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The Legacy Of Exile: Cubans In The United States (New Immigrants)
by Guillermo J. Grenier Lisandro Pérez Nancy FonerThe Legacy of Exile , the latest entry in the New Immigrants Series, deals with one of the most visible and political of all U.S. immigrant groups–Cubans. <p><p> This is a group that was welcomed to the United States, that transformed a major U.S. metropolitan area, that exerts a powerful–and controversial–impact on U.S. foreign policy, and that has achieved, in a relatively short time, economic success in this country. The theme of the book is that the Cuban presence has been shaped by the experience of exile. <p> In understanding the case of the Cuban immigration to the United States, students will gain insight into the dynamics of U.S. immigration policy; the differences between immigrants and exiles; interethnic relations among newcomers and established residents; and the economic development of immigrant communities. Cuban immigrants provide a surprising and compelling case study of the relatively successful adaptation of an immigrant community. <p> The book presents the long tradition of Cuban immigration to the United States; the elements of Cuban culture which have emerged and reinforced this tradition of migration; the impact that Cubans have had on the Miami area; as well as the changes within the community as Cubans develop into a well established minority group within the United States.
Legacy of Hate: A Short History of Ethnic, Religious and Racial Prejudice in America
by Philip PerlmutterFor all its foundation on the principles of religious freedom and human equality, American history contains numerous examples of bigotry and persecution of minorities. Now, author Philip Perlmutter lays out the history of prejudice in America in a brief, compact, and readable volume. Perlmutter begins with the arrival of white Europeans, moves through the eighteenth and industrially expanding nineteenth centuries; the explosion of immigration and its attendant problems in the twentieth century; and a fifth chapter explores how prejudice (racial, religious, and ethnic) has been institutionalized in the educational systems and laws. His final chapter covers the future of minority progress.
The Legacy of Indian Indenture: Historical and Contemporary Aspects of Migration and Diaspora
by Lomarsh Roopnarine Maurits S. Hassankhan Hans RamsoedhThis book is the second publication originating from the conference Legacy of Slavery and Indentured Labour: Past, present and future, which was organised in June 2013, by the Institute of Graduate Studies and Research (IGSR), Anton de Kom University of Suriname. The articles are grouped in four sections. Section one concentrates on indenture in the Caribbean and the IndianOcean and includes four diverse, but inter-related chapters and contributions. These reveal some newly- emerging, impressive trends in the study of indenture, essentially departing from the over used neo-slave scholarship. Not only are new concepts explored and analysed, but this section also raises unavoidable questions on previously published studies on indenture. Section two shows that there are many areas that need to be re-examined and explored in the study of indenture. The chapters in this section re-examine personal narratives of indentured labourers, the continuous connection between the Caribbean and India as well as education and Christianization of Indians in Trinidad. The result is impressive. The analysis of personal accounts or voices of indentured servants themselves certainly provides an alternative perception to archival information written mostly by the organizers of indenture. Section three in this volume focuses on ethnicity and politics. In segmented societies like Suriname, Guyana and Trinidad & Tobago institutional politics and political mobilization are mainly ethnically based. In Suriname, Trinidad & Tobago and Guyana this has led to ethnic and political tensions. These themes are explored in these three articles. Section four addresses health, medicine and spirituality – themes which, until recently, have received little attention. The first article examines the historical impact of colonialism through indentureship, on the health, health alternatives and health preferences of Indo-Trinidadians, from the period between 1845 to the present. The second examines the use of protective talismans by Indian indentured labourers and their descendants. Little or no psychological research has been done on the spiritual world of Indian immigrants, enslaved Africans and their respective descendants, with special reference to the use of talismans.
The Legacy of Indigenous Music: Asian and European Perspectives (Sinophone and Taiwan Studies #4)
by Yu-Hsiu Lu Oskar ElschekThis book shares essential insights into how indigenous music has been inherited and preserved under the influence of the dominant mainstream culture in Asia and Europe. It illustrates possible ways of handing down indigenous music in countries and regions with different levels of acceptance toward indigeneity, including Taiwan, the Philippines, Malaysia, Turkey, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, the Near and Middle East, Caucasus Mountains, etc. Given its focus, the book benefits researchers who are interested in the status quo of indigenous music around the globe. The macro- and micro-perspectives used to explore related issues, problems, and concerns also benefit those interested in regional ethnomusicology.
Legacy of Luna: The Story of a Tree, a Woman, and the Struggle to Save the Redwoods
by Julia Butterfly HillOn December 18, 1999, Julia Butterfly Hill's feet touched the ground for the first time in over two years, as she descended from "Luna," a thousandyear-old redwood in Humboldt County, California.Hill had climbed 180 feet up into the tree high on a mountain on December 10, 1997, for what she thought would be a two- to three-week-long "tree-sit." The action was intended to stop Pacific Lumber, a division of the Maxxam Corporation, from the environmentally destructive process of clear-cutting the ancient redwood and the trees around it. The area immediately next to Luna had already been stripped and, because, as many believed, nothing was left to hold the soil to the mountain, a huge part of the hill had slid into the town of Stafford, wiping out many homes.Over the course of what turned into an historic civil action, Hill endured El Nino storms, helicopter harassment, a ten-day siege by company security guards, and the tremendous sorrow brought about by an old-growth forest's destruction. This story--written while she lived on a tiny platform eighteen stories off the ground--is one that only she can tell.Twenty-five-year-old Julia Butterfly Hill never planned to become what some have called her--the Rosa Parks of the environmental movement. Shenever expected to be honored as one of Good Housekeeping's "Most Admired Women of 1998" and George magazine's "20 Most Interesting Women in Politics," to be featured in People magazine's "25 Most Intriguing People of the Year" issue, or to receive hundreds of letters weekly from young people around the world. Indeed, when she first climbed into Luna, she had no way of knowing the harrowing weather conditions and the attacks on her and her cause. She had no idea of the loneliness she would face or that her feet wouldn't touch ground for more than two years. She couldn't predict the pain of being an eyewitness to the attempted destruction of one of the last ancient redwood forests in the world, nor could she anticipate the immeasurable strength she would gain or the life lessons she would learn from Luna. Although her brave vigil and indomitable spirit have made her a heroine in the eyes of many, Julia's story is a simple, heartening tale of love, conviction, and the profound courage she has summoned to fight for our earth's legacy.
The Legacy of M. N. Srinivas: His Contribution to Sociology and Social Anthropology in India
by A. M. ShahM. N. Srinivas is acclaimed as a doyen of modern sociology and social anthropology in India. In this book, A. M. Shah, a distinguished Indian sociologist and a close associate of Srinivas’s, reflects on his legacy as a scholar, teacher, and institution builder. The book is a collection of Shah’s five chapters on and an interview with Srinivas, with a comprehensive introduction. He narrates Srinivas’s life and work in different phases; discusses his theoretical ideas, especially functionalism, compared with Max Weber’s ideas; deliberates on his concept of Sanskritisation and its contemporary relevance; and reflects on his role in the history of sociology and social anthropology in India. In the interview, Srinivas responds to a large number of questions from the style of writing to the dynamics of politics. It shows that while his scholarship was firmly rooted in India, it was sensitive to global ideas and institutions. This book will be an essential read for scholars and researchers in sociology, social anthropology, history, and political science. The general reader interested in these subjects will also find it useful.
The Legacy of Mad Men: Cultural History, Intermediality and American Television
by Karen McNally Jane Marcellus Teresa Forde Kirsty Fairclough“The Legacy of Mad Men adds significant new perspectives to the legacy of Mad Men scholarship. The authors apply theoretical perspectives that have been understudied in previous Mad Men work, chart new connections with previous media, and examine overlooked aspects of Men Men’s sound design. A concluding chapter insightfully considers how the election of Donald Trump has signaled a resurgence in the sexism, antisemitism, and racism critiqued in Mad Men.”- - Dr Jeremy Butler, Professor of Communication and Culture, University of Alabama For seven seasons, viewers worldwide watched as ad man Don Draper moved from adultery to self-discovery, secretary Peggy Olson became a take-no-prisoners businesswoman, object-of-the-gaze Joan Holloway developed a feminist consciousness, executive Roger Sterling tripped on LSD, and smarmy Pete Campbell became a surprisingly nice guy. Mad Men defined a pivotal moment for television, earning an enduring place in the medium’s history. This edited collection examines the enduringly popular television series as Mad Men still captivates audiences and scholars in its nuanced depiction of a complex decade. This is the first book to offer an analysis of Mad Men in its entirety, exploring the cyclical and episodic structure of the long form series and investigating issues of representation, power and social change. The collection establishes the show’s legacy in televisual terms, and brings it up to date through an examination of its cultural importance in the Trump era. Aimed at scholars and interested general readers, the book illustrates the ways in which Mad Men has become a cultural marker for reflecting upon contemporary television and politics.
The Legacy of Mega Events: Urban Transformations and Citizenship in Rio de Janeiro (The Latin American Studies Book Series)
by Ana Paula Carvalho Humberto Meza Niccoló Cuppini Orlando Alves dos Santos JuniorThis edited volume offers a critical reflection on the failed experiment to redevelop the city of Rio de Janeiro according to the neoliberal strategy of entrepreneurial urban governance and mercantile regulatory transformations, which were leveraged by mega-sporting events. The case of Rio de Janeiro is presented as an example of a failing global strategy for urban redevelopment, entrepreneurial urban governance and the realization of mega-events. This book aims to present the real and critical state of the legacies of such mega-events. It shows how instead of the promised economic redemption, Rio is experiencing a severe economic, political and social crisis, handling three observation perspectives: the first is the description of urban transformations and mega events, assessing the contradictions in the model for the intended urban development and taking into account historical factors both at local and national level; the second restricts on neighborhoods as case studies representing an ensign of a neoliberal urban transformation’ results; the third links city and citizenship focusing tensions and inconsistencies and opening up a perspective on the importance of fostering the concept of citizenship, including actions, movements and initiatives that express the resistance and struggles around a possible new destination for Rio de Janeiro.Prof. Luiz Cesar de Quieroz Ribeiro and Dr. Filippo Bignami as General Editors thank Ana Paula Soares Carvalho, Humberto Meza, Niccoló Cuppini and Orlando dos Santos Junior for their contributions as co-editors of this book.
The Legacy of Mesoamerica: History and Culture of a Native American Civilization
by Robert M. Carmack Janine L. Gasco Gary H. GossenThe Legacy of Mesoamerica: History and Culture of a Native American Civilization summarizes and integrates information on the origins, historical development, and current situations of the indigenous peoples of Mesoamerica. It describes their contributions from the development of Mesoamerican Civilization through 20th century and their influence in the world community. For courses on Mesoamerica (Middle America) taught in departments of anthropology, history, and Latin American Studies.
The Legacy of Punishment in International Law
by Harry D. GouldThis book explores the evolution of international punishment from a natural law-based ground for the use of force and conquest to a series of jurisdictional and disciplinary practices in international law not previously seen as being conceptually related.
The Legacy of Second-Wave Feminism in American Politics
by Angie Maxwell Todd ShieldsThis book chronicles the influence of second wave feminism on everything from electoral politics to LGBTQ rights. The original descriptions of second wave feminism focused on elite, white voices, obscuring the accomplishments of many activists, as third wave feminists rightly criticized. Those limited narratives also prematurely marked the end of the movement, imposing an imaginary timeline on what is a continuous struggle for women's rights. Within the chapters of this volume, scholars provide a more complex description of second wave feminism, in which the sustained efforts of women from many races, classes, sexual orientations, and religious traditions, in the fight for equality have had a long-term impact on American politics. These authors argue that even the "Second Wave" metaphor is incomplete, and should be replaced by a broader, more-inclusive metaphor that accurately depicts the overlapping and extended battle waged by women activists. With the gift of hindsight and the awareness of the limitations of and backlash to this "Second Wave," the time is right to reflect on the feminist cause in America and to chart its path forward.
Legacy of Slavery and Indentured Labour: Historical and Contemporary Issues in Suriname and the Caribbean
by Maurits S. Hassankhan Lomarsh Roopnarine Cheryl White Radica MahaseThis book is the first publication originating from the conference Legacy of Slavery and Indentured Labour: Past, Present and Future, which was organised in June 2013, by the Institute of Graduate Studies and Research (IGSR), Anton de Kom University of Suriname.
The Legacy of Slavery at Harvard: Report and Recommendations of the Presidential Committee
by The Presidential Committee on the Legacy of SlaveryHarvard’s searing and sobering indictment of its own long-standing relationship with chattel slavery and anti-Black discrimination.In recent years, scholars have documented extensive relationships between American higher education and slavery. The Legacy of Slavery at Harvard adds Harvard University to the long list of institutions, in the North and the South, entangled with slavery and its aftermath.The report, written by leading researchers from across the university, reveals hard truths about Harvard’s deep ties to Black and Indigenous bondage, scientific racism, segregation, and other forms of oppression. Between the university’s founding in 1636 and 1783, when slavery officially ended in Massachusetts, Harvard leaders, faculty, and staff enslaved at least seventy people, some of whom worked on campus, where they cared for students, faculty, and university presidents. Harvard also benefited financially and reputationally from donations by slaveholders, slave traders, and others whose fortunes depended on human chattel. Later, Harvard professors and the graduates they trained were leaders in so-called race science and eugenics, which promoted disinvestment in Black lives through forced sterilization, residential segregation, and segregation and discrimination in education.No institution of Harvard’s scale and longevity is a monolith. Harvard was also home to abolitionists and pioneering Black thinkers and activists such as W. E. B. Du Bois, Charles Hamilton Houston, and Eva Beatrice Dykes. In the late twentieth century, the university became a champion of racial diversity in education. Yet the past cannot help casting a long shadow on the present. Harvard’s motto, Veritas, inscribed on gates, doorways, and sculptures all over campus, is an exhortation to pursue truth. The Legacy of Slavery at Harvard advances that necessary quest.
The Legacy of Soviet Dissent: Dissidents, Democratisation and Radical Nationalism in Russia (BASEES/Routledge Series on Russian and East European Studies #Vol. 17)
by Robert HorvathDuring the 1970s, dissidents like Sakharov and Solzhenitsyn dominated Western perceptions of the USSR, but were then quickly forgotten, as Gorbachev's reformers monopolised the spotlight. This book restores the dissidents to their rightful place in Russian history. Using a vast array of samizdat and published sources, it shows how ideas formulated in the dissident milieu clashed with the original programme of perestroika, and shaped the course of democratisation in post-Soviet Russia. Some of these ideas - such the dissidents' preoccupation with glasnost and legality, and their critique of revolutionary violence - became part of the agenda of Russia's democratic movement. But this book also demonstrates that dissidents played a crucial role in the rise of the new Russian radical nationalism. Both the friends and foes of Russian democracy have a dissident lineage.
The Legacy of Stylistic Theatre in the Creation of a Modern Sinhala Drama in Sri Lanka (ISSN)
by Lakshmi D. BulathsinghalaThis book explores the development of Sinhala stylistic drama from its earliest manifestations to the post-independence era.Bulathsinghala examines the impact of indigenous and imported folk theatrical forms on the work of the most significant postcolonial stylistic dramatists and on key plays that they produced. In the process, the book explores a number of myths and misunderstandings regarding Sri Lanka’s folk heritage and seeks to establish more reliable information on the principal indigenous Sri Lankan folk dramatic forms and their characteristics. At the same time, by drawing connections between folk drama and the post-independence stylistic theatrical movement, the author demonstrates the essential role of the former in Sinhala culture prior to the advent of Western and other influences and shows how both continue to inflect Sri Lankan drama today.This book will help to open the field of South Asian drama studies to an audience consisting not only of scholars and students but also of general readers who are interested in the fields of drama and theatre and Asian studies.
The Legacy of the Italian Resistance
by Philip CookeThis book adds to this growing body of scholarship on the Italian Resistance by analysing, for the first time, how the 'three wars' are represented over the broad spectrum of Resistance culture from 1945 to the present day. Furthermore, it makes this contribution to scholarship by bridging the gap between historical and cultural analysis. Whereas historians frequently use literary texts in their writings, they are often flawed by an insufficiently nuanced understanding of what a literary text is. Likewise, literary critics who have discussed writers such as Calvino and Vittorini, or films such Pais#65533; and La notte di San Lorenzo, only refer in passing to the historical context in which these works were produced. By fusing historical and cultural analysis, author Philip Cooke makes a unique contribution to our understanding of a key period of Italian history and culture.
Legacy of the Lash: Race And Corporal Punishment In The Brazilian Navy And The Atlantic World (Blacks in the Diaspora)
by Zachary R. MorganLegacy of the Lash is a compelling social and cultural history of the Brazilian navy in the decades preceding and immediately following the 1888 abolition of slavery in Brazil. Focusing on non-elite, mostly black enlisted men and the oppressive labor regimes under which they struggled, the book is an examination of the four-day Revolta da Chibata (Revolt of the Lash) of November 1910, during which nearly half of Rio de Janeiro's enlisted men rebelled against the use of corporal punishment in the navy. These men seized four new, powerful warships, turned their guns on Rio de Janeiro, Brazil's capital city, and held its population hostage until the government abolished the use of the lash as a means of military discipline. Although the revolt succeeded, the men involved paid dearly for their actions. This event provides a clear lens through which to examine racial identity, violence, masculinity, citizenship, modernity, and the construction of the Brazilian nation.
The Legacy of Vaiṣṇavism in Colonial Bengal (Routledge Hindu Studies Series)
by Ferdinando Sardella Lucian WongThis book offers a focused examination of the Bengali Vaiṣṇava tradition in its manifold forms in the pivotal context of British colonialism in South Asia. Bringing together scholars from across the disciplines of social and intellectual history, philology, theology, and anthropology to systematically investigate Vaiṣṇavism in colonial Bengal, this book highlights the significant roles—religious, social, and cultural—that a prominent Hindu devotional current played in the lives of wide and diverse sections of colonial Bengali society. Not only does the book thereby enrich our understanding of the history and development of Bengali Vaiṣṇavism, but it also sheds valuable new light on the texture and dynamics of colonial Hinduism beyond the discursive and social-historical parameters of an entrenched Hindu "Renaissance" paradigm. A landmark in the burgeoning field of Bengali Vaiṣṇava studies, this book will be of interest to scholars of modern Hinduism, religion, and colonial South Asian social and intellectual history.
The Legacy of Watergate and the Nixon Presidency: Nixon's Curse (The Evolving American Presidency)
by Michael A. GenoveseThis book examines the Nixon presidency, reviews the events surrounding Watergate and the President’ resignation, and unpacks the effects of Watergate on our politics and public attitudes about the political process. Genovese, a prolific scholar of the American presidency who has published three previous books on Nixon and Watergate, argues that the roots of modern political dysfunction and slash-and-burn politics can be traced to the impact of the Vietnam War, the Watergate Crisis, the policies and activities of the Nixon presidency, and the hyper-partisanship they spawned. Now, 50 years on from the scandal, it is time for a reappraisal of Nixon’s impact and a review of the impact he has had on our political system and political culture.
The Legacy of William Schwartz: Group Practice as Shared Interaction
by Alex Gitterman Lawrence ShulmanThis fine volume celebrates William Schwartz’s lasting contribution to teaching and scholarship and conveys the power of his ideas and their relevance to contemporary practice. This volume serves as a tribute to William Schwartz, whose writings have been a significant centerpiece in the literature of group work for many years. The distinguished contributors celebrate his lasting contribution to teaching and scholarship.
El legado de los monstruos. Tratado sobre el miedo y lo terrible
by Ignacio Padilla¿Por qué y a qué tenemos miedo? ¿Es el miedo un instinto, una herida o una herramienta? ¿Cómo es posible que en algunos momentos podamos disfrutarlo e, incluso, lleguemos a buscarlo?A partir de estas preguntas, Ignacio Padilla examina, desde diversas perspectivas, una de las emociones humanas más profundas y primitivas para desarrollar una verdadera teoría del miedo y lo monstruoso.La primera parte de El legado de los monstruos analiza el potencial del miedo como combustible estético y sociopolítico. La ficción -ya sea la ficción épica, religiosa, literaria o cinematográfica- nos permite procesar la energía liberada por el miedo y convertirla en un impulso creador. Esto lo han sabido y aprovechado numerosos artistas de todas las épocas, pero también muchos políticos y mercadólogos, que han lucrado y gobernado con el miedo.En la segunda parte, el autor pasa revista a algunos de los principales monstruos de la historia. Ogros, brujas, fantasmas, zombis, vampiros, robots, extraterrestres: los monstruos cambian para ajustarse a los tiempos, pero siempre constituyen un espejo cóncavo en el que nos reflejamos horrorizados y embelesados. Pues -como la materia y la energía- los miedos no se crean ni se destruyen, sólo se transforman.
El legado de los monstruos. Tratado sobre el miedo y lo terrible
by Ignacio Padilla¿Por qué y a qué tenemos miedo? ¿Es el miedo un instinto, una herida o una herramienta? ¿Cómo es posible que en algunos momentos podamos disfrutarlo e, incluso, lleguemos a buscarlo? Ignacio Padilla examina, desde diversas perspectivas, una de las emociones humanas más profundas y primitivas para desarrollar una verdadera teoría del miedo y lo monstruoso. La primera parte de El legado de los monstruos analiza el potencial del miedo como combustible estético y sociopolítico. La ficción -ya sea la ficción épica, religiosa, literaria o cinematográfica- nos permite procesar la energía liberada por el miedo y convertirla en un impulso creador. Esto lo han sabido y aprovechado numerosos artistas de todas las épocas, pero también muchos políticos y mercadólogos, que han lucrado y gobernado con el miedo. En la segunda parte, el autor pasa revista a algunos de los principales monstruos de la historia. Ogros, brujas, fantasmas, zombis, vampiros, robots, extraterrestres: los monstruos cambian para ajustarse a los tiempos, pero siempre constituyen un espejo cóncavo en el que nos reflejamos horrorizados y embelesados. Pues -como la materia y la energía- los miedos no se crean ni se destruyen, sólo se transforman.
Legal Accents, Legal Borrowing: The International Problem-Solving Court Movement
by James L. NolanA wide variety of problem-solving courts have been developed in the United States over the past two decades and are now being adopted in countries around the world. These innovative courts--including drug courts, community courts, domestic violence courts, and mental health courts--do not simply adjudicate offenders. Rather, they attempt to solve the problems underlying such criminal behaviors as petty theft, prostitution, and drug offenses. Legal Accents, Legal Borrowing is a study of the international problem-solving court movement and the first comparative analysis of the development of these courts in the United States and the other countries where the movement is most advanced: England, Scotland, Ireland, Canada, and Australia. Looking at the various ways in which problem-solving courts have been taken up in these countries, James Nolan finds that while importers often see themselves as adapting the American courts to suit local conditions, they may actually be taking in more aspects of American law and culture than they realize or desire. In the countries that adopt them, problem-solving courts may in fact fundamentally challenge traditional ideas about justice. Based on ethnographic research in all six countries, the book examines these cases of legal borrowing for what they reveal about legal and cultural differences, the inextricable tie between law and culture, the processes of globalization, the unique but contested global role of the United States, and the changing face of law and justice around the world.
Legal and Healthcare Ethics for the Elderly
by George P. Smith IIIncreasingly, legislators at the state and federal levels of government are forced to evaluate and act upon the unique problems presented by an aging American public. A domino effect has occurred, evoking concern in educational circles to deal with the varied, complex issues associated with the "new" gerontology. This expanded focus brings in not only mental and public health delivery issues, but reaches and impacts on the social sciences, ethics, law and medicine as well as public policy. In response to these matters, Legal and Healthcare Ethics for the Elderly provides a balanced analytical presentation of the complicated socio-legal, medico-ethical and political perspectives which interact with gerontology as a field of study. In a straightforward and unambiguous style, it covers information on access and financing healthcare, the ethics of rationing healthcare and the inevitable link to the quality of life, guardianship issues in a nursing home setting, informed consent, living wills and durable powers of attorney, elder abuse, and death with dignity. The economics of care giving is charted and directed by the sometimes harsh realities of the marketplace. Thus, the various philosophical and ethical dilemmas which confront the process of aging are examined here both from a micro- and from a macro-economic perspective. This book exemplifies that it is vitally important to be educated now, to be prepared for the future and thereby make informed decisions - for both ourselves and our loved ones.
A Legal and Political Interpretation of Articles 224 and 225 of the Treaty of Rome: The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Cases (Routledge Revivals)
by Constantin Stefanou Helen XanthakiFirst published in 1997. Article 224 is one of the most powerful Articles of the Treaty of Rome, allowing a member state to take unilateral measures and to suspend some or all its Treaty-based obligations in times of what can loosely be described as serious internal turmoil or external threat. It is for this reason that the very next Article of the Treaty, Article 225, allows the Commission or a member state to challenge invocation of Art.224, before the European Court of Justice (ECJ), on grounds of improper use. In practice, the use of Art.224, by a member state presents multiple problems. The obvious connection with defence and security issues has inhibited the ECJ which still has not given and authentic interpretation of this Article. As the recent former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) cases (Greek referral for the embargo on FYROM) indicate, unless the use of Art.224 is blatantly flippant, the ECJ is not in a position to challenge a member state’s unilateral measures.