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Justice-Involved Youth: Healing Through Trauma with Creativity and Community Regeneration + Peer-Support Workbook
by Carol CrossIncluding a peer-support workbook with exercises, this book demonstrates the therapeutic value of art practice, both inside and outside institutions, as a more humane approach for children and adolescents affected by mass incarceration. The author discusses how a trauma-informed approach can heal marginalized and ignored citizens and refutes the notion that severe punishment for repeat offenders is essential or effective.Author Carol Cross has decades of experience incorporating therapeutic expressive arts in her professional practice, with a focus on peer-led programs. She advocates a trauma-informed approach using a peer-driven creative process, showing how such programs can intervene in the cycle of violence and contribute to a practice of community preventive care for youth deemed to be at risk. The workbook is built on the research and resources Cross has used within care plans with clinical teams and youth forensics. The user is shown how to build on these teachings and implement or modify the content to suit individual needs. Contributions from persons involved in the judicial system and such intervention programs vet the topics in the workbook as resonating with group participants.This user-friendly book will benefit anyone working with justice-involved children and adolescents, including those working in and around the criminal legal system as well as in programs outside of carceral institutions organized by individuals, groups, or non-profit organizations.
Justice, Justice Thou Shalt Pursue: A Life's Work Fighting for a More Perfect Union (Law in the Public Square #2)
by Ruth Bader GinsburgRuth Bader Ginsburg's last book is a curation of her own legacy, tracing the long history of her work for gender equality and a "more perfect Union." In the fall of 2019, Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg visited the University of California, Berkeley School of Law to deliver the first annual Herma Hill Kay Memorial Lecture in honor of her friend, the late Herma Hill Kay, with whom Ginsburg had coauthored the very first casebook on sex-based discrimination in 1974. Justice, Justice Thou Shalt Pursue is the result of a period of collaboration between Ginsburg and Amanda L. Tyler, a Berkeley Law professor and former Ginsburg law clerk. During Justice Ginsburg's visit to Berkeley, she told her life story in conversation with Tyler. In this collection, the two bring together that conversation and other materials—many previously unpublished—that share details from Justice Ginsburg's family life and long career. These include notable briefs and oral arguments, some of Ginsburg's last speeches, and her favorite opinions that she wrote as a Supreme Court Justice (many in dissent), along with the statements that she read from the bench in those important cases. Each document was chosen by Ginsburg and Tyler to tell the story of the litigation strategy and optimistic vision that were at the heart of Ginsburg's unwavering commitment to the achievement of "a more perfect Union." In a decades-long career, Ruth Bader Ginsburg was an advocate and jurist for gender equality and for ensuring that the United States Constitution leaves no person behind. Her work transformed not just the American legal landscape, but American society more generally. Ginsburg labored tirelessly to promote a Constitution that is ever more inclusive and that allows every individual to achieve their full human potential. As revealed in these pages, in the area of gender rights, Ginsburg dismantled long-entrenched systems of discrimination based on outdated stereotypes by showing how such laws hold back both genders. And as also shown in the materials brought together here, Justice Ginsburg had a special ability to appreciate how the decisions of the high court impact the lived experiences of everyday Americans. The passing of Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg in September 2020 as this book was heading into production was met with a public outpouring of grief. With her death, the country lost a hero and national treasure whose incredible life and legacy made the United States a more just society and one in which "We the People," for whom the Constitution is written, includes everyone.
Justice Lessons: System-Affected Scholars and the Future of Criminal Justice Transformation
by Grant E. TietjenSince the 1990s, the community of scholar-activists who have had contact with the criminal legal system has grown rapidly, solidifying into an international movement. Drawing on in-depth conversations with system-affected academics as well as his own experience with incarceration, Grant E. Tietjen traces the history, positive impacts, and future promise of this movement. By offering networks of support to system-affected people seeking higher education and using the perspectives afforded them by their lived experiences to push their disciplines forward, the movement effects reciprocal changes between the individual and the entire institution of higher education. These changes, Tietjen argues, ripple outward and stand to contribute to the wider movement against carceral responses to harm.
Justice, Liability, And Blame: Community Views And The Criminal Law
by Paul H. RobinsonThis book examines shared intuitive notions of justice among laypersons and compares the discovered principles to those instantiated in American criminal codes. It reports eighteen original studies on a wide range of issues that are central to criminal law formulation.
Justice Miscarried
by Helena KatzFormer bank manager Ronald Dalton never got to watch his three young children grow up. In 1989 he was convicted for a crime that never happened. His wife, Brenda, was later ruled to have choked to death on breakfast cereal not strangled as a pathologist had initially claimed. Dalton’s daughter, Alison, was in kindergarten when he was charged with second-degree murder in 1988. He attended her high school graduation on June 26, 2000, two days after his conviction was finally overturned. <p><p> Behind the proud facade of Canada’s criminal justice system lie the shattered lives of the people unjustly caught within its web. Justice Miscarried tells the heartwrenching stories of twelve innocent Canadians, including David Milgaard, Donald Marshall, Guy Paul Morin, Clayton Johnson, William Mullins-Johnson, and Thomas Sophonow, who were wrongly convicted and the errors in the nations justice system that changed their lives forever.
Justice on Demand: True Crime in the Digital Streaming Era (Contemporary Approaches to Film and Media Series)
by Tanya HoreckJustice on Demand: True Crime in the Digital Streaming Era offers a theoretical rumination on the question asked in countless blogs and opinion pieces of the last decade: Why are we so obsessed with true crime? Author Tanya Horeck takes this question further: Why is true crime thought to be such a good vehicle for the new modes of viewer/listener engagement favored by online streaming and consumption in the twenty-first century? Examining a range of audiovisual true crime texts, from podcasts such as Serial and My Favorite Murder to long-form crime documentaries such as The Jinx and Making a Murderer, Horeck considers the extent to which the true crime genre has come to epitomize participatory media culture where the listener/viewer acts as a "desktop detective" or "internet sleuth." While Facebook and Twitter have re-invigorated the notion of the armchair detective, Horeck questions the rhetoric of interactivity surrounding true crime formats and points to the precarity of justice in the social media era. In a cultural moment in which user-generated videos of real-life violence surface with an alarming frequency, Justice on Demand addresses what is at stake in the cultural investment in true crime as packaged mainstream entertainment. Paying close attention to the gendered and racialized dimensions of true crime media, Horeck examines objects that are not commonly considered "true crime," including the subgenre of closed-circuit television (CCTV) elevator assault videos and the popularity of trailers for true crime documentaries on YouTube. By analyzing a range of intriguing case studies, Horeck explores how the audience is affectively imagined, addressed, and commodified by contemporary true crime in an "on demand" mediascape. As a fresh investigation of how contemporary variations of true crime raise significant ethical questions regarding what it means to watch, listen, and "witness" in a digital era of accessibility, immediacy, and instantaneity, Justice on Demand will be of interest to film, media, and digital studies scholars.
Justice on Earth: People of Faith Working at the Intersections of Race, Class, and the Environment
by Jennifer Nordstrom Manish Mishra-MarzettiThis highly anticipated anthology presents a powerful and penetrating look at environmental justice from some of the key thinkers and activists in Unitarian Universalism today. Fourteen activist ministers and lay leaders apply a keen intersectional analysis to the environmental crisis, revealing ways that capitalism, white supremacy, patriarchy, and other systems of oppression intersect with and contribute to ecological devastation. They also explore how spiritual practices, congregational organizing, and progressive theology can inform faith-based justice work in the twenty-first century. These prophetic voices, from a wide range of perspectives, reveal new approaches and opportunities for more holistic, accountable, and connected justice efforts. Each essay is accompanied by suggested ways to take the next steps for further learning and action.
Justice over the Course of Life: Biographies in a Society of Long Lives (Schriften zu Gesundheit und Gesellschaft - Studies on Health and Society #1)
by Christiane Woopen Björn Schmitz-LuhnIn this interdisciplinary book, experts from philosophy, medicine, law, psychology, economics, and social sciences address questions and develop solutions for a well-designed society of long life. Young as well as old people have to actively shape more and more of their life span. At the same time, aging becomes more multifaceted: the individual view on one’s own life course is changing, and the needs and demands for a fulfilled life are diversifying. The implications affect all spheres of life – from education and workplace to health care and the culture of interaction. They require content-related and structural adjustments for a diverse society of longevity in which multiple generations live alongside each other. But how can change be managed responsibly, how can individual and collective responsibility be distributed appropriately, and how can a sustainable and fair social future be ensured?
Justice, Property and the Environment: Social and Legal Perspectives (Routledge Revivals)
by John O'Neill Tim HaywardFirst published in 1997, this book discusses the interplaying factors environmental issues have on justice and property and other social problems. Endeavouring create a discourse on what sustainability means in implementation, each of the contributors to this book approaches this via different theoretical viewpoints.
Justice Provocateur: Jane Tennison and Policing in Prime Suspect
by Gray Cavender Nancy C. JurikJustice Provocateur focuses on Prime Suspect, a popular British television film series starring Oscar and Emmy award-winning actress Helen Mirren as fictional London policewoman Jane Tennison. Gray Cavender and Nancy C. Jurik examine the media constructions of justice, gender, and police work in the show, exploring its progressive treatment of contemporary social problems in which women are central protagonists. They argue that the show acts as a vehicle for progressive moral fiction--fiction that gives voice to victim experiences, locates those experiences within a larger social context, transcends traditional legal definitions of justice for victims, and offers insights into ways that individuals might challenge oppressive social and organizational arrangements. Although Prime Suspect is often seen as a uniquely progressive, feminist-inspired example within the typically more conservative, male-dominated crime genre, Cavender and Jurik also address the complexity of the films' gender politics. Consistent with some significant criticisms of the films, they identify key moments in the series when Tennison's character appears to move from a successful woman who has it all to a post-feminist stereotype of a lonely, aging career woman with no strong family or friendship ties. Shrewdly interpreting the show as an illustration of the tensions and contradictions of women's experiences and their various relations to power, Justice Provocateur provides a framework for interrogating the meanings and implications of justice, gender, and social transformation both on and off the screen.
Justice Reinvestment: Winding Back Imprisonment (Palgrave Studies in Prisons and Penology)
by David Brown Courtney Young Chris Cunneen Melanie Schwartz Julie StubbsJustice reinvestment was introduced as a response to mass incarceration and racial disparity in the United States in 2003. This book examines justice reinvestment from its origins, its potential as a mechanism for winding back imprisonment rates, and its portability to Australia, the United Kingdom and beyond. The authors analyze the principles and processes of justice reinvestment, including the early neighborhood focus on 'million dollar blocks'. They further scrutinize the claims of evidence-based and data-driven policy, which have been used in the practical implementation strategies featured in bipartisan legislative criminal justice system reforms. This book takes a comparative approach to justice reinvestment by examining the differences in political, legal and cultural contexts between the United States and Australia in particular. It argues for a community-driven approach, originating in vulnerable Indigenous communities with high imprisonment rates, as part of a more general movement for Indigenous democracy. While supporting a social justice approach, the book confronts significantly the problematic features of the politics of locality and community, the process of criminal justice policy transfer, and rationalist conceptions of policy. It will be essential reading for scholars, students and practitioners of criminal justice and criminal law.
Justice Reinvestment: Can the Criminal Justice System Deliver More for Less? (Routledge Frontiers of Criminal Justice)
by Chris Fox Kevin Wong Kevin AlbertsonRising prison numbers on both sides of the Atlantic are cause for concern. Justice Reinvestment is a major movement in criminal justice reform in the US that is also attracting lots of interest in the UK. Justice Reinvestment is an approach to addressing the penal crisis that uses the best available evidence to re-direct resources to more effective rehabilitation of offenders and better ‘prehabilitation’. It takes a more holistic view of criminal justice and is particularly concerned to address the community dimensions of offending and re-offending. The authors highlight competing models of Justice Reinvestment and argue for a more radical version in which criminal justice reform is seen as part of a wider social justice reform programme. This is the first substantial publication on Justice Reinvestment and shows that ‘Justice Reinvestment’ has huge potential to re-shape the criminal justice system. It will be essential reading for undergraduate and post-graduate students with an interest in criminal justice reform. Practitioners and policy-makers working in the criminal justice system in the US and the UK will also value the fresh perspective it brings to criminal justice reform and its breadth of coverage including insights into the penal crisis, different models of Justice Reinvestment, the use of criminal justice data and research evidence in re-designing criminal justice services and new approaches to commissioning.
Justice, Society and Nature: An Exploration of Political Ecology
by Nicholas Low Brendan GleesonJustice, Society and Nature examines the moral response which the world must make to the ecological crisis if there is to be real change in the global society and economy to favour ecological integrity. From its base in the idea of the self, through principles of political justice, to the justice of global institutions, the authors trace the layered structure of the philosophy of justice as it applies to environmental and ecological issues. Philosophical ideas are treated in a straightforward and easily understandable way with reference to practical examples. Moving straight to the heart of pressing international and national concerns, the authors explore the issues of environment and development, fair treatment of humans and non-humans, and the justice of the social and economic systems which affect the health and safety of the peoples of the world. Current grass-roots concerns such as the environmental justice movement in the USA, and the ethics of the international regulation of development are examined in depth. The authors take debates beyond mere complaint about the injustice of the world economy, and suggest what should now be done to do justice to nature.
Justice through Apologies: Remorse, Reform, and Punishment
by Nick SmithIn this follow up to I Was Wrong: The Meanings of Apologies, Nick Smith expands his ambitious theories of categorical apologies to civil and criminal law. After rejecting court-ordered apologies as unjustifiable humiliation, this book explains that penitentiaries were originally designed to bring about penance - something like apology - and that this tradition has been lost in the assembly line of mass incarceration. Smith argues that the state should modernize these principles and techniques to reduce punishments for offenders who demonstrate moral transformation through apologizing. Smith also explains the counterintuitive situation whereby apologies come to have considerable financial worth in civil cases because victims associate them with priceless matters of the soul. Such confusions allow powerful wrongdoers to manipulate perceptions to disastrous effect, such as when corporations or governments assert that apologies do not equate to accepting blame or require reform or redress.
Justice While Black: Helping African-American Families Navigate and Survive the Criminal Justice System
by Robbin Shipp Nick ChilesAn essential guide for Black Americans to understanding the criminal justice system, and why it continues to see Black men as targets and as dollar signs.Justice While Black is a must-read for every young Black male in America—and for everyone else who cares about their survival and well-being. The book provides practical, straightforward advice on how to deal with specific legal situations: the threat of arrest, being arrested, being in custody, preparing for and undergoing a trial, and navigating the appeals and parole process. The primary goal of this book is to become a primer for African Americans on how to avoid becoming ensnared in the criminal justice system.While the precarious safety of Black males has received renewed interest in the past year because of the deaths of young men like Daunte Wright and Ryan LeRoux, the fact is that this group has always been under threat from the armed guardians of the White social order. The tactics have been modernized, but the impact is still devastating—we are witnessing an epic criminalization of the African-American community at levels never before seen since the end of slavery.
Justicia
by Gerardo LaveagaCuando el cuerpo sin vida de una mujer aparece en un lugar público, la autoridad decide acabar con el caso fabricando a un culpable. El cadáver de una joven aparece en un lugar público, justo cuando hay una ceremonia con el jefe de gobierno de la ciudad como actor principal. En la blusa de ella, escrita con pintalabios, se lee la palabra "Puta". Es obvio que ese caso debe resolverse de inmediato, pues arroja oprobio sobre la autoridad. El modo de lograrlo es fabricar a un culpable, un enfermero que, por practicar la eutanasia a su madre, de por sí ya estaba en prisión. El verdadero asesino no les importa a los funcionarios, aunque el lector lo sabrá todo sobre él. Narrada a tres voces, todas impactantes y convincentes, sorpresivos giros argumentales y gran tensión llevan al lector tanto a la angustia de ver cómo los destinos de los personajes van encaminándose al abismo como al conocimiento sistemático de numerosos casos que dan cuenta de la manera de operar del sistema judicial mexicano. Y opera de manera escalofriante: jueces, abogados, ministerio público, corporaciones policiacas, centros de reclusión... todo funciona de manera absurda, aberrante, burocrática, inhumana. La crítica ha dicho... "Como cualquier sátira inteligente -hay que pensar en Swift o Voltaire, como sus modelos-, Justicia también resulta dolorosa. Si se trata de un libro importante, no sólo es por el talento de su autor para el suspense o por la eficacia de sus dardos, sino por su capacidad para incidir en uno de los problemas más urgentes del país". Jorge Volpi. "Una novela de esas que se leen de corrido y con las menores pausas posibles, de las que uno espera que termine la jornada laboral o cualquier otra cosa que uno esté haciendo para poder seguir leyendo las aventuras de sus personajes". Manuel Lino, El Economista.
The Justification of Responsibility in the UN Security Council: Practices of Normative Ordering in International Relations (Routledge Global Cooperation Series)
by Holger NiemannThe UN Security Council has been given the primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security. The precise meaning of this responsibility, however, is contested. This lack of clarity is frequently criticised as a source of incoherent and selective decision-making, undermining the legitimacy of the Security Council. In case studies of the Security Council’s controversies on Iraq and Syria, this book instead reveals contestation and competing interpretations of responsibility as crucial conditions for the constitution and negotiation of normative order. The case studies also underline the importance of public Security Council meetings as dynamic sites for coping with a plurality of normative orders and how their symbolic and material manifestations shape processes of collective legitimation. This book concludes that these processes demonstrate the crucial role of justification and critique as practices of normative ordering in the Security Council.The Justification of Responsibility in the UN Security Council argues that normative orders in international organisations are constructed by multifaceted processes of questioning, reaffirming and coordinating claims of normativity and legitimacy. Connecting research on norms and legitimacy in international relations with pragmatist sociology, the book provides an account of the complexities and inconsistencies of decision-making processes and their normative foundations in international organisations. This book will be of interest to scholars and students of international organisations, international relations theory and global governance.
Justify My Thug: The Thug Series, Book 6 (Thug Series #1)
by Wahida ClarkJustify My Thug continues the scintillating drama of Wahida Clark's bestselling Thug series. Following the action of Thug Lovin', the story rejoins the saga's favorite couple, Tasha and Trae, as they try to overcome their troubles and make their marriage work. Meanwhile, Jaz is facing drama of her own. In the torrid world of sex, drugs, and crime, Wahida Clark continues her definitive Hip-Hop soap opera that fans have come to love.
Justifying Next Stage Capitalism: Exploring a Hopeful Future (Ethical Economy #68)
by Michel Dion Moses L. PavaThis book explores emerging justifications of capitalism based on the views of academics from around the world in business. The traditional justification for capitalism has been that it is the one system that produces the most wealth with the least cost for the most people. While this justification no longer has the taken-for-granted status it once enjoyed, it remains the dominant and mainstream argument in favor of capitalism, especially in the United States. Despite capitalism’s production of human wealth, it is implicated by trends such as income and wealth inequalities, climate change caused by the burning of fossil fuels and racism, sexism and other forms of discrimination. This volume asserts that in this age of complexity, inequality, and ecological instability, capitalism’s future depends on our ability to broaden the justifications for it to include a much more elaborate list of values beyond wealth and efficiency. It does so without claiming tologically or empirically prove that capitalism is the best of all possible economic systems, but rather to explore a new and hopeful future for the system; Next stage capitalism. Written by an international group of scholars from various disciplines, this book is of great interest to those who work in philosophy, sociology, political science, history and theology and religious studies.
Justifying Punishment: Perspectives from Post-Communist Europe (Routledge Contemporary Issues in Criminal Justice and Procedure)
by Jakub DrápalThis book develops principles of proper sentence justification, presents results of comparative empirical study on sentence justifications in the post-communist countries and provides practical measures to improve the current situation. Providing justification for sentences is an essential feature of any sentencing system that strives to achieve principled practice. Principled sentencing requires factors to be considered as well as explained both individually and comprehensively, in a manner that allows the process of determining the sentence to be reviewed and repeated with a similar result. This work determines why reasoning is relevant and provides compelling evidence in favour of an increased role for justification of sentences, grounded in the best sentencing, legal and psychological scholarship. It further explores how various theoretical and practical obstacles might be overcome. Relatedly, it introduces and expands on Schuyt’s novel concept of justifying sentences, which approaches sentence justification in three stages. The authors investigate to what extent these stages are followed in practice in the Czech Republic, Estonia, Moldavia, Slovakia and Slovenia. The results suggest that the quality of sentence justification in these countries is generally low, although there is some variation. The book concludes with suggestions for improving the process and quality of sentence justification. The work will be of interest to those working in the areas of Criminal Law, Criminology, Comparative Law and Legal Philosophy.
Juvenescence: A Cultural History of Our Age
by Robert Pogue HarrisonHow old are you? The more thought you bring to bear on the question, the harder it is to answer. For we age simultaneously in different ways: biologically, psychologically, socially. And we age within the larger framework of a culture, in the midst of a history that predates us and will outlast us. Looked at through that lens, many aspects of late modernity would suggest that we are older than ever, but Robert Pogue Harrison argues that we are also getting startlingly younger--in looks, mentality, and behavior. We live, he says, in an age of juvenescence. Like all of Robert Pogue Harrison's books, "Juvenescence" ranges brilliantly across cultures and history, tracing the ways that the spirits of youth and age have inflected each other from antiquity to the present. Drawing on the scientific concept of neotony, or the retention of juvenile characteristics through adulthood, and extending it into the cultural realm, Harrison argues that youth is essential for culture's innovative drive and flashes of genius. At the same time, however, youth--which Harrison sees as more protracted than ever--is a luxury that requires the stability and wisdom of our elders and the institutions. "While genius liberates the novelties of the future," Harrison writes, "wisdom inherits the legacies of the past, renewing them in the process of handing them down. " A heady, deeply learned excursion, rich with ideas and insights, "Juvenescence" could only have been written by Robert Pogue Harrison. No reader who has wondered at our culture's obsession with youth should miss it.
Juvenile Delinquency: An integrated approach (Criminal Justice Illuminated Ser.)
by Dawn Jeglum Bartusch James BurfeindThis book offers a comprehensive introduction to juvenile delinquency by defining and describing juvenile delinquency, examining explanations for delinquent behavior, and considering contemporary efforts to control delinquency through prevention and juvenile justice. The text cultivates an understanding of juvenile delinquency by examining and linking key criminological theories and research. Coverage includes: the historical origins and transformation of "juvenile delinquency" and juvenile justice; the nature of delinquency, addressing the extent of delinquent offenses, the social correlates of offending and victimization (age, gender, race and ethnicity, and social class), and the developmental patterns of offending; theoretical explanations of delinquency, with insights from biosocial criminology, routine activities, rational choice, social control, social learning, social structure, labeling, and critical criminologies; evidence-based practice in delinquency prevention and contemporary juvenile justice. Fully revised and updated, the new edition incorporates the latest theory and research in the field of juvenile delinquency and provides expanded discussion of contemporary juvenile justice reform, evidence-based practice in delinquency prevention, and disproportionate minority contact throughout the juvenile justice process. This book is essential reading for courses on juvenile delinquency and juvenile justice. The book is supported by a range of compelling pedagogical features. Each chapter includes key terms, learning objectives, an opening case study, box inserts that provide practical application of theory and research, critical thinking questions, suggested reading, useful websites, and a glossary of key terms. A companion website offers an array of resources for students and instructors. For students, this website provides chapter overviews, flashcards of key terms, and useful websites. The instructor site is password protected and offers a complete set of PowerPoint slides and an extensive test bank for each chapter--all prepared by the authors.
Juvenile Delinquency: A Sociological Approach
by Jack Bynum William ThompsonTaking a sociological approach, this text discusses delinquency as it relates to and emerges from the youth's family, neighborhood, school, peer group, social class, and overall cultural and social environment. The authors incorporate contributions from sociologists, psychologists, social workers, criminologists, and other specialists who have sought to understand, explain, control, and prevent juvenile delinquency.
Juvenile Delinquency: Mainstream and Crosscurrents
by John Randolph FullerJuvenile Delinquency: Mainstream and Crosscurrents, Second Edition, is a broad, comprehensive introduction to one of society's most pressing problems. Offering a highly analytical yet balanced approach, the book gets readers thinking critically about important real-world issues including the effects of inequality, race, class, and gender on juvenile delinquency and the justice system. Lively, engaging, and accessible, Juvenile Delinquency is ideal for delinquency courses in both criminal justice and sociology departments.
Juvenile Delinquency (Routledge Revivals)
by Henry Herbert GoddardOriginally published in 1922, Juvenile Delinquency was written while the author was Director of the Ohio Bureau of Juvenile Research. He believed that juvenile delinquency could be prevented and therefore a large part of adult criminality could be eradicated. He states in the preface that the book does not tell you how this will be achieved: ‘It contains no cut and dried solution. But … it may help advertise the fact that there is a small body of people who think they see a ray of light in the darkness. …’. Today it can be read in its historical context.This book is a re-issue originally published in 1922. The language used and views portrayed are a reflection of its era and no offence is meant by the Publishers to any reader by this re-publication.