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Tatarstan's Autonomy within Putin's Russia: Minority Elites, Ethnic Mobilization, and Sovereignty (Routledge Contemporary Russia and Eastern Europe Series)
by Deniz DinçThis book explores how the Volga Tatars, the largest ethnic minority within the Russian Federation, a Muslim minority, achieved a great deal of autonomy for Tatarstan in the years 1988 to 1992, but then lost this autonomy gradually over the course of the Putin era. It sets the issue in context, tracing the history of the Volga Tatars, the descendants of the Golden Horde whose Khans exercised overlordship over Muscovy in medieval times, and outlining Tsarist and Soviet nationalities policies and their enduring effects. It argues that a key factor driving the decline of greater autonomy, besides Putin’s policies of harmonisation and centralisation, was the behaviour of the minority elites, who were, despite their earlier engagement in ethnic mobilization, very acquiescent to the new Putin regime, deciding that co-operation would maximise their privileges.
Tatler's Irony: Conspicuous Consumption, Inconspicuous Power And Social Change
by Sallie McNamaraThis book discusses Tatler, a monthly glossy magazine aimed at the wealthiest groups in British society, to consider how it addresses social change. The volume addresses specifically the period from 1997, the year New Labour was elected under Tony Blair, up to 2010, when the Conservative party and David Cameron came in to power. Sallie McNamara scrutinizes how the magazine negotiates ideas of ‘Britishness’, class, gender and national identity in a changing social, political, economic and cultural climate. Additionally, she explores the magazine’s humorous approach, and looks at how that distinctive address can potentially lead to misinterpretation. The British class system has seen many challenges over the period of the magazine’s history, and this study expertly grapples with exactly how Tatler has maintained its audience in a continually changing social environment.
Tattoo: An Anthropology
by Makiko KuwuharaIn the 1830s, missionaries in French Polynesia sought to suppress the traditional art of tattooing, because they believed it to be a barbaric practice. More than 150 years later, tattooing is once again thriving in French Polynesia. This engrossing book documents the meaning of tattooing in contemporary French Polynesian society. As a permanent inscription, a tattoo makes a powerful statement about identity and culture. In this case, its resurgence is part of a vibrant cultural revival movement. Kuwahara examines the complex significance of the art, including its relationship to gender, youth culture, ethnicity and prison life. She also provides unique photographic evidence of the sophisticated techniques and varied forms that characterize French Polynesian tattooing today.Winner of The Japanese Society for Oceanic Studies Award 2005.
Tattooed Bodies: Theorizing Body Inscription Across Disciplines and Cultures (Palgrave Studies in Fashion and the Body)
by James Martell Erik LarsenThe essays collected in Tattooed Bodies draw on a range of theoretical paradigms and empirical knowledge to investigate tattoos, tattooing, and our complex relations with marks on skin. Engaging with diverse disciplinary perspectives in art history, continental philosophy, media studies, psychoanalysis, critical theory, literary studies, biopolitics, and cultural anthropology, the volume reflects the sheer diversity of meanings attributed to tattoos throughout history and across cultures. Essays explore conceptualizations of tattoos and tattooing in Derrida, Deleuze and Guattari, Lacan, Agamben, and Jean-Luc Nancy, while utilizing theoretical perspectives to interpret tattoos in literary works by Melville, Beckett, Kafka, Genet, and Jeff VanderMeer, among others. Tattooed Bodies prompts readers to explore a few significant questions: Are tattoos unique phenomena or an art medium in need of special theoretical exploration? If so, what conceptual paradigms and theories might best shape our understanding of tattoos and their complex ubiquity in world cultures and histories?
Tattooing in the Marquesas
by Willowdean Chatterson HandyThis definitive source on the intricate tattoos of Polynesia's Marquesas Islands offers a rare glimpse of a dying art. Because of the colonial authorities' 1884 ban on tattooing, there remained only a single surviving tattoo artist at the time of this 1921 survey—and a dwindling number of living examples. These 38 plates of black-and-white drawings and photographs provide an unusually complete and intimate record of a sophisticated art form.The Marquesas consist of a dozen rugged volcanic islands that lie 1,000 miles northeast of Tahiti. Rich in oral traditions, folklore, and decorative arts, their complex culture was devastated by the intrusions of outsiders during the nineteenth century. In the early 1920s, Hawaii's Bishop Museum sponsored an expedition to preserve what was left of the islanders' vanishing world. Willowdean Chatterson Handy, an expedition associate, created this priceless record of the ancient body art rituals. In addition to detailed information about tattoo methods and customs, Handy's account features fascinating insights into the designs' symbolic significance and their representation of social status. Her painstaking drawings of tattoo patterns are accompanied by captions that explain the traditional motifs.
Tattooing the World: Pacific Designs in Print and Skin
by Juniper EllisIn the 1830s an Irishman named James F. O'Connell acquired a full-body tattoo while living as a castaway in the Pacific. The tattoo featured traditional patterns that, to native Pohnpeians, defined O'Connell's life; they made him wholly human. Yet upon traveling to New York, these markings singled him out as a freak. His tattoos frightened women and children, and ministers warned their congregations that viewing O'Connell's markings would cause the ink to transfer to the skin of their unborn children. In many ways, O'Connell's story exemplifies the unique history of the modern tattoo, which began in the Pacific and then spread throughout the world. No matter what form it has taken, the tattoo has always embodied social standing, aesthetics, ethics, culture, gender, and sexuality. Tattoos are personal and corporate, private and public. They mark the profane and the sacred, the extravagant and the essential, the playful and the political. From the Pacific islands to the world at large, tattoos are a symbolic and often provocative form of expression and communication.Tattooing the World is the first book on tattoo literature and culture. Juniper Ellis traces the origins and significance of modern tattoo in the works of nineteenth- and twentieth-century artists, travelers, missionaries, scientists, and such writers as Herman Melville, Margaret Mead, Albert Wendt, and Sia Figiel. Traditional Pacific tattoo patterns are formed using an array of well-defined motifs. They place the individual in a particular community and often convey genealogy and ideas of the sacred. However, outside of the Pacific, those who wear and view tattoos determine their meaning and interpret their design differently. Reading indigenous historiography alongside Western travelogue and other writings, Ellis paints a surprising portrait of how culture has been etched both on the human form and on a body of literature.
Taverns and Drinking in Early America
by Sharon V. SalingerSharon V. Salinger's Taverns and Drinking in Early America supplies the first study of public houses and drinking throughout the mainland British colonies. At a time when drinking water supposedly endangered one's health, colonists of every rank, age, race, and gender drank often and in quantity, and so taverns became arenas for political debate, business transactions, and small-town gossip sessions. Salinger explores the similarities and differences in the roles of drinking and tavern sociability in small towns, cities, and the countryside; in Anglican, Quaker, and Puritan communities; and in four geographic regions. Challenging the prevailing view that taverns tended to break down class and gender differences, Salinger persuasively argues they did not signal social change so much as buttress custom and encourage exclusion.
Taverns and Drinking in Early America
by Sharon V. SalingerA look into the role of public houses, taverns, alcohol consumption in colonial American society.Sharon V. Salinger's Taverns and Drinking in Early America supplies the first study of public houses and drinking throughout the mainland British colonies. At a time when drinking water supposedly endangered one’s health, colonists of every rank, age, race, and gender drank often and in quantity, and so taverns became arenas for political debate, business transactions, and small-town gossip sessions. Salinger explores the similarities and differences in the roles of drinking and tavern sociability in small towns, cities, and the countryside; in Anglican, Quaker, and Puritan communities; and in four geographic regions. Challenging the prevailing view that taverns tended to break down class and gender differences, Salinger persuasively argues they did not signal social change so much as buttress custom and encourage exclusion.Praise for Taverns and Drinking in Early America“The most comprehensive survey to date of this curiously underinvestigated aspect of early American social life . . . [Contains] a wealth of illustrative and amusing anecdotes . . . Well researched and informative.” —Simon Middleton, William and Mary Quarterly“Offers a fresh perspective on one of the colonial period's most important social institutions and the drinking behavior that was central to it . . . Salinger’s work is compelling throughout . . . A significant and satisfying book.” —Mark Edward Lender, American Historical Review“A richly detailed study that helps us understand popular and genteel culture in early America, the place of drink in everyday life, and the relationship between law and perceptions of disorderly behavior.” —Paul G. E. Clemens, Journal of American History
Tawang, Monpas and Tibetan Buddhism in Transition: Life and Society along the India-China Borderland
by M. Mayilvaganan Nasima Khatoon Sourina BejThis book presents various facets of border life in the strategic eastern sector of the India-China frontier, i.e. the Monpas of Tawang. It addresses the history of the Monpas’ transnational cultural and religious interaction. The respective chapters cover diverse topics such as culture, religion, the environment, border management, and social activism. The book offers a compelling analysis of Mon identity, their lifestyles in transition, and the reach of development politics in the Tawang borderland. It maximizes the reader's insights into development works in borderlands. This book is an essential guide for students, scholars, activists, policy makers, and anyone interested in learning about this unique geographical borderland of Monpa.
Tawny Grammar: Essays (Counterpoints #2)
by Gary SnyderTwo beautifully paired essays, “Tawny Grammar” and “Good, Wild, Sacred," serve to offer an autobiographical framework for Gary Snyder's long work as a poet, environmentalist, and a leader of the Buddhist community in North America.He begins standing outside a community hall in Portland, Oregon, in 1943 and concludes as a homesteader in the backcountry of Northern California more than forty–five years later. A wonderful introduction to Gary Snyder, this will also serve to remind his faithful readers of the thrill of his insights and his commitments crucial to our future on Turtle Island.Each palm–size book in the Counterpoints series is meant to stay with you, whether safely in your pocket or long after you turn the last page. From short stories to essays to poems, these little books celebrate our most–beloved writers, whose work encapsulates the spirit of Counterpoint Press: cutting–edge, wide–ranging, and independent.
Tax Evasion and Tax Havens since the Nineteenth Century
by Sébastien Guex Hadrien BuclinThis collective book offers a panorama of the history of tax evasion, tax avoidance and tax havens from the nineteenth century to the present day, based on the latest research in contemporary history. It aims to show that this phenomenon is at the heart of global capitalism, partly as a response of the ruling classes to the rise of progressive taxation, but for other reasons too: notably the development of a powerful tax evasion and avoidance industry in different countries. The book argues that tax competition between states has stimulated the development of tax havens. It discusses the notion of the ‘tax haven’ and proposes a more rigorous concept - that of the ‘tax predator’. Finally, the book sheds light on the socio-political conflicts that have developed around tax evasion and the way in which states have fought against or tolerated the phenomenon.
Tax Evasion and the Law: A Comparative Analysis of the UK and USA (ISSN)
by Sam BourtonThis book provides a critical and contemporary evaluation of the laws and enforcement policies pertaining to tax evasion in the United Kingdom (UK) and United States (US). Since the inception of taxes, revenue collection authorities around the world have attempted to address the seemingly perennial problem of individuals evading their tax liabilities. The financial crisis has shone a new light on the issue with an increased interest in using the criminal justice system as a means of addressing it in the UK. In sharp contrast to the UK, the US has a strong record of prosecuting crimes of tax evasion, whether committed by individuals or professional corporate facilitators. Providing an evaluation of the UK’s tax evasion laws and enforcement policy, through a comparative approach, this work highlights insights provided by the US experience. In so doing, the book explores the interconnections between tax evasion and money laundering, identifying best practices, omissions, and areas for reform. The work will be a valuable resource for researchers, academics, and policy-makers working in the areas of financial crime, financial law, accountancy and criminal justice.
Tax Law, Religion, and Justice: An Exploration of Theological Reflections on Taxation (Law and Religion)
by Allen CalhounThis book asks why tax policy is both attracted to and repelled by the idea of justice. Accepting the invitation of economist Henry Simons to acknowledge that tax justice is a theological concept, the work explores theological doctrines of taxation to answer the presenting question. The overall message of the book is that taxation is an instrument of justice, but only when taxes take into account multiple goods in society: the requirements of the government, the property rights of society’s members, and the material needs of the poor. It is argued that this answer to the presenting question is a theological and ethical answer in that it derives from the insistence of Christian thinkers that tax policy take into account material human need (necessitas). Without the necessitas component of the tax balance, tax systems end up honoring only one of the three components of the tax equation and cease to reflect a coherent idea of justice. The book will be of interest to academics and researchers working in the areas of tax law, economics, theology, and history.
Tax Policy for Developing Countries
by Vito Tanzi Howell ZeeA report from the International Monetary Fund.
Tax Policy, Women and the Law
by Ann MumfordTax policy frequently targets the choices that women face in many aspects of their lives. Decisions regarding working away from home, having children, marrying, registering a partnership or cohabiting with a partner all entail tax consequences. The end of the twentieth century saw progress in women's legal and social equality, but many governments began to increase their reliance on the tax system as a means of influencing the choices that women make. The juxtaposition of this instrumentalist deployment of tax with persisting economic inequality for women is the starting point for this book. Employing a range of theoretical approaches, and grounding its investigations in sociological theory and cultural philosophy, it provides the foundation for a comparative, contextual consideration of the issues that arise at the intersection of women, tax policy and the law.
Taxation and Labour Supply (Routledge Library Editions: Labour Economics #5)
by C. V. BrownFirst published in 1981. This book reports on a decade of research into the effects of taxation on the supply of labour. In addition to their work in making labour supply estimates, the study explores a number of the ways labour supply estimates can be used. When budget constraints are non-linear it is not possible to estimate the effects of (tax) or other policy changes from knowledge of labour supply elasticities alone, and it is necessary to re-estimate the original model used to derive the estimates. The implications of labour supply estimates for the study of inequality and optimal taxation are considered. Macro-economic models of the economy typically omit labour supply functions or include functions which are inconsistent with micro-economic work on labour supply. This book will appeal to academic economists, senior students and policy-makers in the field of public finance and labour economics, who will find much of interest from both the theoretical and policy standpoints.
Taxation and Resentment: Race, Party, and Class in American Tax Attitudes
by Andrea Louise CampbellWhy Americans favor progressive taxation in principle but not in practiceMost Americans support progressive taxation in principle, and want the rich to pay more. But the specific tax policies that most favor are more regressive than progressive. What is behind such a disconnect? In this book, Andrea Louise Campbell examines public opinion on taxation, exploring why what Americans favor in principle differs from what they accept in practice. Campbell shows that since the federal income tax began a century ago, the rich have fought for lower taxes through reduced rates and a complicated system of tax breaks. The resulting complexity leaves the public confused about who benefits from the convoluted tax code, and leads to tax preferences that are driven by factors other than principles or interests.Campbell argues that tax attitudes vary little by income, or by party, as some Democrats, more Republicans, and even more independents want most taxes decreased. Instead, white opinion on nearly every tax is racialized. Many do not realize the rich benefit the most from tax breaks, attitudes toward which are racialized, too. And among Black and Hispanic Americans, long subject to government coercion, greater support for government spending is not matched by greater support for taxation. Everyone has a reason to dislike taxes, which helps antitax Republicans win votes—and helps the rich in their long campaign to get their own taxes reduced and undermine progressivity.
Taxation, Human Rights, and Sustainable Development: Global South Perspectives (Routledge Explorations in Development Studies)
by Eghosa O. Ekhator Newman U. Richards Chisa OnyejekweThis book investigates the relationship between human rights and taxation, exploring how human rights have been impeded or enhanced through tax laws and policies, and what this means for sustainable development in the Global South.Drawing on cases from across the Global South, the book demonstrates the benefits of embedding human rights into tax policies and legislation. The authors not only highlight the role of legislative measures and other human rights regulations in the realisation of international treaty rights but also argue that it creates an environment whereby individuals feel duty-bound to pay taxes, when necessary, thereby securing a sustainable revenue source for the state to meet their socio-economic responsibilities. The book investigates key topics such as compliance, redistribution, e-commerce, tax havens, and the role of key stakeholders.This book will be useful for researchers from across the fields of law, human rights, taxation, and sustainable development.
Taxation: A Fieldwork Research Handbook
by Lynne OatsTaxation is a subject of enquiry that cuts across a range of disciplines, including law, economics, politics, psychology, history and accountancy, to name a few. However, research into taxation as a social and institutional phenomenon – rather than as abstraction from the real world – is largely neglected. Taxation: A Fieldwork Research Handbook opens up new avenues of enquiry in the research of taxation by offering suggestions on how research might be conducted into actual tax practice, rather than abstract models. This book: Introduces tax as a field of enormous potential for research to all social scientists Explains the methodological issues relating to tax research Provides new opportunities for tax researchers to widen the scope of their enquiries Encourages researchers to think differently about this subject Given the importance of taxation to modern society, not only as a revenue raising mechanism, but also as a tool of governance used to influence social actors, this unique text is a vital read for any social science researcher interested in this subject.
Taxing the Poor: Doing Damage to the Truly Disadvantaged
by Katherine S. Newman Rourke O’brienThis book looks at the way we tax the poor in the United States, particularly in the American South, where poor families are often subject to income taxes, and where regressive sales taxes apply even to food for home consumption. Katherine S. Newman and Rourke L. O'Brien argue that these policies contribute in unrecognized ways to poverty-related problems like obesity, early mortality, the high school dropout rates, teen pregnancy, and crime. They show how, decades before California's passage of Proposition 13, many southern states implemented legislation that makes it almost impossible to raise property or corporate taxes, a pattern now growing in the western states. Taxing the Poor demonstrates how sales taxes intended to replace the missing revenue--taxes that at first glance appear fair--actually punish the poor and exacerbate the very conditions that drove them into poverty in the first place.
Taxis vs. Uber: Courts, Markets, and Technology in Buenos Aires
by Juan Manuel del NidoUber's April 2016 launch in Buenos Aires plunged the Argentine capital into a frenzied hysteria that engulfed courts of law, taxi drivers, bureaucrats, the press, the general public, and Argentina's president himself. Economist and anthropologist Juan M. del Nido, who had arrived in the city six months earlier to research the taxi industry, suddenly found himself documenting the unprecedented upheaval in real time. Taxis vs. Uber examines the ensuing conflict from the perspective of the city's globalist, culturally liberal middle class, showing how notions like monopoly, efficiency, innovation, competition, and freedom fueled claims that were often exaggerated, inconsistent, unverifiable, or plainly false, but that shaped the experience of the conflict such that taxi drivers' stakes in it were no longer merely disputed but progressively written off, pathologized, and explained away. This first book-length study of the lead-up to and immediate aftermath of the arrival of a major platform economy to a metropolitan capital considers how the clash between Uber and the traditional taxi industry played out in courtrooms, in the press, and on the street. Looking to court cases, the politics of taxi licenses, social media campaigns, telecommunications infrastructure, public protests, and Uber's own promotional materials, del Nido examines the emergence of "post-political reasoning": an increasingly common way in which societies neutralize disagreement, shaping how we understand what we can even legitimately argue about and how.
Taylor Street: Chicago's Little Italy (Images of America)
by Ellen Shubart Kathy CatramboneChicago's Near West Side was and is the city's most famous Italian enclave, earning it the title of "Little Italy." Italian immigrants came to Chicago as early as the 1850s, before the massive waves of immigration from 1874 to 1920. They settled in small pockets throughout the city, but ultimately the heaviest concentration was on or near Taylor Street, the main street of Chicago's Little Italy. At one point a third of all Chicago's Italian immigrants lived in the neighborhood. Some of their descendents remain, and although many have moved to the suburbs, their familial and emotional ties to the neighborhood cannot be broken. Taylor Street: Chicago's Little Italy is a pictorial history from the late 19th century and early 20th century, from when Jane Addams and Mother Cabrini guided the Italians on the road to Americanization, through the area's vibrant decades, and to its sad story of urban renewal in the 1960s and its rebirth 25 years later.
Taylor Swift and Philosophy: Essays from the Tortured Philosophers Department (The Blackwell Philosophy and Pop Culture Series)
by William IrwinIs Taylor Swift a philosopher?What can her songs tell us about ethics and society? What is the nature of friendship? Should you forgive someone for breaking your heart?Taylor Swift is a “Mastermind” when it comes to relationships, songwriting, and performing sold-out stadium tours. But did you know that Taylor is also a philosophical mastermind? Taylor Swift and Philosophy is the first book to explore the philosophical topics that arise from Taylor Swift’s life and music. Edited and authored by Swifties who also happen to be philosophers and scholars, this fun and engaging book is written with general readers in mind—you don’t have to be a devoted fan or a specialist in philosophy to explore the themes, concepts, and questions expressed in Taylor’s songs. Presenting top-tier research and new perspectives on important contemporary issues, twenty-seven chapters discuss the philosophical contexts of Taylor’s work, such as the ethics of reputational damage, the impacts of first impressions, the moral obligation to speak out against injustice, and much more. Taylor Swift and Philosophy is a must-read for Swifties who want to deepen their appreciation and understanding of Taylor’s work, as well as for philosophy students and scholars with an interest in popular culture and media studies.
Taylor Swift: Culture, Capital, and Critique
by Hannah McCann Eloise Faichney Rebecca Trelease Emma WhatmanThis edited collection sees experts across a wide range of academic fields turn their attention to all things Taylor Swift. From looking at how being part of Swift’s fandom helps fans gain skills for other areas of their life, to Swift’s inspiration for drag persona Taylor Sheesh in the Philippines, to whether Swift’s lyrics suggest she endorses the use of public transport, this book covers it all.This book contributes to the rising area of Swift Studies, with an introductory explanation of how biases in the academy regarding popular culture, pop music as a genre, and femininities, have traditionally worked against a focus on Swift. The collection is divided into five sections which cover: Swift fans (“Swifties”) and fandom; Swift in relation to gender, femininity, and feminism; the limits of Swift in terms of Whiteness and colonialism; queer engagements with Swift; and Swift’s impact on/relation to the music industry, cities, and communities.The chapters in the collection do not necessarily look at Swift the individual person, but rather, Swift the phenomenon. This book will be useful for teachers and students across an array of disciplines including but not limited to Cultural Studies, Media and Communications, Sport Studies, History, Gender and Sexuality Studies, English and Literature, Law, Sociology, Indigenous Studies, Urban Planning, Geography, and Business Studies. This collection prioritises voices from the Asia-Pacific, offering an important contribution to Swift Studies. This book has something for everyone, from the Swift fan to the Swift skeptic.
Tazkiya Therapy in Islāmic Psychotherapy (Islamic Psychology and Psychotherapy)
by Bagus RiyonoThis book explores tazkiya therapy, a holistic psychological approach based on Qur’anic guidance and rooted in the understanding of human beings as multidimensional –that is, physical, psychological, social and spiritual beings.The book starts with a detailed explanation or the object, the process and the purpose of tazkiya therapy, along with an account of the boundaries and the enabling factors of the approach. Rather than a singular theoretical framework, tazkiya therapy is a dynamic and flexible approach that integrates multiple frameworks and disciplines to grow the human soul, cognition, emotion and behaviour. Although it is a multidimensional approach, the process of therapy is step-by-step, and the middle part of the book presents the key stages in the approach. Within these steps, the therapist is given seven different approaches that they can customise to the needs of the client depending on whether they need assistance with thinking patterns, emotional disturbance, a behavioural problem or a dysfunctional nervous system. The book ends with a comprehensive summary of the model, a series of case studies, a future outlook on training and an application for continuing the study and practice of tazkiya therapy.This book, based on the foundation that tazkiya therapy covers issues that are spiritual in nature and always connects to Allah in facilitating the healing process, will fulfil the needs of practicing Muslim psychologists, psychiatrists and students of psychology and Islāic studies.