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Showing 14,801 through 14,825 of 72,115 results

Control and Dynamics in Power Systems and Microgrids

by Lingling Fan

In traditional power system dynamics and control books, the focus is on synchronous generators. Within current industry, where renewable energy, power electronics converters, and microgrids arise, the related system-level dynamics and control need coverage. Wind energy system dynamics and microgrid system control are covered. The text also offers insight to using programming examples, state-of-the-art control design tools, and advanced control concepts to explain traditional power system dynamics and control. The reader will gain knowledge of dynamics and control in both synchronous generator-based power system and power electronic converter enabled renewable energy systems, as well as microgrids.

Control and Estimation Methods over Communication Networks

by Magdi S. Mahmoud

This book provides a rigorous framework in which to study problems in the analysis, stability and design of networked control systems. Four dominant sources of difficulty are considered: packet dropouts, communication bandwidth constraints, parametric uncertainty, and time delays. Past methods and results are reviewed from a contemporary perspective, present trends are examined, and future possibilities proposed. Emphasis is placed on robust and reliable design methods. New control strategies for improving the efficiency of sensor data processing and reducing associated time delay are presented. The coverage provided features: · an overall assessment of recent and current fault-tolerant control algorithms; · treatment of several issues arising at the junction of control and communications; · key concepts followed by their proofs and efficient computational methods for their implementation; and · simulation examples (including TrueTime simulations) to provide hands-on experience. In addition to the theoretical coverage, the author describes a number of applications that demonstrate the real-world relevance of this material, and these include: · a servo system; · a triple inverted pendulum; · power system control; · wireless control of a cart with inverted pendulum and wireless servo application with emphasis on controller area networks; and · switched ethernet and wireless area networks. Researchers and graduate students working in networked and distributed control will find this text a useful guide in avoiding and ameliorating common and serious problems with these systems. The increasing prevalence of networks in many fields of engineering will make Control and Estimation Methods over Communication Networks of interest to practitioners with backgrounds in communications, process engineering, robotics, power, automotive and other areas.

Control and Filter Design of Single-Phase Grid-Connected Converters

by Henry S. Chung Yuanbin He Min Huang Weimin Wu Frede Blaabjerg

Control and Filter Design of Single-Phase Grid-Connected Converters A state-of-the-art discussion of modern grid inverters In Control and Filter Design of Single-Phase Grid-Connected Converters, a team of distinguished researchers deliver a robust and authoritative treatment of critical distributed power generation technologies, grid-connected inverter designs, and renewable energy utilization. The book includes detailed explanations of the system structure of distributed generation (DG)-grid interface converters and the methods of controlling DG-grid interface voltage source converters (VSCs) with high-order filters. The authors also explore the challenges and obstacles associated with modern power electronic grid-connected inverter control technology and introduce some designed systems that meet these challenges, such as the grid impedance canceller. Readers will discover demonstrations of basic principles, guidelines, examples, and design and simulation programs for grid-connected inverters based on LCL/LLCL technology. They will also find: A thorough introduction to the architectures of DG-grid interfacing converters, including the challenges of controlling DG-grid interfacing VSCs with high-order filters Comprehensive explorations of the control structure and modulation techniques of single-phase grid-tied inverters Practical discussions of an LLCL power filter for single-phase grid-tied inverters Fulsome treatments of design methods of passive damping for LCL/LLCL-filtered grid-tied inverters Perfect for researchers, postgraduate students, and senior level undergraduate students of electrical engineering, Control and Filter Design of Single-Phase Grid-Connected Converters will also benefit research & development engineers involved with the design and manufacture of power electronic inverters.

Control and Filtering of Fuzzy Systems Under Communication Channels

by Xiao-Heng Chang Jun Xiong Zhi-Min Li Bo Wu

This book systematically studies the feedback control and filtering problems for nonlinear plants with limited communication channels based on T-S fuzzy models. By fully considering different network-induced phenomena, such as signal quantizations, time-delays, data packet dropouts, communication protocols, cyber attacks, and so on, some significant strategies are provided for various performance analysis and different controller/filter synthesis of fuzzy systems. The event-triggered mechanism is also mentioned to save the communication resource. Moreover, some results are extended to the fault detection and fault-tolerant control. The book provides some new methodologies in analysis and synthesis of fuzzy systems under communication channels, and can serve as a valuable reference material for researchers wishing to explore the area of control and filtering of fuzzy systems and networked systems.

Control and Filtering of Fuzzy Systems with Switched Parameters (Studies in Systems, Decision and Control #268)

by Shanling Dong Zheng-Guang Wu Peng Shi

This book presents recent advances in control and filter design for Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy systems with switched parameters. Thanks to its powerful ability in transforming complicated nonlinear systems into a set of linear subsystems, the T-S fuzzy model has received considerable attention from those the field of control science and engineering. Typical applications of T-S fuzzy systems include communication networks, and mechanical and power electronics systems. Practical systems often experience abrupt variations in their parameters or structures due to outside disturbances or component failures, and random switching mechanisms have been used to model these stochastic changes, such as the Markov jump principle. There are three general types of controller/filter for fuzzy Markov jump systems: mode-independent, mode-dependent and asynchronous. Mode-independence does not focus on whether modes are accessible and ignores partially useful mode information, which results in some conservatism. The mode-dependent design approach relies on timely, complete and correct information regarding the mode of the studied plant. Factors like component failures and data dropouts often make it difficult to obtain exact mode messages, which further make the mode-dependent controllers/filters less useful. Recently, to overcome these issues, researchers have focused on asynchronous techniques. Asynchronous modes are accessed by observing the original systems based on certain probabilities. The book investigates the problems associated with controller/filter design for all three types. It also considers various networked constraints, such as data dropouts and time delays, and analyzes the performances of the systems based on Lyapunov function and matrix inequality techniques, including the stochastic stability, dissipativity, and $H_\infty$. The book not only shows how these approaches solve the control and filtering problems effectively, but also offers potential meaningful research directions and ideas. Covering a variety of fields, including continuous-time and discrete-time Markov processes, fuzzy systems, robust control, and filter design problems, the book is primarily intended for researchers in system and control theory, and is also a valuable reference resource for graduate and undergraduate students. Further, it provides cases of fuzzy control problems that are of interest to scientists, engineers and researchers in the field of intelligent control. Lastly it is useful for advanced courses focusing on fuzzy modeling, analysis, and control.

Control and Information Sciences: Select Proceedings of CISCON 2022 (Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering #1140)

by V. I. George K. V. Santhosh Samavedham Lakshminarayanan

This book presents the select peer-reviewed proceedings of the Control Instrumentation and System Conference (CISCON 2022) held at Manipal Institute of Technology, MAHE, Manipal. It examines a wide spectrum covering the latest trends in the fields of instrumentation, sensors and systems, and industrial automation and control. The topics covered include image and signal processing, robotics, renewable energy, power systems, and power drives, performance attributes of MEMS, multi-sensor data fusion, machine learning, optimization techniques, process control, safety monitoring, safety-critical control, supervisory control, system modeling and virtual instrumentation. The book is a valuable reference for researchers and professionals interested in sensors, adaptive control, automation and control, and allied fields.

Control and Information Sciences: Select Proceedings of CISCON 2023 (Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering #1236)

by I. Thirunavukkarasu Roshan Kumar

This book presents the select proceedings of the Control Instrumentation and System Conference (CISCON 2023) held at Manipal Institute of Technology, MAHE, Manipal. It examines a broad spectrum covering the latest trends in instrumentation, sensors and systems, and industrial automation and control. The topics covered include image and signal processing, robotics, renewable energy, power systems, and power drives, performance attributes of MEMS, multi-sensor data fusion, machine learning, optimization techniques, process control, safety monitoring, safety-critical control, supervisory control, system modeling, and virtual instrumentation. The book is a valuable reference for researchers and professionals interested in sensors, adaptive management, automation and control, and allied fields.

Control and Management of Pests in Stored Products

by Digvir S. Jayas

Stored commodities are man-made ecosystems and interactions of biological agents with its surrounding physical environment could result in significant economic losses if physical environment is not manipulated to make it lethal or at least difficult for survival of biological agents. Control and Management of Pests in Stored Products is based on 18 invited presentations by world-renowned experts on topics of relevance to control and manage pests in stored products. Each chapter synthesizes the state-of-art knowledge on the selected topics dealing with fumigation, fumigants, and other methods of controlling insects such as low temperature, diatomaceous earth, integrated pest management and provides recommendations for future research. It also includes two chapters on practical aspects of fumigation dealing with engineering considerations and safety. The contents of the chapters were presented as the keynote addresses at the International Conference on Controlled Atmosphere and Fumigation in Stored Products.This book serves as a reference book for graduate students, researchers, and facility managers, and can also be useful as a textbook for courses dealing with aspects of grain storage for students in agricultural engineering, agricultural entomology and food science.

Control and Measurement Applications for Smart Grid: Select Proceedings of SGESC 2021 (Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering #822)

by Sukumar Mishra Sathans Suhag Chitralekha Mahanta

The book contains select proceedings of the International Conference on Smart Grid Energy Systems and Control (SGESC 2021). The proceedings is divided into 03 volumes, and this volume focuses on adaptive control and intelligent sensors, wide-area measurements, and applications in the smart grid. This book includes papers on topics such as SMART sensors, vision sensors, sensor fusion, wireless sensors, and the internet of things, MEMS, Mechatronics, Remote sensing, telemetry, and its applications in automated vehicle control. This book is a unique collection of chapters from different areas with a common theme and will be immensely useful to academic researchers and practitioners in the industry.

Control and Mechatronics: The Industrial Electronics Handbook (Industrial Electronics Ser.)

by J. David Irwin Bogdan M. Wilamowski

The Industrial Electronics Handbook, Second Edition combines traditional and newer, more specialized knowledge that will help industrial electronics engineers develop practical solutions for the design and implementation of high-power applications. Embracing the broad technological scope of the field, this collection explores fundamental areas, including analog and digital circuits, electronics, electromagnetic machines, signal processing, and industrial control and communications systems. It also facilitates the use of intelligent systems—such as neural networks, fuzzy systems, and evolutionary methods—in terms of a hierarchical structure that makes factory control and supervision more efficient by addressing the needs of all production components. Enhancing its value, this fully updated collection presents research and global trends as published in the IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics Journal, one of the largest and most respected publications in the field. Control and Mechatronics presents concepts of control theory in a way that makes them easily understandable and practically useful for engineers or students working with control system applications. Focusing more on practical applications than on mathematics, this book avoids typical theorems and proofs and instead uses plain language and useful examples to: Concentrate on control system analysis and design, comparing various techniques Cover estimation, observation, and identification of the objects to be controlled—to ensure accurate system models before production Explore the various aspects of robotics and mechatronics Other volumes in the set: Fundamentals of Industrial Electronics Power Electronics and Motor Drives Industrial Communication Systems Intelligent Systems

Control and Monitoring of Chemical Batch Reactors (Advances in Industrial Control)

by Vincenzo Tufano Francesco Pierri Fabrizio Caccavale Mario Iamarino

The Chemical Batch Reactor is aimed at tackling the above problems from a blending of academic and industrial perspectives. Advanced solutions (i.e., those based on recent research results) to the four fundamental problems of modeling, identification, control and fault diagnosis for batch processes are developed in detail in four distinct chapters. In each chapter, a general overview of foundational concepts is also given, together with a review of recent and classical literature on the various subjects. To provide a unitary treatment of the different topics and give a firm link to the underlying practical applications, a single case study is developed as the book progresses; a batch process of industrial interest, i.e., the phenol-formaldehyde reaction for the production of phenolic resins, is adopted to test the various techniques developed. In this way, a roadmap of the solutions to fundamental problems, ranging from the early stages of the production process to the complete design of control and diagnosis systems, is provided for both industrial practitioners and academic researchers.

Control and Operation of Grid-Connected Wind Energy Systems (Green Energy and Technology)

by Ali M. Eltamaly Almoataz Y. Abdelaziz Ahmed G. Abo-Khalil

This edited book analyses and discusses the current issues of integration of wind energy systems in the power systems. It collects recent studies in the area, focusing on numerous issues including unbalanced grid voltages, low-voltage ride-through and voltage stability of the grid. It also explores the impact of the emerging technologies of wind turbines and power converters in the integration of wind power systems in power systems. This book utilizes the editors’ expertise in the energy sector to provide a comprehensive text that will be of interest to researchers, graduate students and industry professionals.

Control and Operation of Grid-Connected Wind Farms: Major Issues, Contemporary Solutions, and Open Challenges (Advances in Industrial Control)

by John N. Jiang Choon Yik Tang Rama G. Ramakumar

From the point of view of grid integration and operation, this monograph advances the subject of wind energy control from the individual-unit to the wind-farm level. The basic objectives and requirements for successful integration of wind energy with existing power grids are discussed, followed by an overview of the state of the art, proposed solutions and challenges yet to be resolved. At the individual-turbine level, a nonlinear controller based on feedback linearization, uncertainty estimation and gradient-based optimization is shown robustly to control both active and reactive power outputs of variable-speed turbines with doubly-fed induction generators. Heuristic coordination of the output of a wind farm, represented by a single equivalent turbine with energy storage to optimize and smooth the active power output is presented. A generic approximate model of wind turbine control developed using system identification techniques is proposed to advance research and facilitate the treatment of control issues at the wind-farm level. A supervisory wind-farm controller is then introduced with a view to maximizing and regulating active power output under normal operating conditions and unusual contingencies. This helps to make the individual turbines cooperate in such as way that the overall output of the farm accurately tracks a reference and/or is statistically as smooth as possible to improve grid reliability. The text concludes with an overall discussion of the promise of advanced wind-farm control techniques in making wind an economic energy source and beneficial influence on grid performance. The challenges that warrant further research are succinctly enumerated. Control and Operation of Grid-Connected Wind Farms is primarily intended for researchers from a systems and control background wishing to apply their expertise to the area of wind-energy generation. At the same time, coverage of contemporary solutions to fundamental operational problems will benefit power/energy engineers endeavoring to promote wind as a reliable and clean source of electrical power.

Control and Optimization Based on Network Communication

by Xi-Ming Sun Kun-Zhi Liu Xue-Fang Wang Andrew R. Teel

This book considers the problems of network-based control and optimization. As is known, network-based control has great advantages over traditional control systems because it may lead to easy installation and maintenance, low cost, and so on. Sometimes, network-based control is also necessary in many situations. For example, multi-agents may need to communicate with each other under wireless scenarios. On the other hand, the network may lead to some imperfect factors such as samplings, delays, transmission protocols, and packet losses. These factors may degrade the system performance and even lead to the instability of the control systems.This book aims at providing a modeling framework and analysis approach for the general nonlinear networked control systems based on the hybrid framework. The proposed results deal with very general nonlinear systems and help the readers understand the principle of nonlinear network-based control and optimization.

Control and Optimization Methods for Complex System Resilience (Studies in Systems, Decision and Control #478)

by Chao Zhai

This book provides a systematic framework to enhance the ability of complex dynamical systems in risk identification, security assessment, system protection, and recovery with the assistance of advanced control and optimization technologies. By treating external disturbances as control inputs, optimal control approach is employed to identify disruptive disturbances, and online security assessment is conducted with Gaussian process and converse Lyapunov function. Model predictive approach and distributed optimization strategy are adopted to protect the complex system against critical contingencies. Moreover, the reinforcement learning method ensures the efficient restoration of complex systems from severe disruptions. This book is meant to be read and studied by researchers and graduates. It offers unique insights and practical methodology into designing and analyzing complex dynamical systems for resilience elevation.

Control and Optimization Methods for Electric Smart Grids: Control And Optimization Methods For Electric Smart Grids (Power Electronics and Power Systems #3)

by Aranya Chakrabortty Marija D. Ilić

Control and Optimization Methods for Electric Smart Grids brings together leading experts in power, control and communication systems, and consolidates some of the most promising recent research in smart grid modeling, control and optimization in hopes of laying the foundation for future advances in this critical field of study. The contents comprise eighteen essays addressing wide varieties of control-theoretic problems for tomorrow's power grid. Topics covered include control architectures for power system networks with large-scale penetration of renewable energy and plug-in vehicles, optimal demand response, new modeling methods for electricity markets, cyber-security,data analysis and wide-area control using synchronized phasor measurements.

Control and Optimization of Distributed Generation Systems (Power Systems)

by Magdi S. Mahmoud Fouad M. AL-Sunni

This text is an introduction to the use of control in distributed power generation. It shows the reader how reliable control can be achieved so as to realize the potential of small networks of diverse energy sources, either singly or in coordination, for meeting concerns of energy cost, energy security and environmental protection. The book demonstrates how such microgrids, interconnecting groups of generating units and loads within a local area, can be an effective means of balancing electrical supply and demand. It takes advantage of the ability to connect and disconnect microgrids from the main body of the power grid to give flexibility in response to special events, planned or unplanned. In order to capture the main opportunities for expanding the power grid and to present the plethora of associated open problems in control theory Control and Optimization of Distributed Generation Systems is organized to treat three key themes, namely: system architecture and integration; modelling and analysis; and communications and control. Each chapter makes use of examples and simulations and appropriate problems to help the reader study. Tools helpful to the reader in accessing the mathematical analysis presented within the main body of the book are given in an appendix. Control and Optimization of Distributed Generation Systems will enable readers new to the field of distributed power generation and networked control, whether experienced academic migrating from another field or graduate student beginning a research career, to familiarize themselves with the important points of the control and regulation of microgrids. It will also be useful for practising power engineers wishing to keep abreast of changes in power grids necessitated by the diversification of generating methods.

Control and Safety Analysis of Intensified Chemical Processes

by Gade Pandu Rangaiah Dipesh Shikchand Patle

Control and Safety Analysis of Intensified Chemical Processes Resource on the control and safety analysis of intensified chemical processes, ranging from general methods to specific applications Control and Safety Analysis of Intensified Chemical Processes covers the basic principles of and recent developments in control and safety analysis of intensified chemical processes, ranging from dynamic simulations and safety analysis to the design and control of important processes. The text discusses general methods and tools such as dynamic simulation, control and safety analysis as well as design aspects and analysis of important applications in order to provide scientists and engineers with an understanding of the design, control and safety considerations involved in intensified chemical processes. Sample topics covered in Control and Safety Analysis of Intensified Chemical Processes include: Simulation and optimization methods, common programs and simulators for simulation and optimization, and interfacing of simulators and optimizers Programs/simulators for dynamic simulation and control, tuning of controllers, and popular criteria for control assessment Control of a hybrid reactive-extractive distillation systems for ternary azeotropic mixtures, reactive distillation in recycle systems, and middle vessel batch distillation with vapor recompression Safety analysis of intensified processes (e.g. extractive distillation, dividing wall column, dividing wall column with mechanical vapor recompression, and algal biodiesel process) A comprehensive resource on the subject, Control and Safety Analysis of Intensified Chemical Processes is a highly valuable reference for researchers, students and practitioners interested in process intensification and their applications. The text can be adopted by instructors for use in advanced courses on process control and safety.

Control and State Estimation for Dynamical Network Systems with Complex Samplings

by Bo Shen Zidong Wang Qi Li

This book focuses on the control and state estimation problems for dynamical network systems with complex samplings subject to various network-induced phenomena. It includes a series of control and state estimation problems tackled under the passive sampling fashion. Further, it explains the effects from the active sampling fashion, i.e., event-based sampling is examined on the control/estimation performance, and novel design technologies are proposed for controllers/estimators. Simulation results are provided for better understanding of the proposed control/filtering methods. By drawing on a variety of theories and methodologies such as Lyapunov function, linear matrix inequalities, and Kalman theory, sufficient conditions are derived for guaranteeing the existence of the desired controllers and estimators, which are parameterized according to certain matrix inequalities or recursive matrix equations. Covers recent advances of control and state estimation for dynamical network systems with complex samplings from the engineering perspective Systematically introduces the complex sampling concept, methods, and application for the control and state estimation Presents unified framework for control and state estimation problems of dynamical network systems with complex samplings Exploits a set of the latest techniques such as linear matrix inequality approach, Vandermonde matrix approach, and trace derivation approach Explains event-triggered multi-rate fusion estimator, resilient distributed sampled-data estimator with predetermined specifications This book is aimed at researchers, professionals, and graduate students in control engineering and signal processing.

Control and System Theory of Discrete-Time Stochastic Systems (Communications and Control Engineering)

by Jan H. van Schuppen

This book helps students, researchers, and practicing engineers to understand the theoretical framework of control and system theory for discrete-time stochastic systems so that they can then apply its principles to their own stochastic control systems and to the solution of control, filtering, and realization problems for such systems. Applications of the theory in the book include the control of ships, shock absorbers, traffic and communications networks, and power systems with fluctuating power flows.The focus of the book is a stochastic control system defined for a spectrum of probability distributions including Bernoulli, finite, Poisson, beta, gamma, and Gaussian distributions. The concepts of observability and controllability of a stochastic control system are defined and characterized. Each output process considered is, with respect to conditions, represented by a stochastic system called a stochastic realization. The existence of a control law is related to stochastic controllability while the existence of a filter system is related to stochastic observability. Stochastic control with partial observations is based on the existence of a stochastic realization of the filtration of the observed process.​

Control Applications in Modern Power System: Select Proceedings of EPREC 2020 (Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering #710)

by Arun Kumar Singh Manoj Tripathy

This book presents select proceedings of the Electric Power and Renewable Energy Conference 2020 (EPREC 2020). This book provides rigorous discussions, case studies, and recent developments in emerging areas of control systems, especially, load frequency control, wide-area monitoring, control & instrumentation, optimization, intelligent control, energy management system, SCADA systems, etc. The contents of this book will be useful to researchers and professionals interested in control theory and its applications to power grids and systems. The book can also be used by policy makers and power engineers involved in power generation and distribution.

Control Applications in Modern Power Systems: Select Proceedings of EPREC 2021 (Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering #870)

by Jitendra Kumar Manoj Tripathy Premalata Jena

The volume contains peer-reviewed proceedings of EPREC 2021 with a focus on control applications in the modern power system. The book includes original research and case studies that present recent developments in the control system, especially load frequency control, wide-area monitoring, control & instrumentation, optimization, intelligent control, energy management system, SCADA systems, etc. The book will be a valuable reference guide for beginners, researchers, and professionals interested in advancements in the control system.

Control Applications in Modern Power Systems: Select Proceedings of EPREC 2022 (Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering #974)

by Jitendra Kumar Manoj Tripathy Premalata Jena

This book provides rigorous discussions, case studies, and recent developments in the emerging areas of a control system, especially load frequency control, wide-area monitoring, control and instrumentation, optimization, intelligent control, energy management system, SCADA systems, etc. The readers would be benefitted from enhancing their knowledge and skills in the domain areas. Also, this book may help the readers in developing new and innovative ideas. The book can be a valuable reference for researchers and professionals interested in developments in the control system.

Control Applications in Modern Power Systems: Select Proceedings of EPREC 2023, Volume 3 (Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering #1128)

by Shailendra Kumar Manoj Tripathy Premalata Jena

This book entitled “Control Applications in Modern Power System - Select Proceedings of EPREC-2023 provides rigorous discussions, case studies, and recent developments in the emerging areas of control systems, especially, load frequency control, wide-area monitoring, control & instrumentation, optimization, intelligent control, energy management system, SCADA systems, design of control strategies is essential for controlling the reactive power and maintains the voltage profiles, etc. The readers would benefit from enhancing their knowledge and skills in the domain areas. Also, this book may help the readers in developing new and innovative ideas. The book can be a valuable reference for beginners, researchers, and professionals interested in developments in control systems.

Control Applications of Vehicle Dynamics

by Jingsheng Yu Vladimir Vantsevich

This book presents essential knowledge of car vehicle dynamics and control theory with NI LabVIEW software product application, resulting in a practical yet highly technical guide for designing advanced vehicle dynamics and vehicle system controllers. Presenting a clear overview of fundamental vehicle dynamics and vehicle system mathematical models, the book covers linear and non-linear design of model based controls such as wheel slip control, vehicle speed control, path following control, vehicle stability and rollover control, stabilization of vehicle-trailer system. Specific applications to autonomous vehicles are described among the methods. It details the practical applications of Kalman-Bucy filtering and the observer design for sensor signal estimation, alongside lateral vehicle dynamics and vehicle rollover dynamics. The book also discusses high level controllers, alongside a clear explanation of basic control principles for regenerative braking in both electric and hybrid vehicles, and wheel torque vectoring systems. Concrete LabVIEW simulation examples of how the models and controls are used in representative applications, along with software algorithms and LabVIEW block diagrams are illustrated. It will be of interest to engineering students, automotive engineering students and automotive engineers and researchers.

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