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Discoveries and Inventions that Changed the World: The End of the 19th Century to the Present
by Gianni MorelliSome of the Greatest Inventions of All TimeLearn about some of the greatest inventions of all time and how they changed our world forever in this fascinating book of inventions and daring discoveries.World changing history. Who created plastic? How was the zipper invented? Who created the aspirin that takes away our headaches? All of these questions (and more) are answered by author Gianni Morelli who expertly delves into the fascinating facts behind some of the most important historical inventions since the end of the 19th century.Historical inventions and life-changing discoveries. From ground-breaking technology to life-changing advances in medicine, travel through time in this impressive book of discoveries and inventions. You’ll look at our world in a completely different light after learning how we got to where we are today.Inside, you’ll find:A way to connect our present to our past, giving hope for the possibilities of tomorrowMeaningful knowledge of world changing historyA deeper understanding of the world around usIf you liked books such as Power and Progress, Invention and Innovation, or ColdFusion Presents: New Thinking, you’ll love Discoveries and Inventions that Changed the World.
Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo
by Galileo GalileiDirecting his polemics against the pedantry of his time, Galileo, as his own popularizer, addressed his writings to contemporary laymen. His support of Copernican cosmology, against the Church's strong opposition, his development of a telescope, and his unorthodox opinions as a philosopher of science were the central concerns of his career and the subjects of four of his most important writings. Drake's introductory essay place them in their biographical and historical context. Translation and notes by Stillman Drake
Discovering Nature with Young Children: Trainer's
by Ingrid Chalufour Karen WorthField-tested across the country, this comprehensive curriculum expands and extends the role science has traditionally played in the early childhood classroom. The first in a new series, Discovering Nature with Young Children explores the wide-ranging elements that make up the natural world around us. The curriculum replaces simple fact-feeding practices with the development of long-term scientific reasoning, including literacy skills and numeracy skills, such as hypothesis, inference, prediction, and estimation. A companion to the curriculum, this trainer's guide serves as an indispensable handbook for trainers and administrators interested in introducing staff to the curriculum--from planning to implementation. Special sections outline the curriculum and introduce scientific reasoning to adults, and eight workshops detail the complete curriculum for staff members. The guide also includes strategies for supporting teachers over time through mentoring and guided discussions.
Discovering Nature with Young Children
by Karen Worth Ingrid ChalufourField-tested across the country, this comprehensive curriculum expands and extends the role science has traditionally played in the early childhood classroom. The first in a new series, Discovering Nature with Young Children explores the wide-ranging elements that make up the natural world around us. The curriculum replaces simple fact-feeding practices with the development of long-term scientific reasoning, including literacy skills and numeracy skills, such as hypothesis, inference, prediction, and estimation.
Discovering Superconductivity
by Gren IresonSuperconductivity is a quantum phenomenon that manifests itself in materials showing zero electrical resistance below a characteristic temperature resulting in the potential for an electric current to run continually through such a material without the need for a power source. Such materials are used extensively in medical and power applications, e.g. MRI and NMR machines. Discovering Superconductivity uses a series of practical and investigative activities, which can be used as tutor demonstrations or as student lab exercises. This highly illustrated text features the following sections: Introduction - including a brief history of superconductivitySuperconductivity - an explanation of the phenomenon and its effectsSuperconducting materials - including High & Low temperature superconductorsApplications - how superconductivity is used in medical imaging, at CERN and in the Maglev trainsThis text will serve as an excellent introduction for students, with or without a physics background, to superconductivity. With a strong practical, experimental emphasis, it provides readers with an overview of the topic preparing them for more advanced texts used in advanced undergraduate and post-graduate courses. PowerPoint files of the figures presented within this text are available at: http://booksupport.wiley.comA word from the author: "The intention of this text is to introduce the reader to the study of superconductivity via a minds-on approach......... The minds-on approach takes this a stage further by requiring the learner to engage with the process to a greater extent."
Discovering the Frontiers of Human-Robot Interaction: Insights and Innovations in Collaboration, Communication, and Control
by Ramana VinjamuriThe field of Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) is rapidly evolving, blurring the lines between human and machine capabilities. Recent advances in computer science, computer vision, artificial intelligence, robotics, brain-computer interfaces, neural engineering, and cognitive science have profoundly transformed HRI. As we stand on the threshold of a new era characterized by increasingly sophisticated human-machine interactions, it becomes imperative to explore the emerging frontiers of this dynamic field. Robots are now entering homes, workplaces, and even battlefields, necessitating a deeper understanding of effective, safe, and ethical human-robot interaction. This book delves into cutting-edge research shaping the future of HRI, representing a collective effort to navigate uncharted territories. Through diverse chapters authored by leading experts, it offers a comprehensive exploration of the latest developments, challenges, and opportunities in HRI. By examining technical, engineering, and methodological challenges, this volume brings together perspectives from researchers, engineers, and designers to provide a comprehensive view of this dynamic field. Aiming to showcase groundbreaking research and spark interdisciplinary dialogue and collaboration, this book is a valuable resource for researchers, engineers, students, and anyone interested in the future of human-robot collaboration. Whether you are a seasoned roboticist, a curious student, or simply interested in future technology, this book offers insights and knowledge to navigate the complex world of human-robot interaction. Join us on this journey of discovery as we navigate the emerging frontiers of human-robot interaction together.
Discovery of Co-existing Non-collinear Spin Textures in D2d Heusler Compounds (Springer Theses)
by Jagannath JenaNon-collinear spin textures have attracted significant attention due to their topological nature, emergent electromagnetic properties, and potential spintronic and magnonic device applications. This book explores the physical properties of distinct spin textures in D2d compounds. The main goals of the work are (a) discovering new spin textures in D2d Heusler compounds and studying their detailed properties to enrich the field of non-collinear magnetism (b) optimizing the nano-track geometry and generating isolated and single chains of nano-objects that will establish new hallmarks for technological applications (c) studying the stability of spin textures with magnetic fields and temperatures and finding a way to observe the striking behavior of spin textures near the specimen edges. The first few chapters provide a brief overview of spin textures such as Bloch and Néel skyrmions. In the experimental methods section, the author shows how to identify the single-crystalline grains of a polycrystalline sample, how to make single-crystalline thin specimens and nano-tracks, and then provides explicit descriptions of different imaging techniques performed on a transmission electron microscope. This part will be valuable for beginners wishing to conduct research in experimental nano-magnetism and transmission electron microscope imaging. The core results of the book are presented in four chapters, describing the discovery of several new and unanticipated spin textures, namely square-shaped antiskyrmions, elliptical Bloch skyrmions, fractional antiskyrmions, fractional Bloch skyrmions and elongated (anti)skyrmions in a single D2d Heusler compound. It is shown that these textures can be understood by a combination of dipole-dipole interactions and a chiral vector exchange that makes it possible to stabilize various spin textures even in the same compound. The D2d compounds are the first non-centrosymmetric systems shown to host several co-existing non-collinear spin textures.
Discovery Science: 23rd International Conference, DS 2020, Thessaloniki, Greece, October 19–21, 2020, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #12323)
by Annalisa Appice Grigorios Tsoumakas Yannis Manolopoulos Stan MatwinThis book constitutes the proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Discovery Science, DS 2020, which took place during October 19-21, 2020. The conference was planned to take place in Thessaloniki, Greece, but had to change to an online format due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The 26 full and 19 short papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 76 submissions. The contributions were organized in topical sections named: classification; clustering; data and knowledge representation; data streams; distributed processing; ensembles; explainable and interpretable machine learning; graph and network mining; multi-target models; neural networks and deep learning; and spatial, temporal and spatiotemporal data.
Discovery Science: 26th International Conference, DS 2023, Porto, Portugal, October 9–11, 2023, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #14276)
by Albert Bifet Ana Carolina Lorena Rita P. Ribeiro João Gama Pedro H. AbreuThis book constitutes the proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Discovery Science, DS 2023, which took place in Porto, Portugal, in October 2023. The 37 full papers and 10 short papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 133 submissions. They were organized in topical sections as follows: Machine learning methods and applications; natural language processing and social media analysis; interpretability and explainability in AI; data analysis and optimization; fairness, privacy and security in AI; control and spatio-temporal modeling; graph theory and network analysis; time series and forecasting; healthcare and biological data analysis; anomaly, outlier and novelty detection.
Discovery Science: 25th International Conference, DS 2022, Montpellier, France, October 10–12, 2022, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #13601)
by Poncelet Pascal Dino IencoThis book constitutes the proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Discovery Science, DS 2022, which took place virtually during October 10-12, 2022. The 27 full papers and 12 short papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 59 submissions.
Discovery Science: 24th International Conference, DS 2021, Halifax, NS, Canada, October 11–13, 2021, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #12986)
by Carlos Soares Luis TorgoThis book constitutes the proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Discovery Science, DS 2021, which took place virtually during October 11-13, 2021.The 36 papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 76 submissions. The contributions were organized in topical sections named: applications; classification; data streams; graph and network mining; machine learning for COVID-19; neural networks and deep learning; preferences and recommender systems; representation learning and feature selection; responsible artificial intelligence; and spatial, temporal and spatiotemporal data.
Discrete and Continuous Fourier Transforms: Analysis, Applications and Fast Algorithms
by Eleanor ChuLong employed in electrical engineering, the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) is now applied in a range of fields through the use of digital computers and fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithms. But to correctly interpret DFT results, it is essential to understand the core and tools of Fourier analysis. Discrete and Continuous Fourier Transform
Discrete and Continuous Models in the Theory of Networks (Operator Theory: Advances and Applications #281)
by Fatihcan M. Atay Pavel B. Kurasov Delio MugnoloThis book contains contributions from the participants of the research group hosted by the ZiF - Center for Interdisciplinary Research at the University of Bielefeld during the period 2013-2017 as well as from the conclusive conference organized at Bielefeld in December 2017. The contributions consist of original research papers: they mirror the scientific developments fostered by this research program or the state-of-the-art results presented during the conclusive conference.The volume covers current research in the areas of operator theory and dynamical systems on networks and their applications, indicating possible future directions. The book will be interesting to researchers focusing on the mathematical theory of networks; it is unique as, for the first time, continuous network models - a subject that has been blooming in the last twenty years - are studied alongside more classical and discrete ones. Thus, instead of two different worlds often growing independently without much intercommunication, a new path is set, breaking with the tradition. The fruitful and beneficial exchange of ideas and results of both communities is reflected in this book.
The Discrete Charm of the Machine: Why the World Became Digital
by Ken SteiglitzThe genesis of the digital idea and why it transformed civilizationA few short decades ago, we were informed by the smooth signals of analog television and radio; we communicated using our analog telephones; and we even computed with analog computers. Today our world is digital, built with zeros and ones. Why did this revolution occur? The Discrete Charm of the Machine explains, in an engaging and accessible manner, the varied physical and logical reasons behind this radical transformation.The spark of individual genius shines through this story of innovation: the stored program of Jacquard’s loom; Charles Babbage’s logical branching; Alan Turing’s brilliant abstraction of the discrete machine; Harry Nyquist’s foundation for digital signal processing; Claude Shannon’s breakthrough insights into the meaning of information and bandwidth; and Richard Feynman’s prescient proposals for nanotechnology and quantum computing. Ken Steiglitz follows the progression of these ideas in the building of our digital world, from the internet and artificial intelligence to the edge of the unknown. Are questions like the famous traveling salesman problem truly beyond the reach of ordinary digital computers? Can quantum computers transcend these barriers? Does a mysterious magical power reside in the analog mechanisms of the brain? Steiglitz concludes by confronting the moral and aesthetic questions raised by the development of artificial intelligence and autonomous robots.The Discrete Charm of the Machine examines why our information technology, the lifeblood of our civilization, became digital, and challenges us to think about where its future trajectory may lead.
Discrete Choice Modelling and Air Travel Demand: Theory and Applications
by Laurie A. GarrowIn recent years, airline practitioners and academics have started to explore new ways to model airline passenger demand using discrete choice methods. This book provides an introduction to discrete choice models and uses extensive examples to illustrate how these models have been used in the airline industry. These examples span network planning, revenue management, and pricing applications. Numerous examples of fundamental logit modeling concepts are covered in the text, including probability calculations, value of time calculations, elasticity calculations, nested and non-nested likelihood ratio tests, etc. The core chapters of the book are written at a level appropriate for airline practitioners and graduate students with operations research or travel demand modeling backgrounds. Given the majority of discrete choice modeling advancements in transportation evolved from urban travel demand studies, the introduction first orients readers from different backgrounds by highlighting major distinctions between aviation and urban travel demand studies. This is followed by an in-depth treatment of two of the most common discrete choice models, namely the multinomial and nested logit models. More advanced discrete choice models are covered, including mixed logit models and generalized extreme value models that belong to the generalized nested logit class and/or the network generalized extreme value class. An emphasis is placed on highlighting open research questions associated with these models that will be of particular interest to operations research students. Practical modeling issues related to data and estimation software are also addressed, and an extensive modeling exercise focused on the interpretation and application of statistical tests used to guide the selection of a preferred model specification is included; the modeling exercise uses itinerary choice data from a major airline. The text concludes with a discussion of on-going customer modeling research in aviation. Discrete Choice Modelling and Air Travel Demand is enriched by a comprehensive set of technical appendices that will be of particular interest to advanced students of discrete choice modeling theory. The appendices also include detailed proofs of the multinomial and nested logit models and derivations of measures used to represent competition among alternatives, namely correlation, direct-elasticities, and cross-elasticities.
Discrete Computational Mechanics of Masonry Structures (CISM International Centre for Mechanical Sciences #609)
by Katalin Bagi Maurizio AngelilloThis book provides an overview to those most important modern and traditional methods of masonry analysis that are able to capture the discrete internal built-up of masonry structures. Such methods are available in a wide variety today – from computational packages based on classical graphical statics techniques through discrete element methods or the most sophisticated no-tension semi-continuum models – , and this book reviews their theoretical foundations, as well as their advantages and preferable fields of application, also calling the attention on their limitations so that the reader could build up a critical view of the choices they have when attacking a masonry mechanics problem. The book gives a basis for the readers to become able to develop their own methods, inspired either by classical graphical statics, or by any modern technique they find promising.
Discrete-continuum Coupling Method to Simulate Highly Dynamic Multi-scale Problems
by Frédéric Dau Jean-Luc Charles Mohamed Jebahi Ivan IordanoffComplex behavior models (plasticity, crack, visco-elascticity) are facing several theoretical difficulties in determining the behavior law at the continuous (macroscopic) scale. When homogenization fails to give the right behavior law, a solution is to simulate the material at a mesoscale using the discrete element model (DEM) in order to directly simulate a set of discrete properties that are responsible for the macroscopic behavior. Originally, the discrete element model was developed for granular material. This book, the second in the Discrete Element Model and Simulation of Continuous Materials Behavior set of books, shows how to choose the adequate coupling parameters to avoid spurious wave reflection and to allow the passage of all the dynamic information both from the fine to the coarse model and vice versa. The authors demonstrate the coupling method to simulate a highly nonlinear dynamical problem: the laser shock processing of silica glass.
Discrete Control Systems
by Yoshifumi OkuyamaDiscrete Control Systems establishes a basis for the analysis and design of discretized/quantized control systems for continuous physical systems. Beginning with the necessary mathematical foundations and system-model descriptions, the text moves on to derive a robust stability condition. To keep a practical perspective on the uncertain physical systems considered, most of the methods treated are carried out in the frequency domain. As part of the design procedure, modified Nyquist-Hall and Nichols diagrams are presented and discretized proportional-integral-derivative control schemes are reconsidered. Schemes for model-reference feedback and discrete-type observers are proposed. Although single-loop feedback systems form the core of the text, some consideration is given to multiple loops and nonlinearities. The robust control performance and stability of interval systems (with multiple uncertainties) are outlined. Finally, the monograph describes the relationship between feedback-control and discrete event systems. The nonlinear phenomena associated with practically important event-driven systems are elucidated. The dynamics and stability of finite-state and discrete-event systems are defined. Academic researchers interested in the uses of discrete modelling and control of continuous systems will find Discrete Control Systems instructive. The inclusion of end-of-chapter problems also makes the book suitable for use in self study either by professional control engineers or graduate students supplementing a more formal regimen of learning.
Discrete Cosine Transform, Second Edition
by Humberto Ochoa-Dominguez K. R. RaoMany new DCT-like transforms have been proposed since the first edition of this book. For example, the integer DCT that yields integer transform coefficients, the directional DCT to take advantage of several directions of the image and the steerable DCT. The advent of higher dimensional frames such as UHDTV and 4K-TV demand for small and large transform blocks to encode small or large similar areas respectively in an efficient way. Therefore, a new updated book on DCT, adapted to the modern days, considering the new advances in this area and targeted for students, researchers and the industry is a necessity.
Discrete Cuckoo Search for Combinatorial Optimization (Springer Tracts in Nature-Inspired Computing)
by Aziz OuaarabThis book provides a literature review of techniques used to pass from continuous to combinatorial space, before discussing a detailed example with individual steps of how cuckoo search (CS) can be adapted to solve combinatorial optimization problems. It demonstrates the application of CS to three different problems and describes their source code. The content is divided into five chapters, the first of which provides a technical description, together with examples of combinatorial search spaces. The second chapter summarizes a diverse range of methods used to solve combinatorial optimization problems. In turn, the third chapter presents a description of CS, its formulation and characteristics. In the fourth chapter, the application of discrete cuckoo search (DCS) to solve three POCs (the traveling salesman problem, quadratic assignment problem and job shop scheduling problem) is explained, focusing mainly on a reinterpretation of the terminology used in CS and its source of inspiration. In closing, the fifth chapter discusses random-key cuckoo search (RKCS) using random keys to represent positions found by cuckoo search in the TSP and QAP solution space.
Discrete Dynamics: Basic Theory and Examples (Mathematical Engineering)
by Andrea BacciottiThis book offers a complete and detailed introduction to the theory of discrete dynamical systems, with special attention to stability of fixed points and periodic orbits. It provides a solid mathematical background and the essential basic knowledge for further developments such as, for instance, deterministic chaos theory, for which many other references are available (but sometimes, without an exhaustive presentation of preliminary notions). Readers will find a discussion of topics sometimes neglected in the research literature, such as a comparison between different predictions achievable by the discrete time model and the continuous time model of the same application. Another novel aspect of this book is an accurate analysis of the way a fixed point may lose stability, introducing and comparing several notions of instability: simple instability, repulsivity, and complete instability. To help the reader and to show the flexibility and potentiality of the discrete approach to dynamics, many examples, numerical simulations, and figures have been included. The book is used as a reference material for courses at a doctoral or upper undergraduate level in mathematics and theoretical engineering.
Discrete Element Method for Multiphase Flows with Biogenic Particles: Agriculture Applications
by Ling Zhou Mahmoud A. Elemam Ramesh K. Agarwal Weidong ShiThis book presents the advanced theory and application of the combined Computational Fluid Dynamics – Discrete Element Method (CFD-DEM) to multiphase flow simulations of the gas and bio-particulate matter of non-uniformly shaped biomass. It explores how DEM can simulate the complex behaviour of biomass particles, such as their packing in the multiphase flows that occurs in the agricultural product processing industries. It offers an overview of aerodynamic systems, such as cyclone separators, used in the agricultural processing industry. A detailed description of DEM modeling, including the particle-particle, particle-boundary, and particle-fluid interactions in the context of biomass particles of varying sizes and shapes, is provided. Coverage includes the critical application of CFD-DEM simulation technology in designing and optimizing grain handling and processing equipment and the application of extended DEM to other granular flows of complex particles like sand, powders, and dust from mines where clumping and agglomeration occur. The application of DEM in modeling and simulation of complex multiphase systems can help improve productivity, reduce costs, and increase efficiency in the agricultural industry.
Discrete Element Method in the Design of Transport Systems: Verification and Validation of 3D Models
by Daniel Gelnar Jiri ZegzulkaThis book deals with the design and optimization of the bucket elevator using the discrete element method (DEM). It describes the underlying scientific basis for the design of transport equipment using computer simulations and is focused on issues relevant to the industrial sector, mechanical engineering; and the transport, treatment, measurement, and storage of bulk materials. It presents solutions for mitigating bulk material supply chain interruptions due to process malfunctions and failures, utilizing research on monitoring and evaluating of the dynamic processes of particulate matter.The aim of the book is to help readers new to the field with the design of innovative devices. Imparting practical information aimed at saving time and money in project design, the book is ideal for engineers, designers, and researchers concerned with all aspects of bulk materials.Introduces and explains fully the Discrete Element Method using measured values as inputs for the method;Shows whether calculated simulations and real measured values models can be used for design;Illustrates how to validate, calibrate, and optimize the dynamic processes of bulk elevators;Explains how to test transport and storage equipment before it is produced using dynamic simulation of material flow on transport lines, saving time and money.
Discrete Element Method to Model 3D Continuous Materials
by Inigo Terreros Mohamed Jebahi Ivan Iordanoff Damien AndreComplex behavior models (plasticity, cracks, visco elascticity) face some theoretical difficulties for the determination of the behavior law at the continuous scale. When homogenization fails to give the right behavior law, a solution is to simulate the material at a meso scale in order to simulate directly a set of discrete properties that are responsible of the macroscopic behavior. The discrete element model has been developed for granular material. The proposed set shows how this method is capable to solve the problem of complex behavior that are linked to discrete meso scale effects.
Discrete-Event Modeling and Simulation: Theory and Applications (Computational Analysis, Synthesis, and Design of Dynamic Systems)
by Pieter J. Mosterman Gabriel A. WainerCollecting the work of the foremost scientists in the field, Discrete-Event Modeling and Simulation: Theory and Applications presents the state of the art in modeling discrete-event systems using the discrete-event system specification (DEVS) approach. It introduces the latest advances, recent extensions of formal techniques, and real-world examples of various applications. The book covers many topics that pertain to several layers of the modeling and simulation architecture. It discusses DEVS model development support and the interaction of DEVS with other methodologies. It describes different forms of simulation supported by DEVS, the use of real-time DEVS simulation, the relationship between DEVS and graph transformation, the influence of DEVS variants on simulation performance, and interoperability and composability with emphasis on DEVS standardization. The text also examines extensions to DEVS, new formalisms, and abstractions of DEVS models as well as the theory and analysis behind real-world system identification and control. To support the generation and search of optimal models of a system, a framework is developed based on the system entity structure and its transformation to DEVS simulation models. In addition, the book explores numerous interesting examples that illustrate the use of DEVS to build successful applications, including optical network-on-chip, construction/building design, process control, workflow systems, and environmental models. A one-stop resource on advances in DEVS theory, applications, and methodology, this volume offers a sampling of the best research in the area, a broad picture of the DEVS landscape, and trend-setting applications enabled by the DEVS approach. It provides the basis for future research discoveries and encourages the development of new applications.