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Decontamination of Fresh and Minimally Processed Produce
by Vicente M. Gómez-LópezAttempts to provide safer and higher quality fresh and minimally processed produce have given rise to a wide variety of decontamination methods, each of which have been extensively researched in recent years. Decontamination of Fresh and Minimally Processed Produce is the first book to provide a systematic view of the different types of decontaminants for fresh and minimally processed produce. By describing the different effects – microbiological, sensory, nutritional and toxicological – of decontamination treatments, a team of internationally respected authors reveals not only the impact of decontaminants on food safety, but also on microbial spoilage, vegetable physiology, sensory quality, nutritional and phytochemical content and shelf-life. Regulatory and toxicological issues are also addressed. The book first examines how produce becomes contaminated, the surface characteristics of produce related to bacterial attachment, biofilm formation and resistance, and sublethal damage and its implications for decontamination. After reviewing how produce is washed and minimally processed, the various decontamination methods are then explored in depth, in terms of definition, generation devices, microbial inactivation mechanisms, and effects on food safety. Decontaminants covered include: chlorine, electrolyzed oxidizing water, chlorine dioxide, ozone, hydrogen peroxide, peroxyacetic acid, essential oils and edible films and coatings. Other decontamination methods addressed are biological strategies (bacteriophages, protective cultures, bacteriocins and quorum sensing) and physical methods (mild heat, continuous UV light, ionizing radiation) and various combinations of these methods through hurdle technology. The book concludes with descriptions of post-decontamination methods related to storage, such as modified atmosphere packaging, the cold chain, and modeling tools for predicting microbial growth and inactivation. The many methods and effects of decontamination are detailed, enabling industry professionals to understand the available state-of-the-art methods and select the most suitable approach for their purposes. The book serves as a compendium of information for food researchers and students of pre- and postharvest technology, food microbiology and food technology in general. The structure of the book allows easy comparisons among methods, and searching information by microorganism, produce, and quality traits.
Decontamination of Heavy Metals: Processes, Mechanisms, and Applications
by Jiaping Paul ChenHeavy metals, such as lead, chromium, cadmium, zinc, copper, and nickel, are important constituents of most living organisms, as well as many nonliving substances. Some heavy metals are essential for growth of biological and microbiological lives, yet their presence in excessive quantities is harmful to humans and interferes with many environmental
Deconvolution of Images and Spectra: Second Edition
by Peter A. JanssonDeconvolution is a technique in signal or image processing that is applied to recover information. When it is employed, it is usually because instrumental effects of spreading and blurring have obscured that information. In 1996, Deconvolution of Images and Spectra was published (Academic Press) as a second edition of Jansson's 1984 book, Deconvolution with Applications in Spectroscopy. This landmark volume was first published to provide both an overview of the field, and practical methods and results.The present Dover edition is a corrected reprinting of the second edition. It incorporates all the advantages of its predecessors by conveying a clear understanding of the field while providing a selection of effective, practical techniques. The authors assume only a working knowledge of calculus, and emphasize practical applications over topics of theoretical interest, focusing on areas that have been pivotal to the evolution of the most effective methods. This tutorial is essentially self-contained. Readers will find it practical and easy to understand.
Decoy: A Thriller
by Simon MocklerA synthetic bioweapon sends one man on a global chase, and a desperate race for survival . . . On the outskirts of Cambridge, England, a research lab is under attack. The target? A synthetic biological weapon that&’s been harvested inside the bodies of ten clinical trial patients. One of those patients, Jack Hartman, runs for his life as the others are brutally butchered and left for dead. Inside him is the one remaining device—a cell-based supercomputer that could kill him, or might just save his life. Flung into a world of international arms dealing, high-tech security companies, and government corruption, Jack begins an epic battle for survival that takes him from the war-torn jungles of the Congo to the backstreets of Paris. On his trail is a rogue MI6 officer intent on silencing him for good—and his estranged father, a troubled former SAS officer once known as the Reaper . . .
DECREASING ENERGY INTENSITY IN MANUFACTURING: Assessing the Strategies and Future Directions of the Industrial Technologies Program
by National Research Council of the National AcademiesThe U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has supported the Industrial Technologies Program (ITP) for more than a decade. This program supports R&D into energy efficiency technologies designed to decrease the energy intensity of the U.S. industrial sector. The focus in on seven energy-intensive industries—aluminum, chemicals, forest products, glass, metal casting, mining, and steel—known as the Industries of the Future (IOF). DOE asked the NRC for a review of this program including an evaluation of the ITP strategic plan, an evaluation of the technical quality of individual subprogram plans, and the prospective value of the multi-year program plan. This report presents the results of that review. It contains an assessment of the ITP strategy, of how effective it is being implemented, and the likelihood of achieving program goals. It also provides conclusions about the quality of the subprograms and recommendations about how to strengthen the subprograms and the overall program.
Decreasing Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Gas Emissions in Transportation: Sensing, Control and Reduction of Emissions
by Michael Palocz-AndresenWithin all areas of transportation, solutions for economical and environmentally friendly technology are being examined. Fuel consumption, combustion processes, control and limitation of pollutants in the exhaust gas are technological problems, for which guidelines like 98/69/EC and 99/96 determine the processes for the reduction of fuel consumption and exhaust gas emissions. Apart from technological solutions, the consequences of international legislation and their effects on environmental and climate protection in the area of the transportation are discussed.
Deep Biometrics (Unsupervised and Semi-Supervised Learning)
by Richard Jiang Danny Crookes Chang-Tsun Li Weizhi Meng Christophe RosenbergerThis book highlights new advances in biometrics using deep learning toward deeper and wider background, deeming it “Deep Biometrics”. The book aims to highlight recent developments in biometrics using semi-supervised and unsupervised methods such as Deep Neural Networks, Deep Stacked Autoencoder, Convolutional Neural Networks, Generative Adversary Networks, and so on. The contributors demonstrate the power of deep learning techniques in the emerging new areas such as privacy and security issues, cancellable biometrics, soft biometrics, smart cities, big biometric data, biometric banking, medical biometrics, healthcare biometrics, and biometric genetics, etc. The goal of this volume is to summarize the recent advances in using Deep Learning in the area of biometric security and privacy toward deeper and wider applications.Highlights the impact of deep learning over the field of biometrics in a wide area;Exploits the deeper and wider background of biometrics, such as privacy versus security, biometric big data, biometric genetics, and biometric diagnosis, etc.;Introduces new biometric applications such as biometric banking, internet of things, cloud computing, and medical biometrics.
Deep Black (Deep Black Ser. #1)
by Stephen Coonts Jim DeFeliceFrom cyber-spy to cyber-warriors—they’re the new defenders of world peace. First in the technothriller series from the New York Times–bestselling author.In Stephen Coonts’Deep Black, cowritten with Jim DeFelice, a spy plane gathering data on a new Russian weapon is blown out of the sky by a mysterious MiG. Is it an accident or the start of the next world war? One U.S. agency has what it takes to find out—the National Security Agency and its covert operations team: Deep Black.Working for the NSA, ex-Marine sniper Charlie Dean is dispatched to Russia, hooking up with former Delta Force trooper Lia DeFrancesca to find out what happened to the plane. The Deep Black team stumbles across an even more alarming secret—a plot to assassinate the Russian president and overthrow the democratic government by force. The coup could have dire consequences for Russia and the world. With no clearance from the government it’s called on to protect, the National Security Agency goes to war. But before Lia and Dean can unravel the conspiracy, they learn that one of the spy plane’s passengers—an NSA techie—survived the crash. Critical information could fall into enemy hands. And that enemy is playing to the death.Praise for Stephen Coonts“Coonts knows how to write and build suspense . . . this is the mark of a natural storyteller.” —The New York Times Book Review“[Coonts] is a natural storyteller [with] a rare gift.” —USA Today“The master of the techno thriller.” —Publishers Weekly
Deep Black: Arctic Gold (Deep Black Ser. #7)
by Stephen Coonts William H. Keith Jr.The world’s greatest threat lies just beneath the surface—seventh in the Deep Black technothriller series from the New York Times–bestselling author.In the Arctic, two American intelligence operatives are kidnapped while investigating Russian submarines—a constant, covert presence beneath the ice caps. In Washington, ex-Marine Charlie Dean and his team at Desk Three trace the abduction back to the Russian mafiya, who have their sights set on the massive reserves of oil that lie thousands of feet below the ocean’s floor.While Dean is sent to the Arctic to rescue the hostages, the beautiful Lia DeFrancesca penetrates a heavily guarded dacha on the shores of the Black Sea. Here she learns the explosive truth about Russia and its Arctic oil—one that could cost Dean and his Deep Black team their lives . . . and drive the world’s superpowers to the brink of war.Praise for Stephen Coonts“Coonts knows how to write and build suspense . . . a natural storyteller.” —The New York Times Book Review“The master of the techno-thriller.” —Publishers Weekly
Deep Black: Biowar (Deep Black Ser. #2)
by Stephen Coonts Jim DeFeliceTerrorists unleash the ultimate weapon—a devastating virus—in this pulse-pounding technothriller from the New York Times–bestselling author.In Stephen Coonts’s Deep Black: Biowar, cowritten with Jim DeFelice, Dr. James Kegan, a world-renowned scientist specializing in germ warfare, has vanished from his upstate New York home. But this is no ordinary missing-persons case. Kegan has left behind an unidentified dead man with a .22 caliber hole in his skull—and a contact trail that leads to an alleged terrorist cell.Unraveling the mystery is a job for Kegan’s best friend, NSA operative Charlie Dean. His mission is to infiltrate the scientist’s circle of associates and decipher Kegan’s confidential research. Dispatched to cover Charlie is Delta Force trooper Lia Francesca. The trail leads them to the core of a widespread killer fever that’s been dormant for centuries—and its link to a virus that’s quickly spreading victim by victim. With time running out Charlie and Lia must find Kegan, uncover his secrets, cut a terrorist threat to the quick, and stop the unimaginable outbreak of a new biological nightmare.Praise for Stephen Coonts“Coonts knows how to write and build suspense . . . this is the mark of a natural storyteller.” —The New York Times Book Review“The master of the techno-thriller.” —Publishers Weekly
Deep Black: Conspiracy (Deep Black Ser. #6)
by Stephen Coonts Jim DeFeliceAn attempt on the president’s life sends an ex-Marine to face an old enemy in Vietnam in the New York Times–bestselling author’s technothriller.A Secret Service agent is dead, an apparent suicide. A presidential candidate narrowly escapes an assassin’s bullet. And Desk Three, a convert branch of the NSA, is searching for a chilling connection deep inside The Republic of Vietnam.Once, Charlie Dean was a Marine sniper in Quang Nam Province. Today he’s a Deep Black operator, returning to Vietnam to find the source of some threatening e-mails. Instead, he comes face to face with a man he had once hunted down . . . and thought he had killed.Back in the US, Deep Black agent Lia DeFrancesca has uncovered the trail of a killer in Dean’s path. Now, with every asset, weapon, bug and high-tech magic wand Desk Three can wave, the agents enter a terrifying global race against time. Because ghosts of the past have risen to life . . . to strike a death blow into the heart of the USA.
Deep Black: Dark Zone (Deep Black Ser. #3)
by Stephen Coonts Jim DeFeliceA missing A-bomb and a terrorist threat ignite a global crisis in the New York Times–bestselling author’s technothriller.In a secluded headquarters on the other side of the globe, terrorists plan to set-off an underwater explosion of such hellish force that it could shift the very foundation of the earth’s surface. Envisioning world-wide disaster, the terrorists call it God’s Revenge.A nuclear warhead has gone missing. Small in size, it packs up to ten times the kilotons that exploded over Hiroshima. It’s now in the wrong hands, ready to detonate a world war of unfathomable proportions.The National Security Agency enlists ex-marine sniper Charlie Dean to stop the unthinkable. But when his suspicions of a traitor in his shadow become frighteningly true, Dean’s race against time could mean the end of the free world.
Deep Black: Jihad (Deep Black Ser. #5)
by Stephen Coonts Jim DeFeliceThe word's most effective anti-terrorist force has the tools to monitor every move the enemy makes. They've planted a listening device inside a terrorist's skull, and activated a video spy drone disguised as a bird. But knowing is only half the battle…Multi-lingual, nerves-of-steel agents Charlie Dean, Lia DeFrancesca, and Tommy Karr prowl the winding streets of Istanbul to the crowded airports of America to stop terrorists in their tracks. Hooked into a real-time, high-tech system, this army of three goes head-to-head with the most dangerous people in the world. Al Qaeda is launching a series of devastating attacks against the West—and the ultimate strike is aimed at the heart of the USA! In a war where both sides operate in deep disguise, Deep Black must fight a world where betrayal, trust, faith, and doubt collide….Stephen Coonts' Deep Black: Jihad, cowritten with Jim DeFelice, is the fifth book in this thrilling series.
Deep Black: Payback (Deep Black Ser. #4)
by Stephen Coonts Jim DeFeliceA covert mission in Peru is derailed by a renegade general’s devastating threat in the New York Times–bestselling author’s acclaimed technothriller series.Ex-Marine sniper Charlie Dean and his top-secret NSA team have their orders: Infiltrate the highest stratum of Peruvian political power to stop a general from acing an election. All Dean has to do is find a way inside an impenetrable bank vault protected by armed guards round the clock—it’s all in a day’s work for the men and women of Deep Black.But things get complicated when Dean and company discover the general’s second plot. The military madman’s ruse—a nuclear weapon he claims is in the hands of Marxist guerillas, a bomb that only he can rescue . . . and control.When the general and his plot are exposed, the NSA concludes the greatest threat is over. But in fact, it’s only just beginning . . .
Deep-Buried Large Hydrocarbon Fields Onshore China: Formation and Distribution
by Suyun Hu Tongshan WangThis book analyzes the formation and evolution of the giant hydrocarbon reservoirs based on major basins onshore China. It discusses exploration and research advantages of major basins in China, such as Sichuan, Tarim, and Ordos Basins and also systematically analyzes and summarizes the formation conditions, distribution rules, and main controlling factors of deep oil and gas fields. On this basis, it forecasts the exploration prospect of China's onshore deep oil and gas, providing theoretical guidance and technical support for deep oil and gas exploration breakthrough and large-scale reserves growth. This book focuses on the analysis and discussion of hydrocarbon generation mechanism of deep-paleo source rocks, discusses the accumulation rules of cross-structural reservoir formation and oil-gas enrichment in ancient strata, the combination of gypsum-salt rocks and carbonate rocks, the potential of oil and gas accumulation under salt, the main controlling factors and distribution rules of deep oil and gas fields, and preliminarily grasps the geological understanding of the formation and distribution of deep-large oil and gas fields, namely ①abundant hydrocarbon supplied by two types of source kitchens, ②three large-scale lithologic reservoir rocks, ③hydrocarbon accumulation controlled by three paleoes (paleouplift, paleoplatform margin, and paleofaults), and ④reservoir formation across major tectonic periods. The book serves as a guidance for both researchers and students majoring in petroleum geology and other related fields.
Deep Centers in Semiconductors
by Sokrates T. PantelidesExamines several key semiconductor deep centers, all carefully chosen to illustrate a variety of essential concepts. A deep center is a lattice defect or impurity that causes very localized bound states and energies deep in the band gap. For each deep center chosen, a scientist instrumental in its development discusses the theoretical and experimental techniques used to understand that center. The second edition contains four new sections treating recent developments, including a chapter on hydrogen in crystalline semiconductors.
Deep Cognitive Networks: Enhance Deep Learning by Modeling Human Cognitive Mechanism (SpringerBriefs in Computer Science)
by Yan Huang Liang WangAlthough deep learning models have achieved great progress in vision, speech, language, planning, control, and many other areas, there still exists a large performance gap between deep learning models and the human cognitive system. Many researchers argue that one of the major reasons accounting for the performance gap is that deep learning models and the human cognitive system process visual information in very different ways. To mimic the performance gap, since 2014, there has been a trend to model various cognitive mechanisms from cognitive neuroscience, e.g., attention, memory, reasoning, and decision, based on deep learning models. This book unifies these new kinds of deep learning models and calls them deep cognitive networks, which model various human cognitive mechanisms based on deep learning models. As a result, various cognitive functions are implemented, e.g., selective extraction, knowledge reuse, and problem solving, for more effective information processing. This book first summarizes existing evidence of human cognitive mechanism modeling from cognitive psychology and proposes a general framework of deep cognitive networks that jointly considers multiple cognitive mechanisms. Then, it analyzes related works and focuses primarily but not exclusively, on the taxonomy of four key cognitive mechanisms (i.e., attention, memory, reasoning, and decision) surrounding deep cognitive networks. Finally, this book studies two representative cases of applying deep cognitive networks to the task of image-text matching and discusses important future directions.
Deep Comprehension: Multi-Disciplinary Approaches to Understanding, Enhancing, and Measuring Comprehension
by Keith K. Millis Debra Long Joseph Magliano Katja WiemerThis volume provides an overview of research from the learning sciences into understanding, enhancing, and measuring "deep comprehension" from a psychological, educational, and psychometric perspective. It describes the characteristics of deep comprehension, what techniques may be used to improve it, and how deep levels of comprehension may be distinguished from shallow ones. It includes research on personal-level variables; how intelligent tutors promote comprehension; and the latest developments in psychometrics. The volume will be of interest to senior undergraduate and graduate students of cognitive psychology, learning, cognition and instruction, and educational technology.
Deep Convolutional Neural Network for The Prognosis of Diabetic Retinopathy (Series in BioEngineering)
by A. Shanthini Gunasekaran Manogaran G. VadivuThis book discusses a detailed overview of diabetic retinopathy, symptoms, causes, and screening methodologies. Using a deep convolution neural network and visualizations techniques, this work develops a prognosis system used to automatically detect the diabetic retinopathy disease from captured retina images and help improve the prediction rate of diagnosis. This book gives the readers an understanding of the diabetic retinopathy disease and recognition process that helps to improve the clinical analysis efficiency. It caters to general ophthalmologists and optometrists, diabetologists, and internists who encounter diabetic patients and most prevalent retinal diseases daily.
Deep Dive
by Ron WaltersWhen your reality shatters, what will you do to put it back together again?Still reeling from the failure of his last project, videogame developer Peter Banuk is working hard to ensure his next game doesn&’t meet the same fate. He desperately needs a win, not only to save his struggling company, but to justify the time he&’s spent away from his wife and daughters.So when Peter&’s tech-genius partner offers him the chance to beta-test a new state-of-the-art virtual reality headset, he jumps at it. But something goes wrong during the trial, and Peter wakes to find himself trapped in an eerily familiar world where his children no longer exist.As the lines between the real and virtual worlds begin to blur, Peter is forced to reckon with what truly matters to him. But can he escape his virtual prison before he loses his family forever?File Under: Science Fiction [ Game Grumps | Whole New Virtual World | Headset Havoc | Lost and Found ]
Deep Down Dark: The Untold Stories of 33 Men Buried in a Chilean Mine, and the Miracle that Set Them Free
by Héctor TobarWhen the San José mine collapsed outside of Copiapó, Chile, in August 2010, it trapped thirty-three miners beneath thousands of feet of rock for a record-breaking sixty-nine days. The entire world watched what transpired above-ground during the grueling and protracted rescue, but the saga of the miners' experiences below the Earth's surface--and the lives that led them there--has never been heard until now. For Deep Down Dark, the Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Héctor Tobar received exclusive access to the miners and their tales. These thirty-three men came to think of the mine, a cavern inflicting constant and thundering aural torment, as a kind of coffin, and as a church where they sought redemption through prayer. Even while still buried, they all agreed that if by some miracle any of them escaped alive, they would share their story only collectively. Héctor Tobar was the person they chose to hear, and now to tell, that story. The result is a masterwork of narrative journalism--a riveting, at times shocking, emotionally textured account of a singular human event. Deep Down Dark brings to haunting, tactile life the experience of being imprisoned inside a mountain of stone, the horror of being slowly consumed by hunger, and the spiritual and mystical elements that surrounded working in such a dangerous place. In its stirring final chapters, it captures the profound way in which the lives of everyone involved in the disaster were forever changed.
Deep Energy Retrofit: A Guide to Achieving Significant Energy Use Reduction with Major Renovation Projects (Springerbriefs In Applied Sciences And Technology Ser.)
by Alexander Zhivov Rüdiger LohseThis book provides detailed information on how to set up Deep Energy Retrofits (DERs) in public buildings, and shares in-depth insights into the current status of the major technologies, strategies and best practice examples of how to cost-effectively combine them. Case studies from the U.S.A. and Europe show that that Deep Energy Retrofit can be achieved with a limited core technologies bundle readily available on the market. Characteristics of some of these core technology measures depend on the technologies available on an individual nation’s market, on the minimum requirements of national standards, and on economics (as determined by a life cycle cost analysis). Also, requirements to building envelope-related technologies (e.g., insulation levels, windows, vapor and water barriers, and requirements for building airtightness) depend on specific climate conditions. This Guide provides best practice examples of how to apply these technologies in different construction situations.High levels of energy use reduction using core technology bundles along with improvements in indoor climate and thermal comfort can be only achieved when a Deep Energy Retrofit adopts a quality assurance process. In addition to design, construction, commissioning, and post-occupancy phases of the quality assurance process, the Guide emphasizes the importance of clearly and concisely formulating and documenting the Owner’s goals, expectations, and requirements for the renovated building during development of the statement of work. Another important component of the quality assurance process is a procurement phase, during which bidders’ qualifications, their understanding of the scope of work and its requirements, and their previous experience are analyzed.The building sector holds the potential for tremendous improvements in terms of energy efficiency and reducing carbon emissions, and energy retrofits to the existing building stock represent a significant opportunity in the transition to a low-carbon future. Moreover, investing in highly efficient building materials and systems can replace long-term energy imports, contribute to cost cutting, and create a wealth of new jobs. Yet, while the technologies needed in order to improve energy efficiency are readily available, significant progress has not yet been made, and “best practices” for implementing building technologies and renewable energy sources are still relegated to small “niche” applications.Offering essential information on Deep Energy Retrofits, the book offers a valuable asset for architects, public authorities, project developers, and engineers alike.
Deep Energy Retrofit Guide for Public Buildings: Business and Financial Models (SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology)
by Rüdiger Lohse Alexander ZhivovThis book provides detailed information on how to set up Deep Energy Retrofits (DERs) in public buildings, and shares in-depth insights into the current status of the major technologies, strategies and practical best practice examples of how to cost-effectively combine them. Case studies from Europe are analyzed with respect to energy use before and after renovation, reasons for undertaking the renovation, co-benefits achieved, resulting cost-effectiveness, and the business models employed. The building sector holds the potential for tremendous improvements in terms of energy efficiency and reducing carbon emissions, and energy retrofits to the existing building stock represent a significant opportunity in the transition to a low-carbon future. Moreover, investing in highly efficient building materials and systems can replace long-term energy imports, contribute to cost cutting, and create a wealth of new jobs. Yet, while the technologies needed in order to improve energy efficiency are readily available, significant progress has not yet been made, and “best practices” for implementing building technologies and renewable energy sources are still relegated to small “niche” applications. Offering essential information on Deep Energy Retrofits, the book offers a valuable asset for architects, public authorities, project developers, and engineers alike.
Deep Energy Retrofit—Case Studies: Business and Technical Concepts for Deep Energy Retrofit of Public Buildings; Energy in Buildings and Communities Programme; Annex 61, Subtask A
by Ruediger Lohse Ove C. Mørck Alexander ZhivovThis book describes results of research conducted with the goal of providing a framework, selected tools, and guidelines to significantly reduce energy use (by more than 50%) in government and public buildings. The scope of the book is limited to public buildings that were constructed before the 1980s with low internal loads (e.g., office buildings, dormitories, barracks, public housing, and educational buildings) and that were undergoing major renovation. The book contains description and analysis of 26 well-documented case studies from Europe (Austria, Denmark, Estonia, Germany, Ireland, Latvia, Montenegro, The Netherlands, and the UK) and the USA. After these data were collected, the case studies were analyzed with respect to energy use (before and after renovation), reasons for undertaking the renovation, co-benefits achieved, resulting cost-effectiveness, and the business models followed. Finally, “lessons learned” were compiled and compared.Deep Energy Retrofit (DER) is a major building renovation project in which site energy use intensity (including plug loads) has been reduced by at least 50% from the pre-renovation baseline with a corresponding improvement in indoor environmental quality and comfort. Lessons learned from the case studies and experiences of the team clearly indicate that DER can be achieved with the application of “bundles” of a limited number of core technologies readily available on the market. Specific characteristics of some of these core technology bundles generally depend on the technologies available on an individual nation’s market, on the minimum requirements of national standards, and on economics (as determined by a life cycle cost [LCC] analysis).
Deep Energy Retrofit—A Guide for Decision Makers (SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology)
by Alexander Zhivov Rüdiger LohseMany governments worldwide are setting more stringent targets for reductions in energy use in government/public buildings. Buildings constructed more than 10 years ago account for a major share of energy used by the building stock. However, the funding and “know-how” (applied knowledge) available for owner-directed energy retrofit projects has not kept pace with new requirements. With typical retrofit projects, reduction of energy use varies between 10 and 20%, while actual executed renovation projects show that energy use reduction can exceed 50%, and can cost-effectively achieve the Passive House standard or even approach net zero-energy status (EBC Annex 61 2017a, Hermelink and Müller 2010; NBI 2014; RICS 2013; Shonder and Nasseri 2015; Miller and Higgins 2015; Emmerich et al. 2011).Building energy efficiency (EE) ranks first in approaches with resource efficiency potential with a total resource benefit of approximately $700 billion until 2030. EE is by far the cheapest way to cut CO2 emissions (McKinsey 2011, IPCC 2007). However, according to an IEA study (IEA 2014a), more than 80% of savings potential in building sector remains untapped. Thus, the share of deployed EE in the building sector is lower than in the Industry, Transport, and Energy generation sectors. Estimates for the deep renovation potentials show: €600-900bn investment potential, €1000-1300bn savings potential, 70% energy-saving potential, and 90% CO2 reduction potential.