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Rat City: Overcrowding and Urban Derangement in the Rodent Universes of John B. Calhoun
by Jon Adams Edmund Ramsden"Entertaining, phenomenally weird . . . Rat City may well be the world&’s first-ever work of socio-biographical-scientific pop history. . . .a freaky romp down a peculiar passage in the history of ideas, full of oddball cameos (Aldous Huxley! Buckminster Fuller!) and some very sharp science writing."—The New York TimesBehind the internet's viral "Universe 25" experiment and Robert C. O'Brien's iconic novel, Mrs. Frisby and the Secret of NIMH, was one scientist who set out to change the way we view our fellow man — using rats . . .After the Civil War and throughout the twentieth century, cities in northern American states absorbed a huge increase in populations, particularly of immigrants and African Americans from southern states. City governments responded by creating new regulations that were often segregationist — corralling black Americans, for example, into small, increasingly overcrowded neighborhoods, or into high-rise &“projects.&”The situation intensified after World War II, as rising crime and racial unrest swept the nation, and blame fell on the crowded conditions of city life. The hardest-hit populations were left marginalized and voiceless. Enter John B. Calhoun, an ecologist employed by the National Institute of Mental Health to study the effects of overcrowding on rats. From 1947 to 1977, Calhoun built a series of sprawling habitats in which a rat&’s every need was met—except space. The results were cataclysmic. Did a similar fate await our own teeming cities?Rat City is the first book to tell the story of Calhoun&’s experiments, and their extraordinary influence — an enthralling record of urban design and dystopian science. Meticulously researched, it follows Calhoun&’s struggle to solve the problem of crowding before America&’s cities drain into the behavioral sink. And as the &“war on rats&” continues around the world, and our post-pandemic society reevaluates the necessity of urban living, the riveting story of Rat City is more relevant than ever.
Ratchetdemic: Reimagining Academic Success
by Christopher EmdinA revolutionary new educational model that encourages educators to provide spaces for students to display their academic brilliance without sacrificing their identitiesBuilding on the ideas introduced in his New York Times best-selling book, For White Folks Who Teach in the Hood, Christopher Emdin introduces an alternative educational model that will help students (and teachers) celebrate ratchet identity in the classroom. Ratchetdemic advocates for a new kind of student identity—one that bridges the seemingly disparate worlds of the ivory tower and the urban classroom. Because modern schooling often centers whiteness, Emdin argues, it dismisses ratchet identity (the embodying of &“negative&” characteristics associated with lowbrow culture, often thought to be possessed by people of a particular ethnic, racial, or socioeconomic status) as anti-intellectual and punishes young people for straying from these alleged &“academic norms,&” leaving young people in classrooms frustrated and uninspired. These deviations, Emdin explains, include so-called &“disruptive behavior&” and a celebration of hip-hop music and culture. Emdin argues that being &“ratchetdemic,&” or both ratchet and academic (like having rap battles about science, for example), can empower students to embrace themselves, their backgrounds, and their education as parts of a whole, not disparate identities. This means celebrating protest, disrupting the status quo, and reclaiming the genius of youth in the classroom.
Rated A: Soft-Porn Cinema and Mediations of Desire in India (Feminist Media Histories #8)
by Darshana Sreedhar MiniA free ebook version of this title is available through Luminos, University of California Press's Open Access publishing program. Visit www.luminosoa.org to learn more. In the 1990s, India's mediascape saw the efflorescence of edgy soft-porn films in the Malayalam-speaking state of Kerala. In Rated A, Darshana Sreedhar Mini examines the local and transnational influences that shaped Malayalam soft-porn cinema—such as vernacular pulp fiction, illustrated erotic tales, and American exploitation cinema—and maps the genre's circulation among blue-collar workers of the Indian diaspora in the Middle East, where pirated versions circulate alongside low-budget Bangladeshi films and Pakistani mujra dance films as South Asian pornography. Through a mix of archival and ethnographic research, Mini also explores the soft-porn industry's utilization of gendered labor and trust-based arrangements, as well as how actresses and production personnel who are marked by their involvement with a taboo form negotiate their social lives. By locating the tense negotiations between sexuality, import policy, and censorship in contemporary India, this study offers a model for understanding film genres outside of screen space, emphasizing that they constitute not just industrial formations but entire fields of social relations and gendered imaginaries.
Rating Professors Online: How Culture, Technology, and Consumer Expectations Shape Modern Student Evaluations (Marketing and Communication in Higher Education)
by Pamela LeongThis book explores the emerging trends and patterns in online student evaluations of teaching and how online reviews have transformed the teacher-student relationship as developments in technology have altered consumer behaviors. While consumers at large rely more and more on web-based platforms to purchase commercial products and services, they also make highly personal decisions regarding the choice of service providers in health care, higher education, and other industries. The chapters assess the challenges that web-based platforms such as RateMyProfessors.com pose for service providers in higher education and other industries, and the role of these online consumer review sites in driving consumer expectations. In framing her argument, the author considers the validity of online rating systems and the credibility and trustworthiness of online consumer reviewers. She also evaluates cultural trends that play a role in perpetuating systems of inequality such as racism, sexism, and ageism in online consumer reviews.
Rating-Agenturen im Finanzmarktkapitalismus: Genese – Praktiken – Felder
by Thomas MatysDie hier vorgelegte Studie über Rating-Agenturen fasst jene als die relevanten Akteure auf Finanzmärkten, die eine kulturelle Praxis des Bewertens im Sinne eines organisationalen Zahlengebrauchs historisch vermittels kalkulativer Praktiken sowie ein globales Netzwerk zur Beherrschung des Finanzmarktes standardisiert und institutionalisiert haben. Hier sind dreierlei Weisen zentral: Das Rating von Organisationen selbst, das von sog. "strukturierten Finanzprodukten" sowie das ganzer Volkswirtschaften. Nachgezeichnet wird der historischee Konstitutionsprozess des Ratens bzw. der Rating-Agenturen, der in den USA des 19. Jhds. beginnend seine globale Dynamik entfaltete. Sodann werden organisationale kalkulative - zunehmend digitalisierte - Praktiken sowie das globale Rating-Netzwerk dargelegt. Insgesamt ist so ein "Finanzmaktkapitalismus" entstanden, der seinerseits in einen "Organisationalen Neoliberalismus" eingebettet ist.
Ratings and Rankings in Higher Education: A New-Materialist Exploration of How They Control Society (Concepts for Critical Psychology)
by Jonas ThielThis important work critically investigates the use of rating and ranking systems in higher education to show how they govern the academic population through the creation of competition and antagonism. From social media to PISA and Rotten Tomatoes, ratings and rankings exist everywhere in our daily lives. Seemingly benign in practice, they can structure and govern important parts of society, including social interaction, public health and economic rankings. In this essential critique, author Jonas Thiel sets out the case against these practices, using the UK’s higher education model to show how tools such as the National Student Surveys (NSS) instead divide the academic population to make it governable and controllable. Instead of achieving its intended aim of improving teaching by forcing competition over student satisfaction, Thiel shows that systems like the NSS have a profound and often negative impact upon how people and institutions understand themselves. Drawing on the new materialist theory of Karen Barad, Foucault’s governmentality and Laclau’s understanding of antagonism, the book raises an urgent need to respond to these boundary-drawing practices, especially in light of rising inequality and ecological collapse, and poses the question: can we even imagine a world without 'Top 10' rankings and 'out of 5' scores? Engaging with current debates around ‘value’, tuition fees and the role of higher education in society, this is fascinating reading for advanced students and academics in psychology, education, sociology and philosophy.
Rational Anger: An International Comparison of Legal Systems (Routledge Frontiers of Criminal Justice)
by Stina Bergman Blix Nina TörnqvistExploring the rationales behind legal anger, its logic and origins, this book builds on the perspectives of judges and prosecutors in Italy, Sweden, the United States, and Scotland.When do judges and prosecutors become angry in court, what do they become angry about, and which other emotions open up for anger? Anger brings people to court and is essential in evaluating wrongdoing and attributing blame, but at the same time, anger is seen as a threat to well-reasoned and just decision-making. Drawing on observations, interviews, and shadowing of legal professionals, the text demonstrates how anger is entangled with legal thought and comes into play in legal practices. By comparing the workings and displays of anger found in different legal systems and emotional cultures, the book elucidates assumptions about law, morality, truth, and emotions that we commonly take for granted.Rational Anger will be of great interest to students and scholars of criminology, criminal justice, sociology, law, social psychology, and organisation studies.
Rational Choice Theory And Large-Scale Data Analysis
by Hans-peter Blossfeld Gerald PreinThe relationship between rational choice theory and large-scale data analysis has become an important issue for sociologists. Though rational choice theory is well established in both sociology and economics, its influence on quantitative empirical sociology has been surprisingly limited. This book examines why there is hardly a link between the t
Rational Choice Theory and Religion: Summary and Assessment
by Lawrence A. YoungRational Choice Theory and Religion considers one of the major developments in the social scientific paradigms that promises to foster a greater theoretical unity among the disciplines of sociology, political science, economics and psychology. Applying the theory of rational choice--the theory that each individual will make her choice to maximize gain and minimize cost--to the study of religion, Lawrence Young has brought together a group of internationally renowned scholars to examine this important development within the field of religion for the first time.
Rational Choice Theory: Resisting Colonisation (Critical Realism Ser.)
by Margaret S. Archer Jonathan Q. TritterRational Choice Theory is flourishing in sociology and is increasingly influential in other disciplines. Contributors to this volume are convinced that it provides an inadequate conceptualization of all aspects of decision making: of the individuals who make the decisions, of the process by which decisions get made and of the context within which decisions get made. The ciritique focuses on the four assumptions which are the bedrock of rational choice: rationality: the theory's definition of rationality is incomplete, and cannot satisfactorily incorporate norms and emotions individualism: rational choice is based upon atomistic, individual decision makers and cannot account for decisions made by ;couples', 'groups' or other forms of collective action process: the assumption of fixed, well-ordered preferences and 'perfect information' makes the theory inadequate for situations of change and uncertainty aggregation: as methodological individualists, rational choice theorists can only view structure and culture as aggregates and cannot incorporate structural or cultural influences as emergent properties which have an effect upon decision making. The critique is grounded in discussion of a wide range of social issues, including race, marriage, health and education.
Rational Choice and Criminal Behavior: Recent Research and Future Challenges (Current Issues In Criminal Justice Ser. #32)
by Stephen G. Tibbetts Alex R. PiqueroRational Choice and Criminal Behavior" is a collection of essays by experts in the field of criminal justice examines various aspects of the rational choice framework, which deals with the degree to which criminal behavior represents a rational choice. The editors also include essays that cover specific policy approaches that stem from this framewo
Rational Choice and Democratic Government: A Sociological Approach (Routledge Studies in Political Sociology)
by Tibor RutarDrawing on a range of data from across disciplines, this book explores a series of fundamental questions surrounding the nature, working and effects of democracy, considering the reasons for the emergence and spread of democratic government, the conditions under which it endures or collapses – and the role of wealth in this process – and the peaceful nature of dealings between democracies. With emphasis on the ‘ordinary’ voter, the author employs rational choice theory to examine the motivations of voters and their levels of political knowledge and rationality, as well as the special interests, incentives and corruption of politicians. A theoretically informed and empirically illustrated study of the birth and downfall of democracies, the extent of voters’ political knowledge and ignorance, the logic of political behaviour in both open and closed regimes, and the international effects of democratic rule, Rational Choice and Democratic Government: A Sociological Approach will appeal to scholars with interests in political sociology, political psychology, economics and political science.
Rational Emotive Behavioural Coaching: Distinctive Features (Coaching Distinctive Features)
by Windy DrydenThis concise and accessible book introduces the 30 Distinctive Features of Rational Emotive Behavioural Coaching, also known as REBC, an approach which applies the principles of REBT to coaching. Divided between 10 theoretical and 20 practical features, the book covers a range of topics, including meaning and values, development, the working alliance, dealing with obstacles and common coachee problems. The book sets out two different approaches: development-focused REBC, which concentrates on the coachee’s areas of development, and problem-focused REBC, which concentrates on the coachee’s practical and emotional problems of living. Within the latter category, the book also distinguishes between practical problem-focused REBC and emotional problem-focused REBC. Rational Emotive Behavioural Coaching: Distinctive Features will be an essential reference for anyone seeking to understand the key features of this unique approach to coaching.
Rational Evolution: The Making of Humanity (Routledge Revivals)
by Robert BriffaultPublished in 1919: The author discusses the development of Humanity from Evolution to Civilisation to the birth of Nations and European Liberations.
Rationale for Child Care Services: Programs vs. Politics
by Walter F. Mondale James A Rivaldo Ph.D. Stevanne AuerbachRationale for Child Care Services presents a cogent introduction to the history, needs, and major concerns in childcare, and suggests the basic and essential components of a comprehensive program including planning, organizing and funding. Foreword by Senator Walter M. Mondale, Vice President, Senator, and Ambassador to Japan. Contributors include Mary D. Keyserling, Therese W. Lansburgh, Dr. Dorothy Hewes, Jeanada Nolan, Gertrude Hoffman, Jule M Sugarman, William L. Pierce, Glen P. Nimnicht, Elizabeth Haas, and Dr. Stevanne Auerbach.
Rationality and Operators
by Susumu CatoThis unique book develops an operational approach to preference and rationality as the author employs operators over binary relations to capture the concept of rationality. A preference is a basis of individual behavior and social judgment and is mathematically regarded as a binary relation on the set of alternatives. Traditionally, an individual/social preference is assumed to satisfy completeness and transitivity. However, each of the two conditions is often considered to be too demanding; and then, weaker rationality conditions are introduced by researchers. This book argues that the preference rationality conditions can be captured mathematically by "operators," which are mappings from the set of operators to itself. This operational approach nests traditional concepts in individual/social decision theory and clarifies the underlying formal structure of preference rationality. The author also applies his approach to welfare economics. The core problem of 'new welfare economics,' developed by Kaldor, Hicks, and Samuelson, is the rationality of social preference. In this book the author translates the social criteria proposed by those three economists into operational forms, which provide new insights into welfare economics extending beyond 'new welfare economics. '
Rationality and Relativism: In Search of a Philosophy and History of Anthropology (Routledge Library Editions: Social and Cultural Anthropology)
by I.C. JarvieAnthropology revolves round answers to problems about the nature, development and unity of mankind; problems that are both philosophical and scientific. In this book, first published in 1984, Professor Jarvie applies Popper’s philosophy of science to understanding the history and theory of anthropology. Jarvie describes how the ancient view that the aim of science and philosophy was to get at the truth is challenged in anthropology by the doctrine of cultural relativism; that is, that truth varies with the cultural framework. He shows how philosophers as various as Peter Winch, W.V.O. Quine, W.T. Jones, Nelson Goodman and Richard Rorty were influenced by this doctrine. Yet these philosophers also accept the value of rational argument. Jarvie believes that there is a contradiction between relativism and any notion of human rationality that centres around argument. Forced by the contradiction to choose between rationality and relativism, he argues strongly that logical, scientific and moral considerations favour rationality and urge repudiation of relativism. The central argument of the book is that relativism is intellectually disastrous and has fostered intellectual attitudes from which anthropology still suffers.
Rationality and Social Responsibility: Essays in Honor of Robyn Mason Dawes (Modern Pioneers in Psychological Science: An APS-Psychology Press Series)
by Joachim I. KruegerThis volume brings together a diverse group of authors who have been associated with Robyn Dawes over the years. The breadth of topics covered reflects Dawes’s wide-ranging impact on psychological theory and empirical practice. The two themes of rationality and social responsibility are well developed in the book. Dawes had always urged investigators to take seriously the question of how individuals can reconcile self-interest (i.e. rationality) with the collective good (i.e. social responsibility). The area of judgment and decision-making poses a similar challenge: here, rational judgment is the most responsible judgment because it minimizes errors. To attain rationality in this domain, individuals need to accept the limitations of their own intuitions. This volume presents an up-to-date overview of how far psychological science has come in its struggle to reconcile what is true with what is good. Each chapter is a stimulus for new research and a reminder not to forget the hard-won lessons of the past – in particular, those taught by Robyn Dawes.
Rationality and the Social Sciences: Contributions to the Philosophy and Methodology of the Social Sciences (Routledge Library Editions: Social Theory)
by S.I. Benn G.W. MortimoreThe concepts of rationality that are used by social scientists in the formation of hypotheses, models and explanations are explored in this collection of original papers by a number of distinguished philosophers and social scientists. The aim of the book is to display the variety of the concepts used, to show the different roles they play in theories of very different kinds over a wide range of disciplines, including economics, sociology, psychology, political science and anthropology, and to assess the explanatory and predictive power that a theory can draw from such concepts.
Rationality and the Study of Religion (Acta Jutlandica Ser. #72.1)
by Jeppe Sinding Jensen & Luther H. MartinDoes rationality, the intellectual bedrock of all science, apply to the study of religion?Religion, arguably the most subjective area of human behaviour, has particular challenges associated with its study. Attracting crowd-healers, conjurers, the pious and the prophetic alongside comparativists and sceptics, it excites opinions and generalizations whilst seldom explicitly staking out the territory for the discussions in which it partakes. Increasingly, scholars argue that religious study needs to define and critique its own field, and to distinguish itself from theology and other non-objective disciplines. Yet how can rational techniques be applied to beliefs and states of mind regarded by some as beyond the scope of human reason? Can these be made empirically testable, or comparable and replicable within academic communities? Can science explicate religion without reducing it to mere superstition, or redefine its truth in some empirical but meaningful way? Featuring contributions from leading international experts including Donald Wiebe, Roger Trigg and Michael Pye, Rationality and the Study of Religion gets under the surface of the religious studies discipline to expose the ideologies beneath. Reopening debate in a neglected yet philosophically significant field, it questions the role of rationality in religious anthropology, natural history and anti-scientific theologies, with implications not only for supposedly objective disciplines but for our deepest attitudes to personal experience. 'Interesting and important. Religion has long been associated with irrationality, both by its defenders and its critics, and the topic of rationality has been unjustly neglected The book certainly deserves to be widely circulated.'Greg Alles, Western Maryland College
Rationality in Social Science: Foundations, Norms, and Prosociality
by Ivar Krumpal Werner Raub Andreas TutićThe concept of rationality and its significance for theory and empirical research in social science are key topics of scholarly discussion. In the tradition of an analytical as well as empirical approach in social science, this volume assembles novel contributions on methodological foundations and basic assumptions of theories of rational choice. The volume highlights the use of rational choice assumptions for research on fundamental problems in social theory such as the emergence, dynamics, and effects of social norms and the conditions for cooperation and prosociality.
Rationality, Education and the Social Organization of Knowledege (Routledge Library Editions: Education)
by Chris JenksThe manner in which we variously come to an understanding of our world presents problems for us all, but the unified method by which we ought best to acquire such knowledge represents the particular problem of contemporary education. This important book seeks to explore some of the underlying practises and assumptions that go to produce and sustain both such sets of activities. As a result of its concerns with the social organization of knowledge at all levels, the sociology of education has become a central form of much contemporary sociological theory. All the papers in this collection are formulations of a ‘reflexive’ method of theorizing within sociology of education. This is a mode of address, deriving partly from social phenomenology, which seeks to display the grounds of the theorists’ speech as itself an essential feature of any informative dialogue. Major themes in education and in sociology are considered in this way, including the social form of rationality, the constitution of curricula, normative beliefs about Learning, the nature of literary study as liberal education and the character of scientific knowledge in the social world.
Rationality: What It Is, Why It Seems Scarce, Why It Matters
by Steven PinkerCan reading a book make you more rational? Can it help us understand why there is so much irrationality in the world? Steven Pinker, author of Enlightenment Now (Bill Gates’s "new favorite book of all time”) answers all the questions here. <p><p> Today humanity is reaching new heights of scientific understanding--and also appears to be losing its mind. How can a species that developed vaccines for Covid-19 in less than a year produce so much fake news, medical quackery, and conspiracy theorizing? Pinker rejects the cynical cliché that humans are simply irrational--cavemen out of time saddled with biases, fallacies, and illusions. After all, we discovered the laws of nature, lengthened and enriched our lives, and set out the benchmarks for rationality itself. <p><p> We actually think in ways that are sensible in the low-tech contexts in which we spend most of our lives, but fail to take advantage of the powerful tools of reasoning we’ve discovered over the millennia: logic, critical thinking, probability, correlation and causation, and optimal ways to update beliefs and commit to choices individually and with others. These tools are not a standard part of our education, and have never been presented clearly and entertainingly in a single book--until now. <p><p> Rationality also explores its opposite: how the rational pursuit of self-interest, sectarian solidarity, and uplifting mythology can add up to crippling irrationality in a society. Collective rationality depends on norms that are explicitly designed to promote objectivity and truth. Rationality matters. It leads to better choices in our lives and in the public sphere, and is the ultimate driver of social justice and moral progress. Brimming with Pinker’s customary insight and humor, Rationality will enlighten, inspire, and empower.
Raum - Theorie - Empirie: Ein Arbeitsbuch (Forschung und Praxis an der FHWien der WKW)
by Sarah Nimführ Cornelia Dlabaja Nicolas GoezDer Band liefert eine Grundlage zur Anwendung raumtheoretischer Ansätze in der empirischen Forschung als praxisbezogenes Arbeitsbuch. Er versammelt interdisziplinäre Perspektiven. In 14 Beiträgen beleuchten Forscher:innen aus den Bereichen der Europäischen Ethnologie, Soziologie, Raumplanung, Architektur, Anthropologie, Kultur- und Literaturwissenschaften sowie Geschichte und Geographie verschiedene Aspekte der Raumkonstitution und -produktion. Die Beiträge spannen einen Bogen von mikrosozialen Betrachtungen bis hin zu relationalen und regional transformativen Prozessen. Eingebettet sind sie in Untersuchungen zu regulativen, akteurszentrierten Analysen aus den Bereichen der Stadt- und Geschlechterforschung sowie Macht- und Raumproduktionen in ländlichen, urbanen und insularen Kontexten. Dieser Band richtet sich gleichermaßen an fortgeschrittene Studierende und Forscher:innen, die in der raumbezogenen Stadtforschung tätig sind sowie an alle, die sich für Raumforschunginteressieren. Jeder Beitrag zeigt, wie Theorie und Empirie in der Forschungspraxis miteinander verbunden werden können. Mit seinem Fokus auf der praktischen Anwendung raumtheoretischer Ansätze ist das Arbeitsbuch ein unverzichtbares Werkzeug für alle, die sich mit der Erforschung und Analyse des Raumes beschäftigen.
Raus aus dem Regiment der Rollenzuschreibungen: Von weiblicher Ohnmacht zu machtvollen Lösungen in Karriere, Partnerschaft und Familie
by Martina LacknerDieses Buch ist kein gewöhnlicher Ratgeber für Frauen. Es spiegelt schonungslos, was die persönliche Weiterentwicklung von Frauen in Partnerschaft, Familie und Beruf ausbremst – mit messerscharfer Analyse verborgener Wechselwirkungen und Traumata. So können Frauen vorhandene Fallen und Hemmnisse, Ängste, Schuldgefühle und weitere tiefsitzende Emotionen erkennen, um sich im Spagat zwischen Partner*in, Kind und Karriere einen Weg aus dem Gefängnis der Rollenzuschreibungen zu bahnen.Frauen sehen sich oft als Opfer des Patriarchats. Doch dass es ihnen an Bewusstsein für die eigene Macht und an Bereitschaft mangelt, sich diese zuzugestehen, dass Frauen die eigene Macht oft weder wahrnehmen noch akzeptieren, ist für die Autorin der Hauptgrund, warum Frauen in tradierten Rollen bleiben, denn Augenhöhe erfordert souveräne Eigenmacht. Dieses Buch lässt erfahrene Führungsfrauen zu Wort kommen, regt zum Nachdenken an und bietet Lösungswege aus scheinbar schwierigen Situationen. Handlungsempfehlungen für entscheidende Weichenstellungen auf dem Weg zur weiblichen Ermächtigung lassen den Leserinnen keine Rückzugsmöglichkeiten in gewohnte und trainierte Gegenargumente. Ein Buch, das sowohl zur Selbstreflektion anregt wie zur öffentlichen Diskussion.Der Inhalt• Das verborgene Mindset: Der Einfluss der Vergangenheit auf weibliche Karrieren• Am Anfang war die Herkunftsfamilie: Familienkonstellationen und ihre Bedeutung • Pubertät: Die Hormone übernehmen die Führung• Der Spagat beginnt: Partnerschaft, Mutterschaft und Karriere• Führung im Widerstreit: Diskrepanz zwischen Wunsch und Wirklichkeit