. Illustrated by case studies from Europe and North America, these range from on-site measurements to the construction of audio tours for local tourism, from media analysis of popular culture audio drama to sound-identity and city branding, and from the classification of noise in city planning to a consideration of the complex relationship between sacred sound and the creation of a sense of place. Taking a social geographic perspective, the book focuses on the effects of sounds on the individual and how they influence the ways s/he engages the city as place, especially in their daily routines. In doing so, it uncovers the socio-scientific potential of sound in the urban environment, based on the understanding that sound cannot and must not be seen as detached from the urban landscape, but rather as a constituting element. Sound exists not only ’within the city’: it ’is’ the city.
Geographies of Us: Ecosomatic Essays and Practice Pages (Routledge Studies in Theatre, Ecology, and Performance)
by Sondra Fraleigh Shannon Rose RileyGeographies of Us: Ecosomatic Essays and Practice Pages is the first edited collection in the field of ecosomatics.With a combination of essays and practice pages that provide a variety of scholarly, creative, and experience-based approaches for readers, the book brings together both established and emergent scholars and artists from many diverse backgrounds and covers work rooted in a dozen countries. The essays engage an array of crucial methodologies and critical/theoretical perspectives, including practice-based research in the arts, especially in performance and dance studies, critical theory, ecocriticism, Indigenous knowledges, material feminist critique, quantum field theory, and new phenomenologies. Practice pages are shorter chapters that provide readers a chance to engage creatively with the ideas presented across the collection. This book offers a multidisciplinary perspective that brings together work in performance as research, phenomenology, and dance/movement; this is one of its significant contributions to the area of ecosomatics.The book will be of interest to anyone curious about matters of embodiment, ecology, and the environment, especially artists and students of dance, performance, and somatic movement education who want to learn about ecosomatics and environmental activists who want to learn more about integrating creativity, the arts, and movement into their work.
Geographies of Violence: Killing Space, Killing Time (Society and Space)
by Marcus A DoelWe experience violence all our lives, from that very first scream of birth. It has been industrialized and domesticated. Our culture has not become totally accustomed to violence, but accustomed enough. Perhaps more than enough. Geographies of Violence is a critical human geography of the history of violence, from Ancient Rome and Enlightened wars through to natural disasters, animal slaughter, and genocide. Written with incredible insight and flair, this is a thought-provoking text for human geography students and researchers alike.
Geographies of Violence: Killing Space, Killing Time (Society and Space)
by Marcus A DoelWe experience violence all our lives, from that very first scream of birth. It has been industrialized and domesticated. Our culture has not become totally accustomed to violence, but accustomed enough. Perhaps more than enough. Geographies of Violence is a critical human geography of the history of violence, from Ancient Rome and Enlightened wars through to natural disasters, animal slaughter, and genocide. Written with incredible insight and flair, this is a thought-provoking text for human geography students and researchers alike.
Geographies of Women's Health: Place, Diversity and Difference (Routledge International Studies of Women and Place #Vol. 3)
by Isabel Dyck Nancy Davis Lewis Sara McLaffertyThis international collection explores the relationships between society, place, gender and health, and how these play out in different parts of the world. The chapters work together in examining the complex layering of social, economic and political relations that frame women's health. The authors demonstrate that women's health needs to be understood 'in place' if gains are to be made in improving women's health and health care.
The Geographies of Young People: The Morally Contested Spaces of Identity (Critical Geographies)
by Stuart C AitkenThe Geographies of Young People traces the changing scientific and societal notions of what it is to be a young person, and argues that there is a need to rethink how we view childhood spaces, child development and the politics of growing up.This book brings coherency to the growing field of children's geographies by arguing that although most of it does not prescribe solutions to the moral assault against young people, it nonetheless offers appropriate insights into difference and diversity, and how young people are constructed.Other books in the series:Culture/Place/Health (forthcoming)Seduction of Place (forthcoming)Celtic Geographies (forthcoming) TimespaceBodiesMind and Body SpacesChildren's GeographiesLeisure/Tourism GeographiesThinking SpaceGeopolitical TraditionsEmbodied GeographiesAnimal Spaces, Beastly PlacesCloset SpaceClubbingDe-centering SexualitiesEntanglements of Power.
Geographische Bildung in digitalen Kulturen: Perspektiven für Forschung und Lehre
by Fabian Pettig Inga GrylWelche Herausforderungen für Forschungs- und Lehrkontexte bedingt die tiefgreifende Transformation alltäglicher Räume und Mensch-Umwelt-Verhältnisse in einer Kultur der Digitalität? Und wie lassen sich die hierin liegenden Potenziale für geographische Bildungsprozesse heben?Der vorliegende Band widmet sich diesen übergeordneten Fragestellungen und nimmt ernst, dass die Anforderungen an das Fach Geographie weit über technikfokussierte Ansätze, wie die Anwendung Geographischer Informationssysteme (GIS) im Klassenzimmer, hinausgehen. Ein Ziel sollte die Befähigung der Schüler*innen zum mündigen Medienhandeln in einer digital und medial durchdrungenen Welt sein. Phänomene wie hybride Räume, Smart Cities und Algorithmizität verlangen nach reflektierter und fachlicher Aufarbeitung digitaler Geographien als Bildungsinhalte, um ein geographisches Lernen mit, über und durch digitale Medien, sowie auch eine geographische Bildung in digitalen Medien zu ermöglichen.Dieser Aufgabe nimmt sich der Band aus zehn Perspektiven an, die die deutschsprachige wissenschaftliche Community der Geographiedidaktik gemeinschaftlich entwickelt hat. Sie loten Aufgaben, Handlungsfelder und Gelingensbedingungen geographischer Bildung in digitalen Kulturen aus. Drei Beitragskategorien bieten innerhalb der einzelnen Perspektiven Orientierung: Basiskommentare, die konzeptionelle Grundlagen darstellen; Forschungsbeiträge, die zur theoretischen wie auch empirischen Klärung beitragen und Good Practice-Beispiele, die Einblicke in Hochschul- und Schulpraxis gewähren. Die Perspektiven sind vielfach verwoben, stehen aber stellenweise auch in Spannung zueinander. Allen Beiträgen gemein ist, dass sie nach Wegen suchen, einen kritischen Umgang mit den Möglichkeiten und Herausforderungen des Digitalen wie auch eine emanzipierte Teilhabe in digitalen Kulturen zu etablieren.
Geography: History and Concepts
by Arild Holt-JensenNow in a fourth edition, this standard student reference has been totally revised and updated. It remains the definitive introduction to the history, philosophy, and methodology of human geography; now including a detailed explanation of key ideas in human geography's post-modernist and post-structuralist 'turns'. The book is organized into six sections: • What is Geography?: an introduction to the discipline, and a discussion of its organization and basic research approaches, informed by the question 'what difference does it make to think geographically?' • Foundations of Geography: an examination of geography from Antiquity to the 1950s, with a special focus on human'environment relations • Geography 1950-1980: a critical review of the development of geography as a spatial science • Paradigms and Revolutions: an analysis of paradigm shifts in geography, that introduces students to key debates in the philosophy of science • Positivism and its Critics: a detailed discussion of positivism, critical theory, humanistic geography, behavioural geography, and structuralism • New Trends and Ideas developing critical responses: structuration theory, realism, post-structuralism, post-modernism, feminism and actor-network theory. It also explores new research tools, such as satellite photos and GIS, and discusses future prospects for geographic research. This text explores complex ideas in an intelligible and accessible style. Illustrated throughout with research examples and explanations in text boxes, questions for discussion at the end of each chapter and a concept glossary, this is the essential student companion to the discipline which will continue to be the A-Z resource for undergraduate students.