- Table View
- List View
Cyber Security Intelligence and Analytics: The 4th International Conference on Cyber Security Intelligence and Analytics (CSIA 2022), Volume 2 (Lecture Notes on Data Engineering and Communications Technologies #125)
by Xiaolu Zhang Zheng Xu Saed Alrabaee Octavio Loyola-González Niken Dwi Wahyu Cahyani Nurul Hidayah Ab RahmanThis book presents the outcomes of the 2022 4th International Conference on Cyber Security Intelligence and Analytics (CSIA 2022), an international conference dedicated to promoting novel theoretical and applied research advances in the interdisciplinary field of cyber-security, particularly focusing on threat intelligence, analytics, and countering cyber-crime. The conference provides a forum for presenting and discussing innovative ideas, cutting-edge research findings and novel techniques, methods and applications on all aspects of cyber-security intelligence and analytics. Due to COVID-19, authors, keynote speakers and PC committees will attend the conference online.
Cyber Security Intelligence and Analytics: The 5th International Conference on Cyber Security Intelligence and Analytics (CSIA 2023), Volume 1 (Lecture Notes on Data Engineering and Communications Technologies #172)
by Zheng Xu Saed Alrabaee Octavio Loyola-González Niken Dwi Wahyu Cahyani Nurul Hidayah Ab RahmanThis book provides the proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Cyber Security Intelligence and Analytics. The 5th International Conference on Cyber Security Intelligence and Analytics (CSIA 2023) is an international conference dedicated to promoting novel theoretical and applied research advances in the interdisciplinary agenda of cyber security, particularly focusing on threat intelligence and analytics and countering cybercrime. Cyber security experts, including those in data analytics, incident response and digital forensics, need to be able to rapidly detect, analyze and defend against a diverse range of cyber threats in near real-time conditions. We are organizing the CSIA 2023 at Radisson Blu Shanghai Pudong Jinqiao Hotel. It will feature a technical program of refereed papers selected by the international program committee, keynote address.
Cyber Security Intelligence and Analytics: The 5th International Conference on Cyber Security Intelligence and Analytics (CSIA 2023), Volume 2 (Lecture Notes on Data Engineering and Communications Technologies #173)
by Zheng Xu Saed Alrabaee Octavio Loyola-González Niken Dwi Wahyu Cahyani Nurul Hidayah Ab RahmanThis book provides the proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Cyber Security Intelligence and Analytics. The 5th International Conference on Cyber Security Intelligence and Analytics (CSIA 2023) is an international conference dedicated to promoting novel theoretical and applied research advances in the interdisciplinary agenda of cyber security, particularly focusing on threat intelligence and analytics and countering cybercrime. Cyber security experts, including those in data analytics, incident response and digital forensics, need to be able to rapidly detect, analyze and defend against a diverse range of cyber threats in near real-time conditions. We are organizing the CSIA 2023 at Radisson Blu Shanghai Pudong Jinqiao Hotel. It will feature a technical program of refereed papers selected by the international program committee, keynote address.
Cyber Security Intelligence and Analytics: The 6th International Conference on Cyber Security Intelligence and Analytics (CSIA 2024), Volume 1 (Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems #1351)
by Zheng Xu Saed Alrabaee Octavio Loyola-González Nurul Hidayah Ab RahmanThis book delves into the latest advancements and innovations in big data analytics as applied to cyber-physical systems within smart city frameworks. Key themes include the integration of IoT, AI, and machine learning for enhanced urban management, sustainable development, and improved quality of life. The book showcases cutting-edge research, practical case studies, and expert insights, making it an invaluable resource for understanding the transformative potential of big data in creating smarter, more connected cities. Don't miss out on this authoritative guide to the future of smart city analytics
Cyber Security Intelligence and Analytics: The 6th International Conference on Cyber Security Intelligence and Analytics (CSIA 2024), Volume 2 (Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems #1352)
by Zheng Xu Octavio Loyola-González Nurul Hidayah Ab Rahman Saed Saleh Al RabaeeThis book delves into the latest advancements and innovations in big data analytics as applied to cyber-physical systems within smart city frameworks. Key themes include the integration of IoT, AI, and machine learning for enhanced urban management, sustainable development, and improved quality of life. The book showcases cutting-edge research, practical case studies, and expert insights, making it an invaluable resource for understanding the transformative potential of big data in creating smarter, more connected cities. Don't miss out on this authoritative guide to the future of smart city analytics
Cyber Security Using Modern Technologies: Artificial Intelligence, Blockchain and Quantum Cryptography
by Vinod Kumar Mansaf Alam Om Pal Rijwan Khan Bashir AlamThe main objective of this book is to introduce cyber security using modern technologies such as Artificial Intelligence, Quantum Cryptography, and Blockchain. This book provides in-depth coverage of important concepts related to cyber security. Beginning with an introduction to Quantum Computing, Post-Quantum Digital Signatures, and Artificial Intelligence for cyber security of modern networks and covering various cyber-attacks and the defense measures, strategies, and techniques that need to be followed to combat them, this book goes on to explore several crucial topics, such as security of advanced metering infrastructure in smart grids, key management protocols, network forensics, intrusion detection using machine learning, cloud computing security risk assessment models and frameworks, cyber-physical energy systems security, a biometric random key generator using deep neural network and encrypted network traffic classification. In addition, this book provides new techniques to handle modern threats with more intelligence. It also includes some modern techniques for cyber security, such as blockchain for modern security, quantum cryptography, and forensic tools. Also, it provides a comprehensive survey of cutting-edge research on the cyber security of modern networks, giving the reader a general overview of the field. It also provides interdisciplinary solutions to protect modern networks from any type of attack or manipulation. The new protocols discussed in this book thoroughly examine the constraints of networks, including computation, communication, and storage cost constraints, and verifies the protocols both theoretically and experimentally. Written in a clear and comprehensive manner, this book would prove extremely helpful to readers. This unique and comprehensive solution for the cyber security of modern networks will greatly benefit researchers, graduate students, and engineers in the fields of cryptography and network security.
Cyber Security and Digital Forensics: Proceedings of ICCSDF 2021 (Lecture Notes on Data Engineering and Communications Technologies #73)
by Vania Vieira Estrela Kavita Khanna Joel José Puga Coelho RodriguesThis book features high-quality research papers presented at the International Conference on Applications and Techniques in Cyber Security and Digital Forensics (ICCSDF 2021), held at The NorthCap University, Gurugram, Haryana, India, during April 3–4, 2021. This book discusses the topics ranging from information security to cryptography, mobile application attacks to digital forensics, and from cyber security to blockchain. The goal of the book is to provide 360-degree view of cybersecurity to the readers which include cyber security issues, threats, vulnerabilities, novel idea, latest technique and technology, and mitigation of threats and attacks along with demonstration of practical applications. This book also highlights the latest development, challenges, methodologies as well as other emerging areas in this field. It brings current understanding of common Web vulnerabilities while maintaining awareness and knowledge of contemporary standards, practices, procedures, and methods of Open Web Application Security Project. It also expounds how to recover information after a cybercrime.
Cyber Security and Digital Forensics: Select Proceedings of the International Conference, ReDCySec 2023 (Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems #896)
by Usha Batra Nihar Ranjan Roy Sudeep TanwarThe book contains peer-reviewed papers from the International Conference on Recent Developments in Cyber Security organized by the Center for Cyber Security and Cryptology at Sharda University in June 2023. This volume focuses on privacy and secrecy of information, cryptography, applications and analysis, cyber threat intelligence and mitigation, cyber-physical systems, cyber threat intelligence, quantum cryptography and blockchain technologies and their application, etc. This book is a unique collection of chapters from different areas with a common theme and will be immensely useful to academic researchers and practitioners in the industry.
Cyber Security and Intelligent Systems: Proceedings of Eighth International Conference on Information System Design and Intelligent Applications (ISDIA 2024), Volume 1 (Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems #1056)
by Vikrant Bhateja Hong Lin Harish Garg Milan Simic Muhammad Attique KhanThis book presents a collection of high-quality, peer-reviewed research papers from the 8th International Conference on Information System Design and Intelligent Applications (ISDIA 2024), held in Dubai, UAE, from 3-4 January 2024. It covers a wide range of topics in computer science and information technology, including data mining and data warehousing, high-performance computing, parallel and distributed computing, computational intelligence, soft computing, big data, cloud computing, grid computing, cognitive computing, and information security.
Cyber Security and Operations Management for Industry 4.0
by Ahmed A ElngarThis book seamlessly connects the topics of Industry 4.0 and cyber security. It discusses the risks and solutions of using cyber security techniques for Industry 4.0.Cyber Security and Operations Management for Industry 4.0 covers the cyber security risks involved in the integration of Industry 4.0 into businesses and highlights the issues and solutions. The book offers the latest theoretical and practical research in the management of cyber security issues common in Industry 4.0 and also discusses the ethical and legal perspectives of incorporating cyber security techniques and applications into the day-to-day functions of an organization. Industrial management topics related to smart factories, operations research, and value chains are also discussed.This book is ideal for industry professionals, researchers, and those in academia who are interested in learning more about how cyber security and Industry 4.0 are related and can work together.
Cyber Security in India: Education, Research and Training (IITK Directions #4)
by Sandeep Kumar Shukla Manindra AgrawalThis book of 'directions' focuses on cyber security research, education and training in India, and work in this domain within the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur. IIT Kanpur's Computer Science and Engineering Department established an ‘Interdisciplinary Center for Cyber Security and Cyber Defense of Critical Infrastructures (C3I Center)’ in 2016 with funding from the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), and other funding agencies. The work at the center focuses on smart grid security, manufacturing and other industrial control system security; network, web and data security; cryptography, and penetration techniques. The founders are involved with various Indian government agencies including the Reserve Bank of India, National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection Center, UIDAI, CCTNS under home ministry, Ministry of IT and Electronics, and Department of Science & Technology. The center also testifies to the parliamentary standing committee on cyber security, and has been working with the National Cyber Security Coordinator's office in India. Providing glimpses of the work done at IIT Kanpur, and including perspectives from other Indian institutes where work on cyber security is starting to take shape, the book is a valuable resource for researchers and professionals, as well as educationists and policymakers.
Cyber Security in Intelligent Computing and Communications (Studies in Computational Intelligence #1007)
by Jing He Sanjeev Kumar Rajeev Agrawal Emmanuel Shubhakar PilliThis book looks at cyber security challenges with topical advancements in computational intelligence and communication technologies. This book includes invited peer-reviewed chapters on the emerging intelligent computing and communication technology research advancements, experimental outcomes, and cyber security practices, threats, and attacks with challenges. The book begins with a state-of-the-art survey and reviews of cyber security trends and issues. It further covers areas such as developments in intelligent computing and communication, smart healthcare, agriculture, transportation, online education, and many more real-life applications using IoT, big data, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, data science, and machine learning. This book is of interest to graduate/postgraduate students, researchers, and academicians. This book will be a valuable resource for practitioners and professionals working in smart city visualization through secure and intelligent application design, development, deployment to foster digital revolution, and reliable integration of advanced computing and communication technologies with global significance.
Cyber Security, Privacy and Networking: Proceedings of ICSPN 2021 (Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems #370)
by Gregorio Martinez Perez Nadia Nedjah Dharma P. Agrawal B. B. GuptaThis book covers selected high-quality research papers presented in the International Conference on Cyber Security, Privacy and Networking (ICSPN 2021), organized during 17-19 September 2021 in India in Online mode. The objectives of ICSPN 2021 is to provide a premier international platform for deliberations on strategies, recent trends, innovative approaches, discussions and presentations on the most recent cyber security, privacy and networking challenges and developments from the perspective of providing security awareness and its best practices for the real world. Moreover, the motivation to organize this conference is to promote research by sharing innovative ideas among all levels of the scientific community, and to provide opportunities to develop creative solutions to various security, privacy and networking problems.
Cyber Security: 19th China Annual Conference, CNCERT 2022, Beijing, China, August 16–17, 2022, Revised Selected Papers (Communications in Computer and Information Science #1699)
by Wei Lu Chao Li Weiping Wen Hanbing Yan Yuqing ZhangThis open access book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 18th China Annual Conference on Cyber Security, CNCERT 2022, held in Beijing, China, in August 2022. The 17 papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 64 submissions. The papers are organized according to the following topical sections: data security; anomaly detection; cryptocurrency; information security; vulnerabilities; mobile internet; threat intelligence; text recognition.
Cyber Security: Critical Infrastructure Protection (Computational Methods in Applied Sciences #56)
by Pekka Neittaanmäki Martti LehtoThis book focus on critical infrastructure protection. The chapters present detailed analysis of the issues and challenges in cyberspace and provide novel solutions in various aspects. The first part of the book focus on digital society, addressing critical infrastructure and different forms of the digitalization, strategic focus on cyber security, legal aspects on cyber security, citizen in digital society, and cyber security training. The second part focus on the critical infrastructure protection in different areas of the critical infrastructure. The chapters cover the cybersecurity situation awareness, aviation and air traffic control, cyber security in smart societies and cities, cyber security in smart buildings, maritime cyber security, cyber security in energy systems, and cyber security in healthcare. The third part presents the impact of new technologies upon cyber capability building as well as new challenges brought about by new technologies. These new technologies are among others are quantum technology, firmware and wireless technologies, malware analysis, virtualization.
Cyber Security: Ein Einblick für Wirtschaftswissenschaftler (essentials)
by Sebastian KlipperIn diesem Buch erfahren Wirtschaftswissenschaftler, wie Firmen nach Hackerangriffen vom Markt verschwinden und wie Hacker Aktienkurse beeinflussen können. Lernen Sie, wie Homo oeconomicus beim Thema Cyber Security zum Homo carens securitate wird und wie es gelingt, mithilfe der wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen ,,Brille" (oder: Perspektive/Sicht) ganz neue Lösungsansätze und Sichtweisen im Kampf gegen Wirtschaftsspione, Hacker und Cyber-Kriminelle zu erkennen. Cyber Security bzw. IT-Sicherheit ist ein Zukunftsthema, an dem kaum jemand vorbeikommt. Dieses Buch beschreibt anhand aktueller Vorfälle - ohne technisches Grundwissen vorauszusetzen -, was Ökonomen wissen müssen, um sich am Gespräch über eines der wichtigsten Zukunftsthemen unserer Zeit beteiligen zu können.
Cyber Security: Issues and Current Trends (Studies in Computational Intelligence #995)
by Emil Pricop Hiren Kumar Sarma Nitul Dutta Sudeep Tanwar Nilesh JadavThis book presents various areas related to cybersecurity. Different techniques and tools used by cyberattackers to exploit a system are thoroughly discussed and analyzed in their respective chapters. The content of the book provides an intuition of various issues and challenges of cybersecurity that can help readers to understand and have awareness about it. It starts with a very basic introduction of security, its varied domains, and its implications in any working organization; moreover, it will talk about the risk factor of various attacks and threats. The concept of privacy and anonymity has been taken into consideration in consecutive chapters. Various topics including, The Onion Router (TOR) and other anonymous services, are precisely discussed with a practical approach. Further, chapters to learn the importance of preventive measures such as intrusion detection system (IDS) are also covered. Due to the existence of severe cyberattacks, digital forensics is a must for investigating the crime and to take precautionary measures for the future occurrence of such attacks. A detailed description of cyberinvestigation is covered in a chapter to get readers acquainted with the need and demands. This chapter deals with evidence collection from the victim's device and the system that has importance in the context of an investigation. Content covered in all chapters is foremost and reported in the current trends in several journals and cybertalks. The proposed book is helpful for any reader who is using a computer or any such electronic gadget in their daily routine. The content of the book is prepared to work as a resource to any undergraduate and graduate-level student to get aware about the concept of cybersecurity, various cyberattacks, and threats in the security. In addition to that, it aimed at assisting researchers and developers to build a strong foundation for security provisioning in any newer technology which they are developing.
Cyber Security: Power and Technology (Intelligent Systems, Control and Automation: Science and Engineering #93)
by Pekka Neittaanmäki Martti LehtoThis book gathers the latest research results of scientists from different countries who have made essential contributions to the novel analysis of cyber security. Addressing open problems in the cyber world, the book consists of two parts. Part I focuses on cyber operations as a new tool in global security policy, while Part II focuses on new cyber security technologies when building cyber power capabilities. The topics discussed include strategic perspectives on cyber security and cyber warfare, cyber security implementation, strategic communication, trusted computing, password cracking, systems security and network security among others.
Cyber Security: The Lifeline of Information and Communication Technology (Springer Series in Wireless Technology)
by Ramjee Prasad Vandana RohokaleThis book discusses a broad range of cyber security issues, addressing global concerns regarding cyber security in the modern era. The growth of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and the prevalence of mobile devices make cyber security a highly topical and relevant issue. The transition from 4G to 5G mobile communication, while bringing convenience, also means cyber threats are growing exponentially. This book discusses a variety of problems and solutions including: • Internet of things and Machine to Machine Communication; • Infected networks such as Botnets; • Social media and networking; • Cyber Security for Smart Devices and Smart Grid • Blockchain Technology and • Artificial Intelligence for Cyber Security Given its scope, the book offers a valuable asset for cyber security researchers, as well as industry professionals, academics, and students.
Cyber Situational Awareness in Public-Private-Partnerships: Organisationsübergreifende Cyber-Sicherheitsvorfälle effektiv bewältigen
by Florian Skopik Maria Leitner Tímea PáhiDigitale Dienste werden für unsere Gesellschaft immer wichtiger, daher gelangen sie auch stärker ins Visier von Wirtschaftskriminellen, Spionen, Terroristen oder staatsfeindlichen Gruppierungen. Wie schützen sich Unternehmen und Staaten vor solchen Cyber-Attacken? Ein wichtiger Grundstein ist die Schaffung von Behörden, wie sie die EU-Richtlinie über Maßnahmen zur Gewährleistung eines hohen gemeinsamen Sicherheitsniveaus von Netz- und Informationssystemen (NIS) vorsieht. Das Buch zeigt, wie sich die Zusammenarbeit von Unternehmen mit diesen NIS-Behörden gestaltet mit dem gemeinsamen Ziel, Cyber-Sicherheit zu etablieren und zu gewährleisten. Darüber hinaus legen die Autoren dar, wie sich die NIS-Richtlinie und die im Mai 2018 in Kraft getretene EU-Datenschutz-Grundverordnung (DSGVO) auf Security-Prozesse in Unternehmen auswirken können. Das Buch verknüpft technische, organisatorische und rechtliche Aspekte der Zusammenarbeit und spiegelt damit die Komplexität des Themas wider. Zugleich liefert es zahlreiche Vorschläge zur Umsetzung der EU-Richtlinie. Im Mittelpunkt steht dabei das Konzept der „Cyber Situational Awareness“ – das bewusste Erfassen der aktuellen Lage – und damit ein Instrument, mit dem sich die Reaktionsfähigkeit bei Cyber-Angriffen wesentlich erhöhen lässt. Folgende Themen werden erläutert: • Aufbau und Nutzung von Cyber Situational Awareness • Erstellung von Cyber-Lagebildern auf nationaler Ebene • Informations- und Datenquellen für Cyber-Lagebilder• Informationsaustausch zwischen Cyber-Lagezentren und Stakeholdern • Informations- und Meldepflichten von Unternehmen• Planspiel zur Bildung und Evaluierung von Cyber Situational Awareness
Cyber Space and Outer Space Security (River Publishers Series in Digital Security and Forensics)
by Polinpapilinho F. Katina Karthikeyan Periyasami Rajagopal RamasamyThis book delves into cutting-edge research in cyberspace and outer space security, encompassing both theoretical and experimental aspects. It provides mitigation measures and strategies to address the identified challenges within. It covers a spectrum of topics including techniques and strategies for enhancing cyberspace security, combating ransomware attacks, and securing autonomous vehicles. Additionally, it explores security and surveillance systems involving autonomous vehicles, resilience schemes against security attacks using blockchain for autonomous vehicles, security analysis of autonomous drones (UAVs), the cybersecurity kill chain, the internet of drones (IoD), and cyberspace solutions to counteract attacks. The discussion extends to mitigation strategies against weaponized AI in cyber-attacks, countermeasures for both autonomous vehicles and cyberspace attacks, as well as the limitations and future prospects of artificial intelligence (AI) and data defense in aerospace cybersecurity.A network comprising nodes can establish both cyberspace and outer space platforms for data exchange. Cyberspace finds diverse applications, including commercial endeavors and military defense. The integration of autonomous vehicles, unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), and drones into outer space environments is facilitated through their connection to cyberspace. One illustrative example involves the utilization of blockchain-based secure drone systems for product delivery, leveraging the combined capabilities of cyberspace and outer space security technologies. This book elucidates the intricate dynamics between cyber operations and the expanding realm of autonomous outer cyberspace, presenting new security challenges arising from heightened complexity and emerging vulnerabilities.
Cyber Technologies and Emerging Sciences: ICCTES 2021 (Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems #467)
by Sateesh K. Peddoju Sudhanshu Maurya Badlishah Ahmad Ines ChihiThe book is a collection of best selected research papers presented at International Conference on Cyber-Technologies and Emerging Sciences (ICCTES 2021), organized by Graphic Era Hill University, Bhimtal Campus, Uttarakhand, India, during 17 – 18 December 2021. The book covers state-of-the-art applications, innovative methods, and analyze the unexplored and unsolved challenges to establish the relative solutions to advance the existing applications and theories of Cyber-Technologies and Emerging Sciences.
Cyber War: The Next Threat to National Security and What to Do About It
by Richard A. Clarke Robert KnakeRichard A. Clarke warned America once before about the havoc terrorism would wreak on our national security--and he was right. Now he warns us of another threat, silent but equally dangerous. Cyber War is a powerful book about technology, government, and military strategy; about criminals, spies, soldiers, and hackers. This is the first book about the war of the future--cyber war--and a convincing argument that we may already be in peril of losing it. Cyber War goes behind the "geek talk" of hackers and computer scientists to explain clearly and convincingly what cyber war is, how cyber weapons work, and how vulnerable we are as a nation and as individuals to the vast and looming web of cyber criminals. From the first cyber crisis meeting in the White House a decade ago to the boardrooms of Silicon Valley and the electrical tunnels under Manhattan, Clarke and coauthor Robert K. Knake trace the rise of the cyber age and profile the unlikely characters and places at the epicenter of the battlefield. They recount the foreign cyber spies who hacked into the office of the Secretary of Defense, the control systems for U.S. electric power grids, and the plans to protect America's latest fighter aircraft. Economically and militarily, Clarke and Knake argue, what we've already lost in the new millennium's cyber battles is tantamount to the Soviet and Chinese theft of our nuclear bomb secrets in the 1940s and 1950s. The possibilities of what we stand to lose in an all-out cyber war--our individual and national security among them-- are just as chilling. Powerful and convincing, Cyber War begins the critical debate about the next great threat to national security.
Cyber Warfare and the Laws of War
by Heather Harrison DinnissThe information revolution has transformed both modern societies and the way in which they conduct warfare. Cyber Warfare and the Laws of War analyses the status of computer network attacks in international law and examines their treatment under the laws of armed conflict. The first part of the book deals with the resort to force by states and discusses the threshold issues of force and armed attack by examining the permitted responses against such attacks. The second part offers a comprehensive analysis of the applicability of international humanitarian law to computer network attacks. By examining the legal framework regulating these attacks, Heather Harrison Dinniss addresses the issues associated with this method of attack in terms of the current law and explores the underlying debates which are shaping the modern laws applicable in armed conflict.
Cyber Wars: Hacks that Shocked the Business World
by Charles ArthurCyber Wars gives you the dramatic inside stories of some of the world's biggest cyber attacks. These are the game changing hacks that make organizations around the world tremble and leaders stop and consider just how safe they really are. Charles Arthur provides a gripping account of why each hack happened, what techniques were used, what the consequences were and how they could have been prevented. Cyber attacks are some of the most frightening threats currently facing business leaders and this book provides a deep insight into understanding how they work, how hackers think as well as giving invaluable advice on staying vigilant and avoiding the security mistakes and oversights that can lead to downfall. No organization is safe but by understanding the context within which we now live and what the hacks of the future might look like, you can minimize the threat. In Cyber Wars, you will learn how hackers in a TK Maxx parking lot managed to steal 94m credit card details costing the organization $1bn; how a 17 year old leaked the data of 157,000 TalkTalk customers causing a reputational disaster; how Mirai can infect companies' Internet of Things devices and let hackers control them; how a sophisticated malware attack on Sony caused corporate embarrassment and company-wide shut down; and how a phishing attack on Clinton Campaign Chairman John Podesta's email affected the outcome of the 2016 US election.