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Complexity Management in Engineering Design – a Primer
by Maik MaurerThe treatise supports understanding the phenomena of complexity in engineering, distinguishes complexity from other challenges and presents an overview of definitions and applied approaches. The historical background of complexity management is explained by highlighting the important epochs, their key actors and their discoveries, findings and developments. Knowing about the appearance of early system awareness in ancient Greece, the creation of mechanical philosophy in the 17th century and the discovery of classic physics enables the reader to better comprehend modern system sciences and management approaches. A classification of complexity management approaches by research fields indicates current focus areas and starting points for future discussions. In a comprehensive map, the classification points out mutual overlaps between engineering disciplines in terms of similar complexity management approaches. Finally, the treatise introduces a generic complexity management framework, which is based on structural management approaches.
Complexity Management with the K-Method: Price Structures, IT and Controlling for Procurement of Packaging Materials
by Daniel Kossmann Donald KossmannThe book describes the K-Method which has been developed by the authors. The purpose of the K-Method is to negotiate and administrate a complex portfolio of customised materials, all belonging to the same purchasing group (e. g. labels). The underlying idea is to agree prices for specification features, instead of giving each material an individual price based on its unique specification. By doing so, a price formula will be agreed between the buyer and supplier which even defines prices of future materials with any kind of specification.
Complexity Measurements and Causation for Dynamic Complex Systems (Understanding Complex Systems)
by Juan Guillermo Diaz OchoaThis book examines the problems of causal determinism and limited completeness in systems theory. Furthermore, the author analyzes options for complexity measurements that include systems&’ autonomy and variability for causal inference—i.e., the ability to derive causal relationships from data recorded as a function of time. Such complexity measures present limitations in the derivation of absolute causality in complex systems and the recognition of relative and contextual causality, with practical consequences for causal inference and modeling. Finally, the author provides concepts for relative causal determinism. As a result, new ideas are presented to explore the frontiers of systems theory, specifically in relation to biological systems and teleonomy, i.e., evolved biological purposiveness. This book is written for graduate students in physics, biology, medicine, social sciences, economics, and engineering who are seeking new concepts of causal inference applied in systems theory. It is also intended for scientists with an interest in philosophy and philosophers interested in the foundations of systems theory. Additionally, data scientists seeking new methods for the analysis of time series to extract features useful for machine learning will find this book of interest.
Complexity Science in Air Traffic Management
by Andrew Cook Damián RivasAir traffic management (ATM) comprises a highly complex socio-technical system that keeps air traffic flowing safely and efficiently, worldwide, every minute of the year. Over the last few decades, several ambitious ATM performance improvement programmes have been undertaken. Such programmes have mostly delivered local technological solutions, whilst corresponding ATM performance improvements have fallen short of stakeholder expectations. In hindsight, this can be substantially explained from a complexity science perspective: ATM is simply too complex to address through classical approaches such as system engineering and human factors. In order to change this, complexity science has to be embraced as ATM's 'best friend'. The applicability of complexity science paradigms to the analysis and modelling of future operations is driven by the need to accommodate long-term air traffic growth within an already-saturated ATM infrastructure. Complexity Science in Air Traffic Management is written particularly, but not exclusively, for transport researchers, though it also has a complementary appeal to practitioners, supported through the frequent references made to practical examples and operational themes such as performance, airline strategy, passenger mobility, delay propagation and free-flight safety. The book should also have significant appeal beyond the transport domain, due to its intrinsic value as an exposition of applied complexity science and applied research, drawing on examples of simulations and modelling throughout, with corresponding insights into the design of new concepts and policies, and the understanding of complex phenomena that are invisible to classical techniques.
Complexity Theories of Cities Have Come of Age: An Overview with Implications to Urban Planning and Design
by Juval Portugali Egbert Stolk Ekim Tan Han MeyerToday, our cities are an embodiment of the complex, historical evolution of knowledge, desires and technology. Our planned and designed activities co-evolve with our aspirations, mediated by the existing technologies and social structures. The city represents the accretion and accumulation of successive layers of collective activity, structuring and being structured by other, increasingly distant cities, reaching now right around the globe. This historical and structural development cannot therefore be understood or captured by any set of fixed quantitative relations. Structural changes imply that the patterns of growth, and their underlying reasons change over time, and therefore that any attempt to control the morphology of cities and their patterns of flow by means of planning and design, must be dynamical, based on the mechanisms that drive the changes occurring at a given moment. This carefully edited post-proceedings volume gathers a snapshot view by leading researchers in field, of current complexity theories of cities. In it, the achievements, criticisms and potentials yet to be realized are reviewed and the implications to planning and urban design are assessed.
Complexity Theory and Project Management
by Gordon Robert L. Wanda CurleeAn insightful view on how to use the power of complexity theory to manage projects more successfully Current management practices require adherence to rigid, global responses unsuitable for addressing the changing needs of most projects. Complexity Theory and Project Management shifts this paradigm to create opportunities for expanding the decision-making process in ways that promote flexibility-and increase effectiveness. It informs readers on the managerial challenges of juggling project requirements, and offers them a clear roadmap on how to revise perspectives and reassess priorities to excel despite having an unpredictable workflow. Complexity Theory and Project Management provides remedies through the use of teaching notes, power point slides, a solutions manual, and a toolbox of answers to common project management problems to illustrate how the deployment of complexity theory can make a project more successful. One of the first books covering the subject of complexity theory for project management, this useful guide: Explains the relationship of complexity theory to virtual project management Supplies techniques, tips, and suggestions for building effective and successful teams in the virtual environment Presents current information about best practices and relevant proactive tools Makes a strong case for including complexity theory in PMI's PMBOK Guide Complexity Theory and Project Management gives a firsthand view on the future of complexity theory as a driving force in the management field, and allows project managers to get a head start in applying its principles immediately to produce more favorable outcomes.
Complexity and Control in Quantum Photonics (Springer Theses)
by Peter ShadboltThis work explores the scope and flexibility afforded by integrated quantum photonics, both in terms of practical problem-solving, and for the pursuit of fundamental science. The author demonstrates and fully characterizes a two-qubit quantum photonic chip, capable of arbitrary two-qubit state preparation. Making use of the unprecedented degree of reconfigurability afforded by this device, a novel variation on Wheeler's delayed choice experiment is implemented, and a new technique to obtain nonlocal statistics without a shared reference frame is tested. Also presented is a new algorithm for quantum chemistry, simulating the helium hydride ion. Finally, multiphoton quantum interference in a large Hilbert space is demonstrated, and its implications for computational complexity are examined.
Complexity and Emergence in Market Ecosystems (New Economic Windows)
by Francesco Polese Debora Sarno Stephen Louis VargoThis book delves into the intricacies of transformative processes, focusing particularly on radical and disruptive changes that shape markets, social systems, organizations, cities, and service ecosystems. In a world characterized by turbulence, unpredictability, and complex challenges, managers and marketers are tasked with navigating change and driving progress. Drawing on frameworks, typologies, and insights from diverse theories—including complexity theory, emergence theory, and service-dominant logic—this book equips academics and practitioners with the tools to analyze, understand, and facilitate the transformation of their systems. Rooted in research and discussions from international academic events such as the Naples Forum on Service and the Forum of Markets and Marketing, this book offers invaluable guidance for those seeking to design sustainable transformations in today's dynamic landscape.
Complexity and Resilience in the Social and Ecological Sciences
by Eoin FlahertyThis book introduces a new approach to environmental sociology, by integrating complexity-informed social science, Marxian ecological theory, and resilience-based human ecology. It argues that sociologists have largely ignored developments in ecology which move beyond functionalist approaches to systems analysis, and as a result, environmental sociology has failed to capitalise not only on the analytical promise of resilience ecology, but on complementary developments in complexity theory. By tracing the origins and discussing current developments in each of these areas, it offers several paths to interdisciplinary dialogue. Eoin Flaherty argues that complexity theory and Marxian ecology can enhance our understanding of the social aspect of social-ecological systems, whilst a resilience approach can sharpen the analytical power of environmental sociology.
Compliance and Initiative in the Production of Safety: A Systems Perspective on Managing Tensions and Building Complementarity (SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology)
by Benoît Journé Jean-Christophe Le CozeThis open access book addresses the idea that there are two ways to go about achieving a safe working environment. The text challenges the prevailing notion that compliance with a rule system, imposed from the top of an organization and designed to anticipate possible hazards in system operation, is really incompatible with the idea that the professional expertise of front-line workers is what promotes safe outcomes despite inevitable unanticipated perturbations. The contributors, drawn from academic and industrial backgrounds, demonstrate that rather than being at odds with each other, rules-compliance and proactivity are in fact complementary resources the coexistence of which increases safety. Furthermore, the implications of this approach extend beyond safety, being relevant to business performance, strategies for innovation and system resilience as well.The book steps back from an exclusive focus on front-line work to explore the way in which compliance and initiative are articulated at different levels within the hierarchy of a firm, right up to that of top management. Further, the contributors analyze the way in which safety authorities, the justice system, and the general public perceive and interpret such strategies, in particular in the aftermath of major events.This book deals with issues of interest to researchers and graduate students in safety science and organization studies and to members of expert bodies and experts in industry and consultancy concerned with similar subjects.
Compliance or Defiance?: Assessing the Implementation of Policy Prescriptions for Commercialization by Water Operators (IHE Delft PhD Thesis Series)
by Mireia TutusausWhereas the global water community may have reached consensus on the need for water providers to operate on the basis of commercial principles, staff of water utilities are faced with the challenge of implementing these principles in their everyday work. In the everyday domain, these principles appear to directly conflict with the mandate of water operators to provide water services to all. Moreover, the socio-political, economic and bio-physical context in which these water operate may be ill-suited to implement commercialization. In pursuing commercialization these operators adapt, reinterpret, modify, deflect, alter or betray the original principles of commercialization during implementation. This research takes inspiration from the rich literature on policy implementation and policy translation, which argues that policy models need to be transformed and modified if they are to be successfully adopted or implemented. This research analyzes the alterations visible in the daily implementation of commercial models of water provisioning and, in doing so, present a better understanding of how water operators implement policy prescriptions of commercialization in practice. Based on the analysis of the adaptations and (re)interpretations of the implemented model of commercialization in the different cases, this thesis argues that a new way of speaking about commercialization should be developed.
Compliant Mechanisms: Design of Flexure Hinges
by Nicolae LobontiuWith a rigorous and comprehensive coverage, the second edition of Compliant Mechanisms: Design of Flexure Hinges provides practical answers to the design and analysis of devices that incorporate flexible hinges. Complex-shaped flexible-hinge mechanisms are generated from basic elastic segments by means of a bottom-up compliance (flexibility) approach. The same compliance method and the classical finite element analysis are utilized to study the quasi-static and dynamic performances of these compliant mechanisms. This book offers easy-to-use mathematical tools to investigate a wealth of flexible-hinge configurations and two- or three-dimensional compliant mechanism applications. FEATURES Introduces a bottom-up compliance-based approach to characterize the flexibility of new and existing flexible hinges of straight- and curvilinear-axis configurations Develops a consistent linear lumped-parameter compliance model to thoroughly describe the quasi-static and dynamic behavior of planar/spatial, serial/parallel flexible-hinge mechanisms Utilizes the finite element method to analyze the quasi-statics and dynamics of compliant mechanisms by means of straight- and curvilinear-axis flexible-hinge elements Covers miscellaneous topics such as stress concentration, yielding and related maximum load, precision of rotation of straight- and circular-axis flexible hinges, temperature effects on compliances, layered flexible hinges and piezoelectric actuation/sensing Offers multiple solved examples of flexible hinges and flexible-hinge mechanisms. This book should serve as a reference to students, researchers, academics and anyone interested to investigate precision flexible-hinge mechanisms by linear model-based methods in various areas of mechanical, aerospace or biomedical engineering, as well as in robotics and micro-/nanosystems.
Component Surfaces: Manufacturing-Morphology-Property Relationships (Springer Series in Advanced Manufacturing)
by Jan C. Aurich Hans HasseThis book sheds new light on component surfaces and the scientific fundamentals of their creation, characterization, and application. The book also provides a new interdisciplinary perspective on the topic, studying component surfaces with a multiscale approach and linking fundamental and applied research. The book builds on the success of the coordinated research project funded by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) from 2011 – 2023: the CollaborativeResearch Center CRC 926 “Microscale Morphology of Component Surfaces (MI-COS)”, in which, over the years, 100+ researchers have co-operated at the University of Kaiserslautern, Germany, and affiliated institutes, yielding 500+ scientific papers in journals from different fields of science and engineering. Divided into 2 main parts, the book starts with an introduction to the concept of Manufacturing-Morphology-Property (MMP) Relationships and dives into the fundamentals and technologies, including topics such as the geometrical, microstructural, and chemical characterization, indentation, and scratching on the nanoscale, micro milling and micro grinding, cryogenic machining, cold spraying, and additive manufacturing. In the first part, readers discover more about the interactions between particles and surfaces, the interrelationship of manufacturing, surface morphology and properties of titanium, the influence of manufacturing and load conditions on the phase transformation and fatigue of austenitic stainless steels, and the influence of surface morphology on fatigue and tribological behavior of Transformation-Induced-Plasticity (TRIP)/Twinning-Induced Plasticity (TWIP) Steels. The second part of this book is devoted to the applications of component surfaces, covering topics like the manufacturing of areal material measures, MMP relationships for rotating shaft sealing systems, the influence of the surface morphology on rolling bearing life under mixed lubrication, MMP relationships for chain joints, and MMP for biofilms. Scientists and engineers who deal with the influence of surfaces on macroscopic properties of components and who are interested in designing and manufacturing these surfaces to obtain desired component properties will understand the appeal of this work. Given its interdisciplinary breadth, the book also appeals to scholars and professionals in the fields of mechanical engineering, process engineering, and physics.
Component-Based Software Engineering: Methods and Metrics
by Santosh Kumar Umesh Kumar TiwariThis book focuses on a specialized branch of the vast domain of software engineering: component-based software engineering (CBSE). Component-Based Software Engineering: Methods and Metrics enhances the basic understanding of components by defining categories, characteristics, repository, interaction, complexity, and composition. It divides the research domain of CBSE into three major sub-domains: (1) reusability issues, (2) interaction and integration issues, and (3) testing and reliability issues. This book covers the state-of-the-art literature survey of at least 20 years in the domain of reusability, interaction and integration complexities, and testing and reliability issues of component-based software engineering. The aim of this book is not only to review and analyze the previous works conducted by eminent researchers, academicians, and organizations in the context of CBSE, but also suggests innovative, efficient, and better solutions. A rigorous and critical survey of traditional and advanced paradigms of software engineering is provided in the book. Features: In-interactions and Out-Interactions both are covered to assess the complexity. In the context of CBSE both white-box and black-box testing methods and their metrics are described. This work covers reliability estimation using reusability which is an innovative method. Case studies and real-life software examples are used to explore the problems and their solutions. Students, research scholars, software developers, and software designers or individuals interested in software engineering, especially in component-based software engineering, can refer to this book to understand the concepts from scratch. These measures and metrics can be used to estimate the software before the actual coding commences.
Component-Based Systems: Estimating Efforts Using Soft Computing Techniques
by Kirti Seth Ashish Seth Aprna TripathiBusinesses today are faced with a highly competitive market and fast-changing technologies. In order to meet demanding customers’ needs, they rely on high quality software. A new field of study, soft computing techniques, is needed to estimate the efforts invested in component-based software. Component-Based Systems: Estimating Efforts Using Soft Computing Techniques is an important resource that uses computer-based models for estimating efforts of software. It provides an overview of component-based software engineering, while addressing uncertainty involved in effort estimation and expert opinions. This book will also instruct the reader how to develop mathematical models. This book is an excellent source of information for students and researchers to learn soft computing models, their applications in software management, and will help software developers, managers, and those in the industry to apply soft computing techniques to estimate efforts.
Components and Services for IoT Platforms: Paving the Way for IoT Standards
by Michael Hübner Nikolaos Voros Georgios KeramidasThis book serves as a single-source reference to the state-of-the-art in Internet of Things (IoT) platforms, services, tools, programming languages, and applications. In particular, the authors focus on IoT-related requirements such as low-power, time-to-market, connectivity, reliability, interoperability, security, and privacy. Authors discuss the question of whether we need new IoT standardization bodies or initiatives, toward a fully connected, cyber-physical world. Coverage includes the research outcomes of several, current European projects related to IoT platforms, services, APIs, tools, and applications.
Composing Fisher Kernels from Deep Neural Models: A Practitioner's Approach (SpringerBriefs in Computer Science)
by Tayyaba Azim Sarah AhmedThis book shows machine learning enthusiasts and practitioners how to get the best of both worlds by deriving Fisher kernels from deep learning models. In addition, the book shares insight on how to store and retrieve large-dimensional Fisher vectors using feature selection and compression techniques. Feature selection and feature compression are two of the most popular off-the-shelf methods for reducing data’s high-dimensional memory footprint and thus making it suitable for large-scale visual retrieval and classification. Kernel methods long remained the de facto standard for solving large-scale object classification tasks using low-level features, until the revival of deep models in 2006. Later, they made a comeback with improved Fisher vectors in 2010. However, their supremacy was always challenged by various versions of deep models, now considered to be the state of the art for solving various machine learning and computer vision tasks. Although the two research paradigms differ significantly, the excellent performance of Fisher kernels on the Image Net large-scale object classification dataset has caught the attention of numerous kernel practitioners, and many have drawn parallels between the two frameworks for improving the empirical performance on benchmark classification tasks. Exploring concrete examples on different data sets, the book compares the computational and statistical aspects of different dimensionality reduction approaches and identifies metrics to show which approach is superior to the other for Fisher vector encodings. It also provides references to some of the most useful resources that could provide practitioners and machine learning enthusiasts a quick start for learning and implementing a variety of deep learning models and kernel functions.
Composing Place: Digital Rhetorics for a Mobile World
by Jacob GreeneComposing Place takes an innovative approach to engaging with the compositional affordances of mobile technologies. Mobile, wearable, and spatial computing technologies are more than the latest marketing gimmick from a perpetually proximate future; they are rather an emerging composing platform through which digital writers will increasingly create and distribute place-based multimodal texts. Jacob Greene utilizes and develops a rhetorical framework through which writers can leverage the affordances of these technologies by drawing on theoretical approaches within rhetorical studies, multimodal composition, and spatial theory, as well as emerging “maker” practices within digital humanities and critical media studies, to show how emerging mobile technologies are poised to transform theories, practices, and pedagogies of digital writing. Greene identifies three emerging “modalities” through which mobile technologies are being used by digital writers. First, to counter dominant discourses in contested spaces; second, to historicize entrenched narratives in iconic spaces; and third, to amplify marginalized voices in mundane spaces. Through these modalities, Greene employs Indigenous philosophies and theories that upend the ways that the discipline has centered placed-based rhetorics, offering digital writers better strategies for using mobile media as a platform for civic deliberation, social advocacy, and political action. Composing Place offers close analyses of mobile media experiences created by various artists and digital media practitioners, as well as detailed overviews of Greene’s own projects (also accessible through the companion website: www.composingplace.com). These projects include a digital “countertour” of SeaWorld that demonstrates the ways in which the attraction is driven by capitalism; an augmented reality tour of Detroit’s Woodward Avenue; and a mobile advocacy project in Jacksonville, Florida, that demonstrates the inequitable effects of car-centric public infrastructure. Ultimately, by engaging with these theoretical frameworks, rhetorical design principles, and pedagogical practices of mobile writing, readers can utilize the unique affordances of mobile media in various teaching and research contexts.
Composite Construction
by David A. NethercotThe use of modern composite materials in construction offers the structural engineer and designer exciting opportunities for all types of buildings and structures. By far the most commonly used and longest established composite material is the combined use of steel and concrete in the form known in most parts of the world as 'composite construction
Composite Fabrication on Age-Hardened Alloy using Friction Stir Processing
by Sachin Maheshwari Namrata Gangil Arshad Noor SiddiqueeThis up-to-date reference text discusses the fabrication technique for strengthening of high specific strength alloys including age-hardened aluminum alloys for several industrial applications. The text presents an exhaustive overview of the materials used in the aircraft construction in general and age-hardened aluminum alloys in particular. The text discusses important concepts including surface composite fabrication using friction stir processing (FSP), FSP tools, effect of reinforcement particles, and conditions that affect strengthening during surface composite fabrication on age-hardened aluminum alloys. The text will facilitate the readers to control parameters and avoid conditions that lead to a net negative impact on the resulting composites and select the one that lead to a net gain. It will enable the readers, researchers, and professionals to plan and practice composite fabrication via FSP with a benefit of net strengthening. The understanding of specific strength of materials used in applications including aerial vehicles and manufacturing is important. The proposed text highlights importance of age-hardened alloy as one of the materials used for diverse applications. It discusses strengthening strategies of existing age-hardened aluminum alloys through composite fabrication via a solid-state FSP route. The text will help students and professionals working in the field of manufacturing, materials science, and aerospace engineering. The text discusses an important aspect of strengthening age-hardened alloy using solid-state friction stir processing for diverse applications in industries including manufacturing and aviation. It will serve as an ideal reference for graduate students, academic researchers, and professionals in the field of mechanical engineering, aerospace engineering, and materials science. It will also be helpful to the professionals working in the aviation and manufacturing industries.
Composite Materials Handbook-MIL 17, Volume I: Guidelines for Characterization of Structural Materials
by UsDeptOfDefenseThis handbook documents engineering methodologies for the development of standardized, statistically -based material property data for polymer matrix composite materials. Also provided are data summaries for a number of relevant composite material systems for which available data meets specific MIL-HNBK-17 requirements for publication. Additionall
Composite Materials Handbook-MIL 17, Volume III: Materials Usage, Design, and Analysis
by UsDeptOfDefenseThis standardization handbook has been developed and is being maintained as a joint effort of the Department of Defense and the Federal Aviation Administration. It provides guidelines and material properties for polymer (organic) and metal matrix composite materials. This handbook aims to provide a standard source of statistically-based mechanical property data, procedures, and overall materials guidelines for characterization of composite material systems. This volume provides methodologies and lessons learned for the design, manufacture, and analysis of composite structures and for utilization of the material data provided in Volume II consistent with the guidance provided in Volume I. It covers processes and effects of variability; quality control of production materials; design and analysis; structural behavior of joints and reliability; thick section composites; and supportability.
Composite Materials Processing Using Microwave Heating Technology (Composites Science and Technology)
by Suchart Siengchin Gaurav Arora Sanjay Mavinkere Rangappa Manoj Kumar Singh Sunny ZafarThis book covers all aspects of composite materials processing and manufacturing using microwave heating technology and their applications in various industrial processes. Depending in the processing and material used, the composites are divided into three major segments: Metal matrix composites (MMCS), ceramics composites (CMCS), and polymer matrix composites (PMCS), respectively. During the manufacturing process of these composite materials, conventional heating technologies are used in which the heat is transferred from the electrical resistance coils to the material via conventional modes of heat transfer. Issues like non-uniform temperature distribution, poor curing efficiency, generation of the in-process scrap, long process cycle, high energy consumption and cost make traditional manufacturing route a difficult choice to select. Recently, microwave-assisted heating has emerged as a promising route for the fabrication of composites as a cost-effective environmentally sustainablemanufacturing process that yields improved mechanical properties which is the main topic of this book. It looks into the mechanism, salient features, and important aspects of microwave heating and their interaction with different composites materials. It also presents other manufacturing processes of various composites using microwave heating during casting, drilling, recycling, sintering, material joining, surface engineering. This book will appeal to students, researchers and scientists working in the area of composite materials processing and manufacturing.
Composite Materials Technology: Neural Network Applications
by S. M. Sapuan I. M. MujtabaArtificial neural networks (ANN) can provide new insight into the study of composite materials and can normally be combined with other artificial intelligence tools such as expert system, genetic algorithm, and fuzzy logic. Because research on this field is very new, there is only a limited amount of published literature on the subject.Compiling in
Composite Materials and Joining Technologies for Composites, Volume 7: Proceedings of the 2012 Annual Conference on Experimental and Applied Mechanics (Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series #44)
by Eann Patterson Gary Cloud David BackmanComposite Materials and the First International Symposium on Joining Technologies for Composites, Volume 7: Proceedings of the 2012 Annual Conference on Experimental and Applied Mechanics represents one of seven volumes of technical papers presented at the Society for Experimental Mechanics SEM 12th International Congress & Exposition on Experimental and Applied Mechanics, held at Costa Mesa, California, June 11-14, 2012. The full set of proceedings also includes volumes on Dynamic Behavior of Materials, Challenges in Mechanics of Time -Dependent Materials and Processes in Conventional and Multifunctional Materials, Imaging Methods for Novel Materials and Challenging Applications, Experimental and Applied Mechanics, Mechanics of Biological Systems and Materials and, MEMS and Nanotechnology.