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Connecting Alaskans: Telecommunications in Alaska from Telegraph to Broadband
by Heather E. Hudson“Alaska is now open to civilization.” With those six words in 1900, the northernmost territory finally had a connection with the rest of the country. The telegraph system put in place by the US Army Signal Corps heralded the start of Alaska’s communication network. Yet, as hopeful as that message was, Alaska faced decades of infrastructure challenges as remote locations, extreme weather, and massive distances all contributed to less-than-ideal conditions for establishing reliable telecommunications. Connecting Alaskans tells the unique history of providing radio, television, phone, and Internet services to more than six hundred thousand square miles. It is a history of a place where military needs often trumped civilian ones, where ham radios offered better connections than telephone lines, and where television shows aired an entire day later than in the rest of the country. Heather E. Hudson covers more than a century of successes while clearly explaining the connection problems still faced by remote communities today. Her comprehensive history is perfect for anyone interested in telecommunications technology and history, and she provides an important template for policy makers, rural communities, and developing countries struggling to develop their own twenty-first-century infrastructure.
Connecting Canadians: Investigations in Community Informatics
by Andrew Clement Michael Gurstein Graham Longford Marita Moll Leslie Regan ShadeConnecting Canadians represents the work of the Community Research Alliance for Community Innovation and Networking (CRACIN), the largest national and international research effort to examine the burgeoning field of community informatics, a cross-disciplinary approach to the mobilization of information and communications technologies (ICT) for community change. Funded for four years by the SSHRC's Initiative for the New Economy, CRACIN systematically studied a wide variety of Canadian community ICT initiatives, bringing perspectives from sociology, computer science, critical theory, women's studies, library and information sciences, and management studies to bear on networking technologies. A comprehensive thematic account of this in-depth research, Connecting Canadians will be an essential resource for NGOs, governments, the private sector, and multilateral agencies across the globe.
Connecting Science and Engineering Education Practices in Meaningful Ways: Building Bridges (Contemporary Trends and Issues in Science Education #44)
by Leonard A. Annetta James MinogueThe need for a scientifically literate citizenry, one that is able to think critically and engage productively in the engineering design process, has never been greater. By raising engineering design to the same level as scientific inquiry the Next Generation Science Standards' (NGSS) have signaled their commitment to the integration of engineering design into the fabric of science education. This call has raised many critical questions. . . How well do these new standards represent what actually engineers do? Where do the deep connections among science and engineering practices lie? To what extent can (or even should) science and engineering practices co-exist in formal and informal educational spaces? Which of the core science concepts are best to leverage in the pursuit of coherent and compelling integration of engineering practices? What science important content may be pushed aside? This book, tackles many of these tough questions head on. All of the contributing authors consider the same core question: Given the rapidly changing landscape of science education, including the elevated status of engineering design, what are the best approaches to the effective integration of the science and engineering practices? They answered with rich descriptions of pioneering approaches, critical insights, and useful practical examples of how embodying a culture of interdisciplinarity and innovation can fuel the development of a scientifically literate citizenry . This collection of work builds traversable bridges across diverse research communities and begins to break down long standing disciplinary silos that have historically often hamstrung well-meaning efforts to bring research and practice from science and engineering together in meaningful and lasting ways.
Connecting the Dots: Environment, Health, Safety, and Sustainability
by Kathy A. Seabrook Tanis J. MarquetteUnderstand how Environment, Health & Safety (EHS) and Sustainability are interconnected and take meaningful action Global in scope, Connecting the Dots provides readers with a concise overview of how EHS and Sustainability intersect and offers immediately actionable activities to bring to their organizations in the context of worker safety, health, and wellbeing and environmental management, connecting the dots between the subject and the professional's role. Written with standalone chapters to allow readers to apply relevant topics in situ or in study as needed, each chapter follows a standard format with integrated case studies, examples, and implementation advice. Interviews with leaders in the field and real-world examples of success are included throughout the text to elucidate key concepts. This book is scalable to the size and nature of a company's operations, from a small, medium-sized enterprise to a global multinational company, it is applicable to all professionals in the field from the C-Suite to the front-line worker. The impact pathways in the Value: Creation, Assessment, Valuation and Impact Pathways chapter will be of interest to the finance department, the supply chain in the Stakeholder and Stakeholder mapping chapter will interest the procurement professional, and the sustainability strategy and decision-making roadmap chapter could be a focus for the enterprise risk team and applicable to procurement, as well as internal audit, corporate communications, investor relations and others. Written by two veteran industry EHS and sustainability leaders, coverage includes: Commonalities and differences in the international taxonomy within the EHS and sustainability disciplines, helping bridge reader understanding and communication across their company's stakeholder groups Integrated business and risk management models related to associated frameworks, standards, assessments, themes, issues, impacts, and materiality Discipline processes to operationalize concepts, and the better approach of a Future Fit, Sustainability and Business excellence mindset instead of a compliance mindset Implementation and change management, highlighting important cultural and business considerations Connecting the Dots is an essential guidance and reference resource for all professional readers, no matter where they sit in the value chain or industry sector. The text also serves as an excellent aid for advanced courses on topics such as sustainability and safety, environmental standards, and advanced safety, health and wellbeing management.
Connecting the Drops: A Citizens' Guide to Protecting Water Resources
by Karen Schneller-McdonaldThe need for improved water resource protection, beginning with grassroots action, is urgent. The water we use depends on networks of wetlands, streams, and watersheds. Land-use activities, however, are changing these natural systems. Often these changes result in ecological damage, flooding, water pollution, and reduced water supply. We need a healthy environment that sustains our personal and community health; we also need vibrant and sustainable economic development that does not destroy the benefits we derive from nature. Our ability to accomplish both depends on how well we can "connect the drops."In this book, Karen Schneller-McDonald presents the basics of water resource protection: ecology and watershed science; techniques for evaluating environmental impacts; obstacles to protection and how to overcome them; and tips for protection strategies that maximize chances for success. Schneller-McDonald makes clear the important connections among natural cycles, watersheds, and ecosystems; the benefits they provide; and how specific development activities affect water quality and supply.The methods described in Connecting the Drops have broad application in diverse geographic locations. The environmental details may differ, but the methods are the same. For water resource managers and concerned citizens alike, Connecting the Drops helps readers interpret scientific information and contextualize news media reports and industry ads--ultimately offering "how to" guidance for developing resource protection strategies.
Connecting the Nineteenth-Century World
by Roland WenzlhuemerBy the end of the nineteenth century the global telegraph network had connected all continents and brought distant people into direct communication 'at the speed of thought' for the first time. Roland Wenzlhuemer here examines the links between the development of the telegraph and the paths of globalization, and the ways in which global spaces were transformed by this technological advance. His groundbreaking approach combines cultural studies with social science methodology, including evidence based on historical GIS mapping, to shed new light on both the structural conditions of the global telegraph network and the historical agency of its users. The book reveals what it meant for people to be telegraphically connected or unconnected, how people engaged with the technology, how the use of telegraphy affected communication itself and, ultimately, whether faster communication alone can explain the central role that telegraphy occupied in nineteenth-century globalization.
Connecting Trees with People: Synergistic Strategies for Growing the Urban Forest (Future City #16)
by Naomi ZürcherWritten from the perspective of an urban forester and certified arborist, the reader will have a basic understanding of what makes a tree a tree in context to the philosophical and cultural underpinnings of Urban and Community Forestry, and learn how to implement model, time-tested global green practices and initiatives derived from citizen science.
Connecting Your Students with the Virtual World: Tools and Projects to Make Collaboration Come Alive
by Billy Krakower Jerry BlumengartenMake the most of today’s technology to give your students a more interactive, authentic, global learning experience! Connecting Your Students with the Virtual World shows you how to plan themed projects for every season, embark on virtual field trips, and get students in touch with other classrooms worldwide. This updated edition includes a key new chapter on taking video conferencing to the next level for optimal student engagement and collaboration, as well as new chapters on connecting through games and esports and connecting with parents. The book includes a wide variety of standards-based, step-by-step activities you can implement immediately.
Connecting Your Students with the World: Tools and Projects to Make Global Collaboration Come Alive, K-8
by Billy Krakower Paula Naugle Jerry BlumengartenMake the most of today’s technology to give your students a more interactive, authentic learning experience! Connecting Your Students with the World shows you how to use web tools to get K–8 students in touch with other classrooms worldwide. This book is a valuable resource to help you find and communicate with other teachers and classrooms and even design your own collaborative online projects. You’ll find out how to: Conduct videoconferencing calls to put your students in touch with classrooms around the world; Embark on Virtual Field Trips; Plan themed projects for every season, including fun holiday activities; And more! The book includes detailed instructions for each activity and connections to the Common Core, ISTE, and Next Generation Science Standards, so you can ensure that you are meeting your state’s requirements as you prepare your students to become engaged, informed, and global citizens. Additionally, a comprehensive list of online resources is available as a free download from the Routledge website at www.routledge.com/9781138902961.
Connections: Patterns Of Discovery (Connections 2 Ser.)
by James BurkeConnections is a brilliant examination of the ideas, inventions, and coincidences that have culminated in the major technological achievements of today.How did the popularity of underwear in the twelfth century lead to the invention of the printing press? How did the waterwheel evolve into the computer? How did the arrival of the cannon lead eventually to the development of movies? In this highly acclaimed and bestselling book, James Burke brilliantly examines the ideas, inventions, and coincidences that have culminated in the major technological advances of today. With dazzling insight, he untangles the pattern of interconnecting events: the accidents of time, circumstance, and place that gave rise to the major inventions of the world. Says Burke, "My purpose is to acquaint the reader with some of the forces that have caused change in the past, looking in particular at eight innovations—the computer, the production line, telecommunications, the airplane, the atomic bomb, plastics, the guided rocket, and television—which may be most influential in structuring our own futures....Each one of these is part of a family of similar devices, and is the result of a sequence of closely connected events extending from the ancient world until the present day. Each has enormous potential for humankind's benefit—or destruction." Based on a popular TV documentary series, Connections is a fascinating scientific detective story of the inventions that changed history—and the surprising links that connect them.
Connections for the Digital Age
by E. Bryan CarneExplores and analyzes past and current technologies and trends in multimedia communication Digital natives-those persons born in the digital age-have an ever-widening range of wireless-enabled devices at their disposal. They are the drivers of multimedia communications, continually seeking out the technologies and distribution channels that best match their needs. This book outlines the changes in telecommunications that are occurring to meet these needs. It addresses the continually increasing requirement to provide connections that make the electronic encounter as natural and convenient as possible, exploring the vast assortment of devices that exist as part of everyday living for digital natives. Featuring precise diagrams and tables to illustrate the evolving environment, the book begins by describing the competitive interactions of telephone, cable TV, and cellular mobile companies in providing services and content. It outlines the creation of digital multimedia streams and how they are transported, explains what multimedia connections are available, and summarizes the activities of competitors while providing an overview of their markets and customer statistics. This book uniquely covers wireline, optical fiber, cable, and wireless access methods, explaining the coding required to create digital streams. It combines ethernet with provider bridging and multi-protocol label switching and highlights the necessity to serve legacy streams. In addition, the book addresses controversial issue: will incumbent communications providers ever overtake Internet as the chief source of digital feeds and popular contents? Featuring extensive references and a glossary of multimedia terms, Connections for the Digital Age is written for digital natives and other persons with an interest in multimedia communications; industrial, commercial, and financial managers; engineers; software professionals and Internet specialists; and students at technical schools and universities.
Connections in Steel Structures: Behaviour, strength and design
by Reidar Bjorhovde Jacques Brozzetii Andre ColsonThis book is the Proceedings of a State-of-the-Art Workshop on Connenctions and the Behaviour, Strength and Design of Steel Structures held at Laboratoire de Mecanique et Technologie, Ecole Normale, Cachan France from 25th to 27th May 1987. It contains the papers presented at the above proceedings and is split into eight main sections covering: Local Analysis of Joints, Mathematical Models, Classification, Frame Analysis, Frame Stability and Simplified Methods, Design Requirements, Data Base Organisation, Research and Development Needs. With papers from 50 international contributors this text will provide essential reading for all those involved with steel structures.
Connections Management Strategies in Satellite Cellular Networks
by Malek Benslama Wassila Kiamouche Hadj BatatiaThis book provides a novel method based on advantages ofmobility model of Low Earth Orbit Mobile Satellite System LEO MSSwhich allows the evaluation of instant of subsequent handover of aMS even if its location is unknown. This method is then utilized topropose two prioritized handover schemes, Pseudo Last UsefulInstant PLUI strategy and Dynamic Channel Reservation DCR-likescheme based respectively on LUI and DCR schemes, previouslyproposed in literature. The authors also approach a differentaspect of handover problem: calls with short durations dropped dueto a handover failure. We propose a decision system based on fuzzylogic Rescuing System that allows the rescue of calls with shortdurations facing a premature at the expense of those lasting forlong durations.
Connectivity and Edge Computing in IoT: Customized Designs and AI-based Solutions (Wireless Networks)
by Jie Gao Mushu Li Weihua ZhuangThis book covers connectivity and edge computing solutions for representative Internet of Things (IoT) use cases, including industrial IoT, rural IoT, Internet of Vehicles (IoV), and mobile virtual reality (VR). Based on their unique characteristics and requirements, customized solutions are designed with targets such as supporting massive connections or seamless mobility and achieving low latency or high energy efficiency. Meanwhile, the book highlights the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in future IoT networks and showcases AI-based connectivity and edge computing solutions. The solutions presented in this book serve the overall purpose of facilitating an increasingly connected and intelligent world. The potential benefits of the solutions include increased productivity in factories, improved connectivity in rural areas, enhanced safety for vehicles, and enriched entertainment experiences for mobile users. Featuring state-of-the-art research in the IoT field, this book can help answer the question of how to connect billions of diverse devices and enable seamless data collection and processing in future IoT. The content also provides insights regarding the significance of customizing use case-specific solutions as well as approaches of using various AI methods to empower IoT. This book targets researchers and graduate students working in the areas of electrical engineering, computing engineering, and computer science as a secondary textbook or reference. Professionals in industry who work in the field of IoT will also find this book useful.
The Connectivity of Innovation in the Construction Industry (Spon Research)
by Chris Harty Malena Ingemansson Havenvid Åse Linné Lena E. BygballeThe construction industry is currently experiencing accelerating developments concerning societal demands along with project complexity, internationalization and digitalization. In an attempt to grasp the consequences of these demands on productivity and innovation, this edited book addresses how innovation is likely to take place with a more long-term perspective on the construction sector. While existing literature focuses on organizational discontinuity and fragmentation as the main reasons for the apparent lack of innovation in the industry, this book highlights the connectivity of construction actors, resources and activities as fundamental for understanding how innovation takes place.Through 15 empirically grounded chapters, the book shows how innovation is part of construction processes on various levels, including project, firm and industry, and that these innovation processes are characterized by organizational and technological connectivity over time. Written by European business management scholars, the chapters cover empirical cases and examples from both a multi-organizational and a multi-international perspective in terms of covering the viewpoints of different industry actors and the contexts of several different European countries including: Sweden, Norway, the UK, Italy, France, Hungary and Poland. By illustrating how connectivity is part of innovation processes in the creation of single-product innovations, of various innovations within and across projects, as well as a fundamental aspect of the processes in which innovations cross nations, the book provides a new angle on how to understand construction innovation and where the industry might (or needs to) be heading next. This book is essential reading for anyone interested in construction management, project management, engineering management, innovation studies, business and management studies.
Connexity: How to Live in a Connected World
by Geoff MulganCONNEXITY is the philosophical counterpart to Will Hutton's essentially political book. It looks at the profound tension that exists between two recent achievements of humanity: greater freedom (over how to live, who to love, what to believe and say, where to trade), and greater interdependence, or 'connexity' (through the financial markets, military structures, the internet, the ecosystem). This tension has led to crisis: institutions, including governments, sense themselves to be inadequate; individuals are faced with a mass of conflicting information and values. The issue we face, which will ultimately determine human survival in our densely packed planet, is how the tension between these two can be resolved, and a new order established. Mulgan presents his own powerful solution to this crisis. It is based around the notion of 'connexity': breaking down our rigid sense of ourselves as isolated units and seeing our lives as part of a system, a positive network of co-responsibility.
Conowingo Dam (Images of America)
by Erin E. Paulson John R. PaulsonSecond in size only to the massive hydroelectric works at Niagara Falls, the Conowingo Dam across the Susquehanna River was celebrated as a miraculous feat of modern engineering when it opened in 1928. The dam was built with astonishing speed and efficiency and completed on budget and ahead of schedule, and its generators came on line at the very crescendo of the Roaring Twenties, when the race toward electrification was changing American life. The hydro dams of the Tennessee Valley Authority, the Bonneville and Grand Coulee Dams in the Pacific Northwest, and the great colossus of Hoover Dam were all constructed in the next two decades, but handsome, indomitable Conowingo Dam preceded them all and remains in effective operation to this very day.
The Conquest of Viruses: A History of Viral Vaccines
by Van G. WilsonThis book guides through the fascinating history of viral vaccines, from the first primitive smallpox vaccination in the 18th century to the cutting-edge RSV formulation approved in 2023. Each chapter delves into the scientific, clinical, and social forces that led to the development of these life-saving medical innovations, highlighting the scientists who played pivotal roles. With a focus on making complex science accessible and history engaging, this book offers a comprehensive portrayal of virology, vaccinology and the interplay between science and society in shaping public health. Readers will explore key concepts such as the evolution of vaccine technology over time, from cowpox material to mRNA vaccines, and a wide array of other topics, including the eradication of diseases through vaccines, the challenges of immunization against influenza, and the revolutionary impact of COVID-19 vaccination. The author, microbiologist Professor Wilson, provides expert analysis on how sociological factors influenced vaccine progress and gets to the bottom of the question of why there is still no vaccine for some critical diseases. This book is a must-read for anyone with an interest in viruses and vaccines. Whether you're a researcher or simply fascinated by medical history, this book promises to be both informative and entertaining.
Consciousness, Cognition and Crosstalk: The Evolutionary Exaptation of Nonergodic Groupoid Symmetry-Breaking (SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology)
by Rodrick WallaceThis book makes application to the dynamics of arousal and distraction, and to other examples. A modified version of the Kadanoff picture of phase transitions in consciousness emerges from the Morse Function itself in a surprisingly standard manner, closely associated with the breaking of groupoid symmetries driven by fundamental equivalence class algebras. Although this is far indeed from the familiar world of physical theory, it should be possible, on the basis of the probability models developed in the book, to develop new statistical tools for the analysis of observational and empirical data regarding cognition and consciousness.
Consejos Profesionales de Línea de Comando Bash
by Jason Cannon Andrés ParraudSi alguna vez te has dicho: "Tiene que haber una mejor forma de hacer esto", sigue leyendo. Como alguien que ha utilizado el Shell Bash casi a diario durante más de 15 años, he acumulado varios "trucos" de línea de comandos que me han ahorrado tiempo y frustraciones. Consejos Profesionales de Línea de Comando Bash es una colección de 10 técnicas que puedes comenzar a utilizar inmediatamente para mejorar tu eficiencia en la línea de comando. Esto es lo que aprenderás leyendo Consejos Profesionales de Línea de Comando Bash: Consejo 1: Autocompletar Consejo 2: Cambiar al Directorio Anterior Consejo 3: Reutilizar el Último Ítem de la Línea Anterior Consejo 4: Volver a Ejecutar un Comando que comienza con una Cadena dada Consejo 5: Sustitución de Comando Consejo 6: Usar un Bucle for en la Línea de Comando Consejo 7: Volver a Ejecutar el Comando Anterior con Privilegios de Root Consejo 8: Volver a Ejecutar el Comando Anterior Sustituyendo una Cadena Consejo 9: Reutilizar una Palabra en la Misma Línea de Comando Consejo 10: Corregir Errores y Acortar Comandos Largos con Alias
Consensual Illusion: The Mind in Virtual Reality (Cognitive Systems Monographs #44)
by Vanja KljajevicThis book is inspired by the contemporary fascination with virtual reality and growing presence of this type of technology in everyday life. It explores the ways in which virtual reality evokes illusory transformation responses. The power of virtual reality is in making the mediation by technology in these experiences appear irrelevant to cognitive processes, so much so that it is often assumed that skills acquired in virtual environments are generally transferable to the physical world. However, cognition is affected by virtual reality technology, which is reflected in issues related to virtual embodiment, choice of spatial strategies, differences in neural and electrophysiological patterns associated with movement processing when navigating virtual vs. physical environments, and, at least to some extent, in virtual proxemics. In addition to spatial cognition, the book explores the sense of self in virtual reality, social interaction and virtual togetherness, action and motor cognition, calling to mind debates from philosophy, psychology, and cognitive neuroscience.
Consensus and Synchronization in Complex Networks (Understanding Complex Systems)
by Ljupco KocarevIn this book for the first time two scientific fields - consensus formation and synchronization of communications - are presented together and examined through their interrelational aspects, of rapidly growing importance. Both fields have indeed attracted enormous research interest especially in relation to complex networks. In networks of dynamic systems (or agents), consensus means to reach an agreement regarding a certain quantity of interest that depends on the state of all dynamical systems (agents). Consensus problems have a long history in control theory and computer sciences, and form the foundation of the field of distributed computing. Synchronization, which defines correlated-in-time behavior between different processes and roots going back to Huygens to the least, is now a highly popular, exciting and rapidly developing topic, with applications ranging from biological networks to mathematical epidemiology, and from processing information in the brain to engineering of communications devices. The book reviews recent finding in both fields and describes novel approaches to consensus formation, where consensus is realized as an instance of the nonlinear dynamics paradigm of chaos synchronization. The chapters are written by world-known experts in both fields and cover topics ranging from fundaments to various applications of consensus and synchronization.
Consensus Over Switching Network Topology: Characterizing System Parameters and Joint Connectivity (Studies in Systems, Decision and Control #393)
by Jiahu Qin Qichao Ma Huijun Gao Wei Xing Zheng Yu KangThis book aims to extend existing works on consensus of multi-agent systems systematically. The agents to be considered range from double integrators to generic linear systems. The primary goal is to explicitly characterize how agent parameters, which reflect both self-dynamics and inner coupling of each agent, and switching network topologies jointly influence the collective behaviors. A series of necessary and/or sufficient conditions for exponential consensus are derived. The contents of this book are as follows. Chapter 1 provides the background and briefly reviews the advances of consensus of multi-agent systems. Chapter 2 addresses the consensus problem of double integrators over directed switching network topologies. It is proven that exponential consensus can be secured under very mild conditions incorporating the damping gain and network topology. Chapter 3 considers generic linear systems with undirected switching network topologies. Necessary and sufficient conditions on agent parameters and connectivity of the communication graph for exponential consensus are provided. Chapter 4 furthers the study of consensus for multiple generic linear systems by considering directed switching network topologies. How agent parameters and joint connectivity work together for reaching consensus is characterized from an algebraic and geometric view. Chapter 5 extends the design and analysis methodology to containment control problem, where there exist multiple leaders. A novel analysis framework from the perspective of state transition matrix is developed. This framework relates containment to consensus and overcomes the difficulty of construction of a containment error.This book serves as a reference to the main research issues and results on consensus of multi-agent systems. Some prerequisites for reading this book include linear system theory, matrix theory, mathematics, and so on.
Consensus Problem of Delayed Linear Multi-agent Systems: Analysis and Design (SpringerBriefs in Electrical and Computer Engineering)
by Fei Liu Cheng-Lin LiuIn the context of coupled-coordination control mechanisms, this book focuses on the delay robustness of consensus problems with asynchronously coupled and synchronously coupled consensus algorithms respectively. Moreover, constructive consensus algorithms that tolerate larger communication delays are proposed according to idea of compensation. By providing rigorous theoretical proofs and numerous numerical simulations, it enhances readers' understanding of the consensus coordination control mechanism of multi-agent systems with communication delays.
Consequences of Combinatorial Studies of Positive Electrodes for Li-ion Batteries (Springer Theses)
by Eric MccallaLi-Co-Mn-Ni oxides have been of extreme interest as potential positive electrode materials for next generation Li-ion batteries Though many promising materials have been discovered and studied extensively, much debate remains in the literature about the structures of these materials. There is no consensus as to whether the lithium-rich layered materials are single-phase or form a layered-layered composite on the few nanometer length-scales. Much of this debate came about because no phase diagrams existed to describe these systems under the synthesis conditions used to make electrode materials Detailed in this thesis are the complete Li-Co-Mn-O and Li-Mn-Ni-O phase diagrams generated by way of the combinatorial synthesis of mg-scale samples at over five hundred compositions characterized with X-ray diffraction Selected bulk samples were used to confirm that the findings are relevant to synthesis conditions used commercially The results help resolve a number of points of confusion and contradiction in the literature Amongst other important findings, the compositions and synthesis conditions giving rise to layered-layered nano-composites are presented and electrochemical results are used to show how better electrode materials can be achieved by making samples in the single phase-layered regions.