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Design, Construction, and Global Performance Analysis of Offshore Wind Turbines (Green Energy and Technology)
by Fatima AderouaneThis extensive and expansive book focuses on three core areas of detail: the design, construction, and classification criteria for offshore bottom-load wind turbines; offshore floating-load wind turbines; and the global performance and integrated load analysis of offshore wind turbines. The book explains the rules and regulations (as they currently exist) around the design and building of offshore wind turbines and then analyzes their performance parameters around the globe. For context, the book includes simulations based on models across varying operational conditions including wind loads, snow and ice, rain, and other typical maritime conditions. This book makes ideal reading for offshore engineers, surveyors, and engineering students at university looking to go into the offshore and renewables industry. Key concepts such as integrated load analysis, dynamic modeling, and environmental impact are thoroughly examined. The chapters offer insights into frequency-domain and time-domain analyses, coupled with practical case studies on foundation modeling and mooring systems. Readers will uncover critical discussions on aerodynamic loads, seismic impacts, and fatigue assessments. This book is an essential resource for anyone looking to deepen their understanding of offshore wind turbine technology.Ideal for engineers, surveyors, and students in the field of offshore engineering, this book serves as a vital reference for professionals and academics alike. Whether readers are involved in the design or development of renewable energy projects or are students aspiring to enter this dynamic industry, Fatima Aderouane&’s expertise offers invaluable guidance. This work is particularly relevant for those associated with institutions focusing on renewable energy engineering and offshore technology.
Design, Control, Predict: Logistical Governance in the Smart City
by Aaron ShapiroAn in-depth look at life in the &“smart&” city Technology has fundamentally transformed urban life. But today&’s &“smart&” cities look little like what experts had predicted. Aaron Shapiro shows us the true face of the revolution in urban technology, taking the reader on a tour of today&’s smart city. Along the way, he develops a new lens for interpreting urban technologies—logistical governance—to critique an urban future based on extraction and rationalization. Through ethnographic research, journalistic interviews, and his own hands-on experience, Shapiro helps us peer through cracks in the smart city&’s facade. He investigates the true price New Yorkers pay for &“free,&” ad-funded WiFi, finding that it ultimately serves the ends of commercial media. He also builds on his experience as a bike courier for a food delivery startup to examine how promises of &“flexible employment&” in the gig economy in fact pave the way for strict managerial control. And he turns his eye toward hot-button debates around police violence and new patrol technologies, asking whether algorithms are really the answer to reforming our cities&’ ongoing crises of criminal justice. Through these gripping accounts of the new technological urbanism, Design, Control, Predict makes vital contributions to conversations around data privacy and algorithmic governance. Shapiro brings much-needed empirical research to a field that has often relied on &“10,000-foot views.&” Timely, important, and expertly researched, Design, Control, Predict doesn&’t just help us comprehend urbanism today—it advances strategies for critiquing and resisting a dystopian future that can seem inevitable.
Design, Control, and Operation of Microgrids in Smart Grids (Power Systems)
by Mehdi Rahmani-AndebiliThis book offers a wide-ranging overview of advancements, techniques, and challenges related to the design, control, and operation of microgrids and their role in smart grid infrastructure. It brings together an authoritative group of specialists who approach the subject from a number of different viewpoints in the electric power industry, including electricity distribution companies, aggregators, power market retailers, and power generation companies. Design, Control, and Operation of Microgrids in Smart Grids is an authoritative resource for students, researchers, and professionals working with power and energy systems.
Design, Deployment and Performance of 4G-LTE Networks: A Practical Approach
by Mahmoud Sherif Mohamed A. El-saidny Ayman ElNasharThis book provides an insight into the key practical aspects and best practice of 4G-LTE network design, performance, and deployment Design, Deployment and Performance of 4G-LTE Networks addresses the key practical aspects and best practice of 4G networks design, performance, and deployment. In addition, the book focuses on the end-to-end aspects of the LTE network architecture and different deployment scenarios of commercial LTE networks. It describes the air interface of LTE focusing on the access stratum protocol layers: PDCP, RLC, MAC, and Physical Layer. The air interface described in this book covers the concepts of LTE frame structure, downlink and uplink scheduling, and detailed illustrations of the data flow across the protocol layers. It describes the details of the optimization process including performance measurements and troubleshooting mechanisms in addition to demonstrating common issues and case studies based on actual field results. The book provides detailed performance analysis of key features/enhancements such as C-DRX for Smartphones battery saving, CSFB solution to support voice calls with LTE, and MIMO techniques. The book presents analysis of LTE coverage and link budgets alongside a detailed comparative analysis with HSPA+. Practical link budget examples are provided for data and VoLTE scenarios. Furthermore, the reader is provided with a detailed explanation of capacity dimensioning of the LTE systems. The LTE capacity analysis in this book is presented in a comparative manner with reference to the HSPA+ network to benchmark the LTE network capacity. The book describes the voice options for LTE including VoIP protocol stack, IMS Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC). In addition, key VoLTE features are presented: Semi-persistent scheduling (SPS), TTI bundling, Quality of Service (QoS), VoIP with C-DRX, Robust Header Compression (RoHC), and VoLTE Vocoders and De-Jitter buffer. The book describes several LTE and LTE-A advanced features in the evolution from Release 8 to 10 including SON, eICIC, CA, CoMP, HetNet, Enhanced MIMO, Relays, and LBS. This book can be used as a reference for best practices in LTE networks design and deployment, performance analysis, and evolution strategy. Conveys the theoretical background of 4G-LTE networks Presents key aspects and best practice of 4G-LTE networks design and deployment Includes a realistic roadmap for evolution of deployed 3G/4G networks Addresses the practical aspects for designing and deploying commercial LTE networks. Analyzes LTE coverage and link budgets, including a detailed comparative analysis with HSPA+. References the best practices in LTE networks design and deployment, performance analysis, and evolution strategy Covers infrastructure-sharing scenarios for CAPEX and OPEX saving. Provides key practical aspects for supporting voice services over LTE, Written for all 4G engineers/designers working in networks design for operators, network deployment engineers, R&D engineers, telecom consulting firms, measurement/performance tools firms, deployment subcontractors, senior undergraduate students and graduate students interested in understanding the practical aspects of 4G-LTE networks as part of their classes, research, or projects.
Design, Development and Sensemaking of Human-Robot Interaction in Care Settings
by Felix CarrosSocial robots have significantly advanced in capabilities and availability, gradually becoming part of everyday life. Their new interactive features are relevant to the struggling care sector. As Western societies age, the demand for care services rises, yet the workforce does not grow at the same rate. This book explores the potential of social robots to support the workforce and enhance the well-being of residents in care homes. Using a socio-informatics approach, this research investigates how residents and caregivers interact with social robots, examines and facilitates their appropriation, and provides insights into the development of the robots' software and hardware. The research and development were carried out collaboratively in care homes with the people who work and live there. The findings indicate that social robots can be beneficial in care homes. They broaden the options for social care workers and, when integrated into daily routines, can provide brief respite periods. Additionally, they positively impact residents by engaging them in cognitive and physical activities. However, the robots can only assist, and not replace, care workers.
Design, Empathy, Interpretation: Toward Interpretive Design Research (Design Thinking, Design Theory)
by Ilpo KoskinenA new, empathic approach to design research, drawn from the informed experiences of a leading design research program in Finland.Design, Empathy, Interpretation tells the story of empathic design, a design research program at Aalto University in Helsinki, Finland, that has developed an interpretive approach to design over the past twenty years. As one of the leaders of the Helsinki group, Ilpo Koskinen draws on his own experiences to offer readers a general intellectual and professional history of design research, and argues for what he calls an interpretive approach. Design, Empathy, Interpretation shows how the group has created connections all across the globe, and how a seemingly soft approach to design research can be useful in both industry and government.Koskinen follows design research&’s transformation from questions of usability, in the 1980s, through to the revolution in personal electronics and the &“user-centered&” turn of the 1990s. Using the research community in Helsinki as a case study, and moving between specific projects and theoretical debates, he offers readers a focused introduction to the major methodological and intellectual challenges—as well as the opportunities—of design research. He argues that all design tasks, however simple or complex, begin with understanding the way humans ascribe meaning, both as individuals and as actors in complex societies. Thus all design research must be interpretive at its core.A new, empathic approach to design research, drawn from the informed experiences of a leading design research program in Finland.
Design, Fabrication and Electrochemical Performance of Nanostructured Carbon Based Materials for High-Energy Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
by Guangmin ZhouThis book focuses on the design, fabrication and applications of carbon-based materials for lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries. It provides insights into the localized electrochemical transition of the "solid-solid" reaction instead of the "sulfur-polysulfides-lithium sulfides" reaction through the desolvation effect in subnanometer pores; demonstrates that the dissolution/diffusion of polysulfide anions in electrolyte can be greatly reduced by the strong binding of sulfur to the oxygen-containing groups on reduced graphene oxide; manifests that graphene foam can be used as a 3D current collector for high sulfur loading and high sulfur content cathodes; and presents the design of a unique sandwich structure with pure sulfur between two graphene membranes as a very simple but effective approach to the fabrication of Li-S batteries with ultrafast charge/discharge rates and long service lives. The book offers an invaluable resource for researchers, scientists, and engineers in the field of energy storage, providing essential insights, useful methods, and practical ideas that can be considered for the industrial production and future application of Li-S batteries.
Design, Fabrication and Testing of Aeroengine Ceramic-Matrix Composite Components (Advanced Ceramics and Composites #7)
by Longbiao Li Xiaochong LiuCeramic-matrix composites (CMCs) possess high specific strength and specific modulus and have already been applied in hot-section components of aeroengines. The book focuses on the design, fabrication and testing of different CMC components, e.g., turbine guide vanes, combustor liner, and turbine blisk, etc. The high-temperature mechanical properties, and performance requirements of the aeroengines were also introduced. The book can better help the engineering designers understand the methods used in design and testing of CMC components.
Design, Learning, and Innovation: 5th EAI International Conference, DLI 2020, Virtual Event, December 10-11, 2020, Proceedings (Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering #366)
by Cristina Sylla Anthony Brooks Eva Irene Brooks Anders Kalsgaard MøllerThis book constitutes the refereed post-conference proceedings the 5th EAI International Conference on DLI 2020, Design, Leaning and Innovation, which took place in December 2020. Due to COVID-19 pandemic the conference was held virtually. The 14 revised full papers presented were carefully selected from 40 submissions and are organized in four thematic sessions on: digital technologies and learning; designing for innovation; digital games, gamification and robots; designs for innovative learning.
Design, Learning, and Innovation: 6th EAI International Conference, DLI 2021, Virtual Event, December 10-11, 2021, Proceedings (Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering #435)
by Eva Brooks Anders Kalsgaard Møller Jeanette SjöbergThis book constitutes the refereed post-conference proceedings the 6th EAI International Conference on Design, Leaning and Innovation, DLI 2021, which took place in December 2021. Due to COVID-19 pandemic the conference was held virtually. The theme for DLI 2021 was “Shifting boundaries to discover novel ways and emerging technologies to realise human needs, ideas, and desires” targeting a conceptualisation of the effects and impact of digital technologies for, in an inclusive and playful way, fostering human beings to realising their needs, ideas and desires. The 17 revised full papers presented were carefully selected from 36 submissions and are organized in four thematic sessions on: digital technologies, design and learning; tools and models; artificial intelligence, virtual reality and augmented reality in learning; innovative designs and learning.
Design, Make, Play: Growing the Next Generation of STEM Innovators
by Margaret Honey David E. Kanter"Design, Make, Play: Growing the Next Generation of STEM Innovators is a resource for practitioners, policymakers, researchers and program developers that illuminates creative, cutting edge ways to inspire and motivate young people about science and technology learning. The book is aligned with the National Research Council's new Framework for Science Education, which includes an explicit focus on engineering and design content, as well as integration across disciplines. Extensive case studies explore real world examples of innovative programs that take place in a variety of settings, including schools, museums, community centers, and virtual spaces. Design, Make, and Play are presented as learning methodologies that have the power to rekindle children's intrinsic motivation and innate curiosity about STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) fields. A digital companion app showcases rich multimedia that brings the stories and successes of each program's and the students who learn there's to life"--
Design, Manufacturing, and Application of Negative Poisson’s Ratio Structure
by Chunyan Wang Wanzhong Zhao Guan Zhou Yingxin HuThe book focuses on the application methods of negative Poisson's ratio materials. This book classifies existing negative Poisson's ratio materials and demonstrates its innovation in the research of negative Poisson's ratio materials by providing methods for the production of negative Poisson's ratio polymers and composites, as well as optimisation methods. The book also systematically introduces the manufacturing methods and various application scenarios of negative Poisson's ratio materials, making it particularly suitable for readers interested in learning about new negative Poisson's ratio materials. This book will benefit researchers, engineers and graduate students in materials engineering, mechanical engineering, manufacturing and related fields.
Design, Modeling and Characterization of Bio-Nanorobotic Systems
by Antoine Ferreira Mustapha HamdiNanorobots represent a nanoscale device where proteins such as DNA, carbon nanotubes could act as motors, mechanical joints, transmission elements, or sensors. When these different components were assembled together they can form nanorobots with multi-degree-of-freedom, able to apply forces and manipulate objects in the nanoscale world. Design, Modeling and Characterization of Bio-Nanorobotic Systems investigates the design, assembly, simulation, and prototyping of biological and artificial molecular structures with the goal of implementing their internal nanoscale movements within nanorobotic systems in an optimized manner.
Design, Modeling and Control of Nanopositioning Systems
by Andrew J. Fleming Kam K. LeangCovering the complete design cycle of nanopositioning systems, this is the first comprehensive text on the topic. The book first introduces concepts associated with nanopositioning stages and outlines their application in such tasks as scanning probe microscopy, nanofabrication, data storage, cell surgery and precision optics. Piezoelectric transducers, employed ubiquitously in nanopositioning applications are then discussed in detail including practical considerations and constraints on transducer response. The reader is then given an overview of the types of nanopositioner before the text turns to the in-depth coverage of mechanical design including flexures, materials, manufacturing techniques, and electronics. This process is illustrated by the example of a high-speed serial-kinematic nanopositioner. Position sensors are then catalogued and described and the text then focuses on control. Several forms of control are treated: shunt control, feedback control, force feedback control and feedforward control (including an appreciation of iterative learning control). Performance issues are given importance as are problems limiting that performance such as hysteresis and noise which arise in the treatment of control and are then given chapter-length attention in their own right. The reader also learns about cost functions and other issues involved in command shaping, charge drives and electrical considerations. All concepts are demonstrated experimentally including by direct application to atomic force microscope imaging. Design, Modeling and Control of Nanopositioning Systems will be of interest to researchers in mechatronics generally and in control applied to atomic force microscopy and other nanopositioning applications. Microscope developers and mechanical designers of nanopositioning devices will find the text essential reading.
Design, Modeling and Evaluation of Protective Relays for Power Systems
by Mladen Kezunovic Jinfeng Ren Saeed LotfifardThis book is a practical guide to digital protective relays in power systems. It explains the theory of how the protective relays work in power systems, provides the engineering knowledge and tools to successfully design them and offers expert advice on how they behave in practical circumstances. This book helps readers gain technical mastery of how the relays function, how they are designed and how they perform. This text not only features in-depth coverage of the theory and principles behind protective relays, but also includes a manual supplemented with software that offers numerous hands-on examples in MATLAB. A great resource for protective relaying labs and self-learners, its manual provides lab experiments unavailable elsewhere. The book is suitable for advanced courses in Digital Relays and Power Systems Fault Analysis and Protection, and will prove to be a valuable resource for practitioners in the utility industry, including relay designers.
Design, Modeling and Reliability in Rotating Machinery
by Robert X. PerezRotating machinery represents a broad category of equipment, which includes pumps, compressors, fans, gas turbines, electric motors, internal combustion engines, and other equipment, that are critical to the efficient operation of process facilities around the world. These machines must be designed to move gases and liquids safely, reliably, and in an environmentally friendly manner. To fully understand rotating machinery, owners must be familiar with their associated technologies, such as machine design, lubrication, fluid dynamics, thermodynamics, rotordynamics, vibration analysis, condition monitoring, maintenance practices, reliability theory, and other topics. The goal of the "Advances in Rotating Machinery" book series is to provide industry practitioners a time-savings means of learning about the most up-to-date rotating machinery ideas and best practices. This three-book series will cover industry-relevant topics, such as design assessments, modeling, reliability improvements, maintenance methods and best practices, reliability audits, data collection, data analysis, condition monitoring, and more. This first volume begins the series by focusing on rotating machinery design assessments, modeling and analysis, and reliability improvement ideas. This broad collection of current rotating machinery topics, written by industry experts, is a must-have for rotating equipment engineers, maintenance personnel, students, and anyone else wanting to stay abreast with current rotating machinery concepts and technology.
Design, Modeling and Testing of Data Converters
by Paolo Carbone Sayfe Kiaei Fang XuThis book presents the a scientific discussion of the state-of-the-art techniques and designs for modeling, testing and for the performance analysis of data converters. The focus is put on sustainable data conversion. Sustainability has become a public issue that industries and users can not ignore. Devising environmentally friendly solutions for data conversion designing, modeling and testing is nowadays a requirement that researchers and practitioners must consider in their activities. This book presents the outcome of the IWADC workshop 2011, held in Orvieto, Italy.
Design, Synthesis and Applications of One-Dimensional Chalcogenide Hetero-Nanostructures
by Tao-Tao ZhuangThis thesis focuses on the design and synthesis of novel one-dimensional colloidal chalcogenide hetero-nanostructures for enhancing solar energy conversion applications. Semiconducting nanomaterials are particular attractive for energy conversion due to the quantum confinement effects dictating their unique optical and electronic properties. Steering the photo-induced charge-flow based on unique bandgap alignment in semiconductor heterojunctions is critical for photo-electric/chemical conversion.The author presents the controllable preparation strategies to synthesize 1D chalcogenide hetero-nanostructures with various fine structures, further been used as excellent template materials for preparing other novel and complex hybrid architectures through a series of chemical transformations. The heterogeneous growth mechanisms of novel hetero-nanostructures is studied for developing a facile and general method to prepare more novel heterostructures. The band gap structure simulations, detailed charge carrier behaviour and unique solar energy conversion properties of the prepared hybrid nanostructures are deeply investigated. This work would open a new door to rationally designing hybrid systems for photo-induced applications.
Design, Synthesis and Characterization of new Supramolecular Architectures
by Massimo BaronciniThis thesis focuses on the bottom-up design, construction and operation of supramolecular systems capable of behaving as devices and machines on the molecular scale, which is a topic of great interest in nanoscience and a fascinating challenge in nanotechnology. In particular, the systems investigated here include: polyviologen dendrimers capable of behaving as hosts and chargestoring devices; molecular machines based on pseudorotaxanes/rotaxanes and operated by photoinduced proton transfer, or photoisomerization reactions; and a simple unimolecular multiplexer/demultiplexer. The systems have been characterized using a variety of techniques including absorption and emission spectra, laser flash photolysis, NMR spectroscopy, electrochemical experiments, stopped flow measurements. This research addresses a large number of open problems in the nanosciences, dealing with a wide range of the most advanced applications of supramolecular systems.
Design, Synthesis, and Properties of Redox-Active Bisquinodimethanes (Springer Theses)
by Takashi HarimotoThis book focuses on the construction of redox systems composed of doubly fused para-quinodimethane (p-QD) units and on the elucidation of the unique redox behavior. p-QD is a class of non-aromatic π-conjugated compounds that is well-known to be interconvertible scaffolds in many response systems due to its contribution of resonance structure with a planar aromatic sextet ring. This book describes studies on a strategy for precisely controlling the frontier orbital levels of p-QD-based redox systems and a nature of cationic states of π-electron systems with doubly fused p-QD units. The author revealed that multi-redox unimolecular systems with cross-linking of the two sterically strained p-QD units exhibit unique hysteretic character or have a domino effect upon electron transfer, which cannot be achieved in a monomeric p-QD-based system. Thus, these studies are milestones in creating functional redox systems unprecedented dynamic redox (dyrex) behaviors. A study on cationic states of π-electron systems with doubly fused p-QD units and their intrinsic redox properties will lead to the development of unprecedented dyrex systems, the frontier orbital levels of which can be precisely controlled by input of external stimuli such as electric potential and heat. This book benefits chemists with a deeper understanding of the redox-active molecules.
Design, Synthesis, and Structure-Property Relationship Study of Polymer Field-Effect Transistors
by Ting LeiThe book summarizes Ting Lei's PhD study on a series of novel conjugated polymers for field-effect transistors (FETs). Studies contain many aspects of polymer FETs, including backbone design, side-chain engineering, property study, conformation effects and device fabrication. The research results have previously scattered in many important journals and conferences worldwide. The book is likely to be of interest to university researchers, engineers and graduate students in materials sciences and chemistry who wish to learn some principles, strategy, and applications of polymer FETs.
Design, Technology and Communication in the British Empire, 1830–1914
by Annie Tindley Andrew WodehouseThis book is an innovative, interdisciplinary study of the nature of design as a form of communication within and across Britain and its empire in the long nineteenth century. In this period, Britain had developed from the world's first industrial nation into the 'Workshop of the World' but how were technological innovations translated and communicated across the imperial territories? How were designs turned into reality? This book explores these themes, incorporating archival case study technologies such as trains, sugar manufacture and agricultural technologies. Using a four-part framework we firstly examine the identification of innovation opportunities and how these translated to engineering specifications. The realization of conceptual designs through collaboration and their subsequent manufacture and distribution as finished products are then reviewed. Using the authors' expertise in the fields of historical and design engineering, this study contributes real-world case studies to design theory.
Design, User Experience, and Usability. Application Domains: 8th International Conference, DUXU 2019, Held as Part of the 21st HCI International Conference, HCII 2019, Orlando, FL, USA, July 26–31, 2019, Proceedings, Part III (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #11585)
by Aaron Marcus Wentao WangThe four-volume set LNCS 11583, 11584, 11585, and 11586 constitutes the proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Design, User Experience, and Usability, DUXU 2019, held as part of the 21st International Conference, HCI International 2019, which took place in Orlando, FL, USA, in July 2019.The total of 1274 papers and 209 posters included in the 35 HCII 2019 proceedings volumes was carefully reviewed and selected from 5029 submissions.DUXU 2019 includes a total of 167 regular papers, organized in the following topical sections: design philosophy; design theories, methods, and tools; user requirements, preferences emotions and personality; visual DUXU; DUXU for novel interaction techniques and devices; DUXU and robots; DUXU for AI and AI for DUXU; dialogue, narrative, storytelling; DUXU for automated driving, transport, sustainability and smart cities; DUXU for cultural heritage; DUXU for well-being; DUXU for learning; user experience evaluation methods and tools; DUXU practice; DUXU case studies.
Design, User Experience, and Usability. Case Studies in Public and Personal Interactive Systems: 9th International Conference, DUXU 2020, Held as Part of the 22nd HCI International Conference, HCII 2020, Copenhagen, Denmark, July 19–24, 2020, Proceedings, Part III (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #12202)
by Aaron Marcus Elizabeth RosenzweigThis book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Design, User Experience, and Usability, DUXU 2020, held as part of the 22nd International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, HCII 2020, in Copenhagen, Denmark, in July 2020. The conference was held virtually due to the COVID-19 pandemic. From a total of 6326 submissions, a total of 1439 papers and 238 posters has been accepted for publication in the HCII 2020 proceedings. The 51 papers included in this volume were organized in topical sections on interactions in public, urban and rural contexts; UX design for health and well-being; DUXU for creativity, learning and collaboration; DUXU for culture and tourism.
Design, User Experience, and Usability. Interaction Design: 9th International Conference, DUXU 2020, Held as Part of the 22nd HCI International Conference, HCII 2020, Copenhagen, Denmark, July 19–24, 2020, Proceedings, Part I (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #12200)
by Aaron Marcus Elizabeth RosenzweigThis book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Design, User Experience, and Usability, DUXU 2020, held as part of the 22nd International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, HCII 2020, in Copenhagen, Denmark, in July 2020. The conference was held virtually due to the COVID-19 pandemic.From a total of 6326 submissions, a total of 1439 papers and 238 posters has been accepted for publication in the HCII 2020 proceedings. The 40 papers included in this volume were organized in topical sections on UX design methods, tools and guidelines, interaction design and information visualization, and emotional design.