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Gender Gap: How Genes and Gender Influence Our Relationships
by David P. Barash Judith Eve LiptonLet's face it, say Barash and Lipton: Males and females, boys and girls, men and women are different. To be sure, these differences are often heightened by distinctions in learning, cultural tradition, and social expectation, but underpinning them all is a fundamental difference that derives from biology. Throughout the natural world, males are those creatures that make sperm; females make eggs. The oft-noticed "gender gap" derives, in turn, from this "gamete gap." In Gender Gap, Barash and Lipton (husband and wife, professor and physician, biologist and psychiatrist) explain the evolutionary aspects of male-female differences.
Gender Imbalance and Marriage Squeeze in China (ISSN)
by Shuzhuo Li Quanbao JiangThis book presents a comprehensive analysis of China’s imbalanced sex ratio at birth and marriage market, and the implications of these phenomena for population development and families.China’s persistently high sex ratio at birth (SRB) since the early 1980s has led to serious gender imbalance and male marriage squeeze. After examining the quality of existing data on SRB, the authors provide their estimates of the sex-selective abortion rate, describe the trends and geographical patterns in SRB, and disaggregate changes in SRB by birth order and province. Special attention is given to the number and proportion of missing girls between 1980 and 2010. Based on the quantitative analyses, the book projects the implications of the severe gender imbalance for China’s population development and the future dynamics of the marriage market, including trends in age at first marriage, the proportion of never-married, the age structure of surplus males, and the life cycle of bare branch families.The book will appeal to scholars and students of demography, sociology, and China studies, especially those interested in China’s population and contemporary society.
Gender Imbalance in Public Sector Leadership: The Glass Cliff in Public Service Careers (Elements in Public and Nonprofit Administration)
by Amy Smith Kim Nelson Sanjay K. Pandey Leisha DeHart-Davis Deneen Hatmaker Sheela PandeyWomen are still underrepresented as public-sector organizational leaders, despite comprising half of the United States public-sector workforce. To explore the factors driving gender imbalance, this Element employs a problem-driven approach to examine gender imbalance in local government management. We use multiple methods, inductive and deductive research, and different theoretical frames for exploring why so few women are city or county managers. Our interviews, resume analysis and secondary data analysis suggesting that women in local government management face a complex puzzle of gendered experiences, career paths and appointment circumstances that lend insights into gender imbalanced leadership in this domain.
Gender Inclusion in India: Challenges and Strategies
by Sabiha Hussain Suraiya TabassumThis book not only aims at highlighting existing inequalities between men and women, but also their efforts to overcome these challenges, especially so in women belonging to marginalized communities. It tries to explore systematic denial of rights to marginalized women—opportunities and resources that are normally and easily available to other members of a group, and which are fundamental to social, political integration and observance of human rights such as housing, employment, healthcare, civic engagement and democratic participation. The authors through their in-depth discussions and writings have tried to sketch Equal World as imagined by John Stuart Mill in the opening lines of The Subjugation of Women. This book is co-published with Aakar Books. Print edition not for sale in South Asia (India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Bhutan)
Gender Inequalities in Rural European Communities During 19th and Early 20th Century: A Historical Perspective
by Polly ThanailakiThis book provides an overview of women’s opportunities for schooling, their social activities, and the social biases they faced in rural communities in Greece, Italy and parts of the Balkans during the 19th and early 20th century. It examines such topics as female illiteracy, the efforts of women-protestant missionaries to expand knowledge through Protestantism, the prejudice against education for women, the socio-economic context, the roles women fulfilled, and the structure of the patriarchal family. The book approaches these issues from the perspective of pedagogy and social history. The fundamental questions discussed by the book are: How was female education viewed by the country folk? What was the role of women in the private and the public sphere? How did peasant women respond to the challenges of the ‘modern’ world? Were they free to express their feelings and ambitions? In what way? Were they happy?
Gender Inequalities in the Japanese Workplace and Employment: Theories and Empirical Evidence (Advances in Japanese Business and Economics #22)
by Kazuo YamaguchiThe in-depth analyses presented in this book have a dual focus: (1) Social mechanisms through which the gender wage gap, gender inequality in the attainment of managerial positions, and gender segregation of occupations are generated in Japan; and (2) Assessments of the effects of firms’ gender-egalitarian personnel policies and work–life balance promotion policies on the gender wage gap and the firms’ productivity. In addition, this work reviews and discusses various economic and sociological theories of gender inequality and gender discrimination and considers their consistencies and inconsistencies with the results of the analysis of Japanese data. Furthermore, the book critically reviews and discusses the historical development of the Japanese employment system by juxtaposing rational and cultural explanations. This book is an English translation by the author of a book he first published in Japanese in 2017. The original Japanese-language edition received two major book awards in Japan. One was The Nikkei Economic Book Culture Award, which is given every year by the Nikkei Newspaper Company and the Japan Economic Research Center to a few best books on economy and society. The other was The Showa University’s Women’s Culture Research Award, which is bestowed annually on a single book of research that promotes gender equality. Kazuo Yamaguchi is the Ralph Lewis Professor of Sociology at the University of Chicago.
Gender Inequalities, Households and the Production of Well-Being in Modern Europe (Gender and Well-Being)
by Tindara Addabbo Marie-Pierre Arrizabalaga Alastair OwensFeminist scholars have long pointed out the relevance of the unpaid work that goes on within European households in sustaining the well-being of the continent's populations. However, care work and domestic labour continue to be largely unremunerated and unequally distributed by gender. This unique volume of interdisciplinary essays casts new light on the roles that households play in securing the well-being of individuals and families, uncovering the processes of bargaining and accommodation, and conflict and compromise that underpin them. Contributors put gender at the centre of their analyses, demonstrating the uneven experiences of men and women as both providers and receivers of welfare in European households, in both the past and the present. As European states grapple with changing family forms, a growing population of dependent people, increased participation of women in labour markets and a profound shift in the nature and organisation of work, this book makes a timely contribution to our understanding of the critical role played by households in mediating processes of economic and social change. It offers new challenges to scholars, researchers and policy makers eager to address gender inequalities and enhance well-being. This book is the second of four volumes being published as part of Ashgate's 'Gender and Well-Being' series that arise from a programme of international symposia funded by the European Science Foundation under the auspices of COST (European Cooperation in the field of Scientific and Technical Research).
Gender Inequality in Our Changing World: A Comparative Approach
by Lori Kenschaft Roger Clark Desiree CiambroneGender Inequality in Our Changing World: A Comparative Approach focuses on the contemporary United States but places it in historical and global context. Written for sociology of gender courses, this textbook identifies conditions that encourage greater or lesser gender inequality, explains how gender and gender inequality change over time, and explores how gender intersects with other hierarchies, especially those related to race, social class, and sexual identity. The authors integrate historical and international materials as they help students think both theoretically and empirically about the causes and consequences of gender inequality, both in their own lives and in the lives of others worldwide.
Gender Inequality in the Ordained Ministry of the Church of England: Examining Conservative Male Clergy Responses to Women Priests and Bishops (Routledge Studies in Religion)
by Alex D.J. FryThis book offers a fresh social scientific analysis of how theologically conservative male clergy respond to the ordination of women to the priesthood and their consecration as bishops within the Church of England. The question of women’s place in the formal structures of England’s Established Church remains contested. For many, to prevent women from occupying such offices is often understood to be a matter of inequality, whereas those who oppose their ordination see it as a matter of obedience to God’s will. Tensions have become heightened in a culture that increasingly promotes the rights of individuals who have historically been marginalised and that challenges traditional social roles. This volume explores the gender attitudes held by clergy in the Anglo-Catholic and evangelical traditions of the Church and considers how these gender attitudes shape the way they think about women’s ordination and how they interact with female colleagues. It also considers the contribution of a range of social phenomena to the formation of these gender attitudes. The author draws on and develops a variety of sociological and psychological theories that help to explain the processes that lead to the formation of clergy attitudes towards gender more broadly.
Gender Inequality in the Public Sector in Pakistan
by Khalid ChauhanAs gender training is applied increasingly as a development solution to gender inequality, this book examines gender inequality in Pakistan's public sector and questions whether a singular focus on gender training is enough to achieve progress in a patriarchal institutional context.
Gender Intelligence
by Keith Merron Barbara AnnisWorld-renowned experts on Gender Intelligence argue that it is time to move beyond politics and fairness to build an economic business case for gender diversity in the workplace.For too long, companies have played the numbers game--attempting to tackle the problem of gender imbalance through affirmative action, numeric standards, and quotas. Yet these efforts have had no measurable impact on the number of women in leadership or on a company's bottom line. Meanwhile, the dominant paradigm of traditional business remains the same.In Gender Intelligence, Barbara Annis and Keith Merron introduce a revolutionary and effective approach that is fundamentally altering the cultures of major corporations around the world. They uncover the forces that create the current condition of gender inequality and reveal, for the first time, the powerful principles that are bringing about a shift in thinking. They highlight organizations that have made the transformation from a focus on gender equity to the more powerful objective of welcoming the natural differences between men and women, which ultimately produces greater economic value. Gender Intelligence proves that the true measure of gender equality does not reside in a percentage but in the untapped power of men and women openly working and winning together.
Gender Issues and Philosophy Education: History – Theory – Practice
by Markus Tiedemann Bettina BussmannWith this volume a gap in the philosophical didactics is closed. A historical section initially introduces authors who have determined the gender discourse and at the same time a critical discussion. This is followed by an overview of sexual and gender diversity, its basics and differentiations. Theoretical papers then deal with the relevance of gender research for the self-understanding of philosophical education. Finally, practice-specific contributions demonstrate how topics and aspects of the gender problem can be prepared for different age groups and school types. With 2 lesson plans.
Gender Justice and the Health Care System (Health Care Policy in the United States)
by Karen L. BairdThis book focuses on gender justice and the health care system. It will be divided into two parts. In Part One, a framework of gender justice will be developed. What is gender justice? What would a gender just public policy look like? What criteria should such policies meet? In Part Two, the framework will be applied to the area of health care policy, specifically medical research and health care financing and delivery. An analysis of past policies will be made, as well as an analysis of the recently enacted and proposed changes. First published in 1998. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
Gender Mainstreaming and Gender Equality in Europe: Policies, Culture and Public Opinion
by Isabella Crespi Vera LomazziWith gender equality so prominent in public debate, this timely book reviews the impacts of gender mainstreaming on political, social and cultural issues around Europe. It explores the origins and evolution of mainstreaming, the theory’s contribution to gender legislation so far and its potential to drive change in the future. Drawing on extensive data, the book compares and contrasts progress in various European countries and considers the limits of gender mainstreaming amid economic and migration challenges. This important book is a welcome contribution to discussions about society’s attitudes to men and women.
Gender Mainstreaming in Politics, Administration and Development in South Asia
by Ishtiaq Jamil Salahuddin M. Aminuzzaman Syeda Lasna Kabir M. Mahfuzul HaqueThis book explores and analyzes gender mainstreaming in South Asia. Gender mainstreaming as a concept is about removing disparities between men and women – about equal access to resources, inclusion and participation in the public sphere, representation in government, and empowerment, all with the aim of achieving equal opportunities for men and women in family life, society, administration, politics, and the economy. The challenges of gender mainstreaming in South Asia are huge, especially in the contexts of patriarchal, religious, and caste-based social norms and values. Men’s dominance in politics, administration, and economic activities is distinctly visible. Women have been subservient to the policy preferences of their male counterparts. However, in recent years, more women are participating in politics at the local and national levels, in administration, and in formal economic activities. Have gender equality and equity been ensured in South Asia? This book focuses on how gender-related issues are incorporated into policy formulation and governance, how they have fared, what challenges they have encountered when these policies were put into practice, and their implications and fate in the context of five South Asian countries. The authors have used varied frameworks to analyze gender mainstreaming at the micro and macro levels. Written from public administration and political science perspectives, the book provides an overview of the possibilities and constraints of gender mainstreaming in a region, which is not only diverse in ethnicity and religion, but also in economic progress, political culture, and the state of governance.
Gender Mosaic: Beyond the myth of the male and female brain
by Luba Vikhanski Prof. Daphna JoelThis timely manifesto calls for a future free from gender-based assumptions about human potential. Written by the internationally renowned neuroscientist whose game-changing research debunks the myth of male and female brains.For generations we've been taught that women and men differ in profound ways. Women are supposedly more sensitive and cooperative, whereas men are more aggressive and sexual because this or that region in the brains of women is larger or smaller than in the brains of men, or because they have more or less of this or that hormone. This story seems to provide us with a neat biological explanation for much of what we encounter in day-to-day life. It's even sometimes used to explain why, for example, most teachers are women and most engineers are men. But is it true? Using the ground-breaking results from her own lab and from other recent studies, neuroscientist Daphna Joel shows that it is not. Instead, argues Joel, every brain - and every human being - is a mosaic, or mixture, of 'female' and 'male' characteristics. With urgent practical implications for the world around us, this is a fascinating look at gender - how it works, its history and its future - and a sorely needed investigation into the false basis of our most fundamental beliefs. Perfect for readers of Mary Beard's Women & Power, Cordelia Fine's Testosterone Rex, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's We Should All Be Feminists and Gina Rippon's The Gendered Brain. 'Brilliantly accessible. Gender Mosaic takes you on a fascinating scientific journey that will transform how you think about sex, gender and the brain.' Cordelia Fine, author of Testosterone Rex'A power-packed manifesto that envisions what our world might look like if we let go of tired gender stereotypes.' - Sarah Richardson, author of Sex Itself 'Gender Mosaic is the book I've been waiting for! Enlightening, funny and never dogmatic, Joel plumbs the science, offering great insights into how moving beyond that stale story of the male and female brain could improve medicine, education, careers and relationships.' - Rebecca Jordan-Young, author of Brain Storm'Joel and Vikhanski offer a fascinating glimpse of what's possible when we liberate ourselves from the myth of pink and blue brains.' - Lise Eliot PhD, Professor of Neuroscience, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science'This is a fantastic book. It is one of the best books about sex, gender, biology, and the brain - and the social implications of these issues - that I have ever read. The writing is clear, captivating, and concise - and the content is groundbreaking. This is a visionary and brave book.' - Rebecca S. Bigler, Professor Emeritx of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin
Gender Mosaic: Beyond the myth of the male and female brain
by Luba Vikhanski Prof. Daphna JoelInfluential neuroscientist Professor Daphna Joel explains why there is no such thing as a male or female brain and no neural basis for differentiating people based on sex.This timely manifesto calls for a future free from gender-based assumptions about human potential. Written by the internationally renowned neuroscientist whose game-changing research debunks the myth of male and female brainsFor generations we've been taught that women and men differ in profound ways. Women are supposedly more sensitive and cooperative, whereas men are more aggressive and sexual, because this or that region in the brains of women is larger or smaller than in the brains of men, or because they have more or less of this or that hormone. This story seems to provide us with a neat biological explanation for much of what we encounter in day-to-day life. It's even sometimes used to explain, for example, why most teachers are women and most engineers are men. But is it true? Using the ground-breaking results from her own lab and from other recent studies, neuroscientist Daphna Joel shows that it is not. Instead, argues Joel, every brain - and every human being - is a mosaic, or mixture, of 'male' and 'female' characteristics. With urgent practical implications for the world around us, this is a fascinating look at gender - how it works, its history and its future - and a sorely needed investigation into the false basis of our most fundamental beliefs. Perfect for readers of Mary Beard's Women & Power, Cordelia Fine's Testosterone Rex, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's We Should All Be Feminists and Gina Rippon's The Gendered Brain. 'Brilliantly accessible. Gender Mosaic takes you on a fascinating scientific journey that will transform how you think about sex, gender and the brain.' Cordelia Fine, author of Testosterone Rex (p) 2019 Octopus Publishing Group
Gender Pay Gap und Geschlechter (Jahrbuch geschlechterbezogene Hochschulforschung)
by Beate Kortendiek Lisa Mense Sandra Beaufaÿs Jenny Bünnig Ulla Hendrix Jeremia Herrmann Heike Mauer Jennifer NiegelIm „Jahrbuch geschlechterbezogene Hochschulforschung“ werden regelmäßig Forschungsergebnisse zur Geschlechter(un)gleichheit an nordrheinwestfälischen Hochschulen veröffentlicht. Diese basieren auf detaillierten Analysen hochschulstatistischer bundes- und landesweiter Daten im Quer- und Längsschnitt. Zudem wird erforscht, welche Gleichstellungspraktiken an den Hochschulen mit jeweils aktuellen Schwerpunktsetzungen ein- und umgesetzt werden.In diesem Band steht der Gender Pay Gap in Hochschule und Wissenschaft im Fokus. In der Wissenschaft wird davon ausgegangen, dass sich Leistung an sachlichen Kriterien messen lässt und dass das Geschlecht der Forschenden und Lehrenden keinen Einfluss auf Leistung und Exzellenz hat. Die Ergebnisse zum Gender Pay Gap auf Professurebene berühren daher gleich zwei empfindliche Tabus. Der erste Tabubruch besteht darin, dass die Geschlechtsneutralität der Wissenschaft hinterfragt wird. Der zweite Tabubruch wird mit dem Sprechen über Geld begangen.
Gender Pedagogy: Teaching, Learning and Tracing Gender in Higher Education
by Emily F. HendersonWhen addressed in its full reactive potential, gender has a tendency to unfix the reassuring certainties of education and academia. Gender pedagogy unfolds as an account of teaching gender learning that is rooted in Derrida's concept of the 'trace', reflecting the unfixing properties of gender and even shaking up academic knowledge production.
Gender Pluralism: Southeast Asia Since Early Modern Times
by Michael G. PeletzChoice Outstanding Academic Title 2009! This book examines three big ideas: difference, legitimacy, and pluralism. Of chief concern is how people construe and deal with variation among fellow human beings. Why under certain circumstances do people embrace even sanctify differences, or at least begrudgingly tolerate them, and why in other contexts are people less receptive to difference, sometimes overtly hostile to it and bent on its eradication? What are the cultural and political conditions conducive to the positive valorization and acceptance of difference? And, conversely, what conditions undermine or erode such positive views and acceptance? This book examines pluralism in gendered fields and domains in Southeast Asia since the early modern era, which historians and anthropologists of the region commonly define as the period extending roughly from the fifteenth to the eighteenth centuries.
Gender Politics and the Olympic Industry
by Helen Jefferson LenskyjThis book explores how the Olympic industry has shaped hegemonic concepts of sporting masculinities and femininities for its own profit and image-making ends, examining its continuing marginalization of athletes on account of their race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality and class.
Gender Politics in US College Athletic Departments
by Lisa A. Kihl Vicki D. Schull Sally ShawThis book examines the gendered politics in the context of a merger of the women's and men's athletic departments at the University of Minnesota over a ten year plus span. Examining the athletic department merger helps us understand women's continual under-representation in University athletics despite Title IX legislation passing 40 years ago. Using interview with organizational stakeholders and archival document data, the book explores how organizational change in the form of a merger is gendered with relation to the premerger, merged, post-merger stages.
Gender Reboot: Reprogramming Gender Rights in the Age of AI
by Eleonore Fournier-TombsThis book explores gender norms and women’s rights in the age of AI. The author examines how gender dynamics have evolved in the spheres of work, self-image and safety, and education, and how these might be reflected in current challenges in AI development. The book also explores opportunities in AI to address issues facing women, and how we might harness current technological developments for gender equality. Taking a narrative tone, the book is interwoven with stories and a reflection on the raising young children during the COVID-19 pandemic. It includes both expert and personal interviews to create a nuanced and multidimensional perspective on the state of women’s rights and what might be done to move forward.
Gender Representation in Learning Materials: International Perspectives (Routledge Studies in Sociolinguistics)
by Sara Mills Abolaji S. MustaphaRepresentations of gender in learning materials convey an implicit message to students about attitudes towards culturally appropriate gender roles for women and men. This collection takes a linguistic approach to exploring theories about gender representation within the sphere of education and textbooks, and their effects on readers and students within an international context. In the opening section, contributors discuss theories of representation and effect, challenging the conventional Althusserian model of interpellation, and acknowledging the challenges of applying Western feminist models within an international context. Following chapters provide detailed analyses focusing on a number of different countries: Australia, Japan, Brazil, Finland, Russia, Hong Kong, Nigeria, Germany, Qatar, Tanzania, and Poland. Through linguistic analysis of vocabulary associated with women and men, content analysis of what women and men say in textbooks, and discourse analysis of the types of linguistic moves associated with women and men, contributors evaluate the extent to which gendered representations in textbooks perpetuate stereotypical gender roles, what the impact may be on learners, and the ways that both teachers and learners interact and engage with these texts.
Gender Resilience, Integration and Transformation (Nebraska Symposium on Motivation #70)
by Kathryn Holland Tierney Lorenz Deb HopeThere has been a surge in research on gender and sexuality in the last decade, which has predominantly focused on discrimination, dysphoria, and disparities. And much of what we hear in the news about issues relating to gender and sexuality is deeply negative, with seemingly endless attacks on people who are marginalized by their gender and/or sexuality—attacks that are both physical and political. While such issues are extremely important, this one-sided focus casts the experience of minoritized people as intrinsically negative. A deficit model implies the best one can hope for is to avoid negative outcomes, which limits the possibilities of authentic gender and sexual identity and expression, intimate connection, and personal and professional success. We need more nuanced and methodologically rigorous approaches to understanding resiliency and wellbeing within minoritized groups, including women, queer (e.g., lesbian, gay, bisexual, pansexual, asexual, demisexual), and transgender and gender diverse people. If all we ever hear about the experiences of minoritized people is pain, we diminish the strength of these communities and the richness of their humanity. When we expand our view to include the positive, we reclaim humanity—not to mention, strengthen our science by developing theories and conducting research that address the incredible range of human experience around gender and sexuality. The 70th Annual Nebraska Symposium on Motivation focused on understanding resiliency, joy, pleasure and well-being in women, queer folks and gender-diverse people. In bringing together a diverse international and interdisciplinary group of scholars and scientists, we created a space to explore joy, to break with narratives of deficiency, and honor wellbeing with the same scientific vigor and rigor as we give to pain. The chapters of this volume represent this effort, all centered on the question: What would it look like if your field of study—the study of gender and sexuality—truly centered wellbeing and resilience as the foundation of theory and research?