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Epigenetics and Proteomics of Leukemia: A Synergy of Experimental Biology and Computational Informatics
by R¯uta Navakauskien˙e Dalius Navakauskas Veronika Borutinskait˙e Dalius Matuzevi˘ciusThis book reviews the current state of epigenetics and proteomics of leukemia and introduces the methods that are important to process and evaluate these factors in leukemia. In particular, epigenetic modifiers and their inhibitors in leukemia treatment as well as approaches to the epigenetic treatment of leukemia are covered. Various computational methods for proteome analysis are also described in detail, including 2DE fractionation and visualization, proteomic data processing, image acquisition and data anlaysis, and more. Protein localization in leukemia is also covered, in addition to the future of leukemia therapy. Epigenetics and Proteomics of Leukemia is an ideal book for advanced biomedical scientists and students, medical doctors and students, bioinformatics and health informatics researchers, computational biologists, structural biologists, systems biologists, and bioengineers.
Epigenetics in Aquaculture
by Francesc Piferrer Han-Ping WangEPIGENETICS IN AQUACULTURE This essential guide will allow you to understand how new developments in our knowledge of epigenetic mechanisms and epigenetic inheritance can be applied to improve aquaculture production and aquatic resource management and conservation. Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene expression that are independent of alterations in the nucleotide sequence. It integrates genomic and environmental influences to shape the phenotype. Epigenetics is a field with particular relevance to aquaculture and aquatic organisms, since it underpins acclimatory responses to diverse and changing environments and inheritance of desired phenotypes. Epigenetics in Aquaculture provides a comprehensive introduction to epigenetics, epigenetic mechanisms, epigenetic inheritance, and research methods. It also provides the current state of the art on research and development on epigenetics in the major functions of aquatic organisms in the framework of aquaculture production. The fact that aquaculture is the fastest-growing sector of food production makes the book especially timely. Readers will also find: Detailed treatment of subjects including aquatic faunal reproduction, sex determination, growth regulation, nutritional programming, disease resistance, stress response and much more Survey of current research lacunae and the projected future of the discipline An authorial team of internationally renowned experts Epigenetics in Aquaculture is a valuable reference for researchers, biologists and advanced students in any area of marine science, oceanography, aquaculture, environmental science, and food production.
Epigenetics in Cardiac Disease (Cardiac and Vascular Biology #1)
by Johannes Backs Timothy A. McKinseyThis book describes important advances in our understanding of how environmental conditions affect cardiac gene expression through epigenetic mechanisms. Further, it discusses the roles of chromatin modifications (in particular DNA methylation and histone modifications) and of chromatin regulators in the context of cardiac diseases. The book provides readers with an overview of our current understanding of epigenetic regulation in the heart, and will stimulate further research in this exciting field. Edited and written by internationally respected experts, it addresses the needs of professors, students and researchers working in the fields of cardiac biology and epigenetics.
Epigenetics in Crop Improvement: Safeguarding Food Security in an Ever-Changing Climate
by Luis María VaschettoEpigenetics encompasses all changes in gene expression that occur without alterations to the DNA sequence. These modifications involve DNA methylation, histone modifications, and ncRNA pathways. Plants have evolved remarkable resilience to environmental challenges mediated by epigenetic modifications rather than genetic variation. Epigenetic variation provides a means for designing crop varieties with enhanced resilience to abiotic stresses, such as drought, salinity, and extreme temperatures. By understanding how epigenetic information systems interact among them and with other canonical genetic pathways, we can develop crops better equipped to withstand the challenges of climate change, ultimately contributing to global food security. Epigenetics in Crop Improvement: Safeguarding Food Security in an Ever-Changing Climate is primarily a comprehensive guide that explores the role of epigenetics in plant growth, development, and adaptation. This book also offers a valuable resource for anyone looking to investigate and develop innovative strategies for enhancing crop resilience and productivity in the face of climate change.
Epigenetics in Plants of Agronomic Importance: Fundamentals and Applications
by Raúl Alvarez-Venegas Clelia De la Peña Juan Armando Casas-MollanoOver the past decades, chromatin remodelling has emerged as an important regulator of gene expression and plant defense. This book provides a detailed understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms involved in plants of agronomic importance. The information presented here is significant because it is expected to provide the knowledge needed to develop in the future treatments to manipulate and selectively activate/inhibit proteins and metabolic pathways to counter pathogens, to treat important diseases and to increase crop productivity. New approaches of this kind and the development of new technologies will certainly increase our knowledge of currently known post-translational modifications and facilitate the understanding of their roles in, for example, host-pathogen interactions and crop productivity. Furthermore, we provide important insight on how the plant epigenome changes in response to developmental or environmental stimuli, how chromatin modifications are established and maintained, to which degree they are used throughout the genome, and how chromatin modifications influence each another.
Epigenetics in Plants of Agronomic Importance: Transcriptional Regulation and Chromatin Remodelling in Plants
by Raúl Alvarez-Venegas Juan Armando Casas-Mollano Clelia De-la-PeñaOver the past few decades, chromatin modulation has emerged as an important regulator of gene expression. This second edition provides detailed information on the epigenetic mechanisms in plants, illustrating the value of this research in plants of agronomic importance. It examines recent advances regarding plants’ epigenetic regulation in response to abiotic and biotic types of stress; the epigenetic basis of plant immunity; evolution and functions of plant histones; epigenetic variation and plant breeding; and epigenome editing and crop improvement. The content is intended to promote the development of future biotechnologies to manipulate and selectively activate/inhibit proteins and metabolic pathways to counter pathogens, to treat important diseases, and to increase crop productivity. The development of new fields, like epigenome editing and RNA epigenetics, will certainly improve our understanding of currently known epigenetic modifications and their roles in e.g. host-pathogen interactions, crop productivity, and in response to environmental stimuli. This volume contains twelve new/revised chapters, written by an international team of experts on plant epigenetics, and addresses the needs of researchers and professionals in the fields of agronomics, crop breeding, epigenetics, plant biochemistry, plant developmental biology, and related disciplines.
Epigenetische Mechanismen der Zellprogrammierung und Zellreprogrammierung
by Gang PeiDieses Buch stellt ein umfangreiches Forschungsprogramm zu epigenetischen Mechanismen der Zellprogrammierung und Reprogrammierung vor. Das Programm wurde von der National Natural Science Foundation of China während des 11. Fünfjahresplans gestartet, der im Oktober 2008 begann und Ende 2016 abgeschlossen wurde. Es fasst zunächst die epigenetischen Forschungspläne und den aktuellen Stand der epigenetischen Forschung in China und im internationalen Vergleich zusammen. Unter Anwendung interdisziplinärer Forschungsmethoden erörtert das Buch die Entwicklungstrends der epigenetischen Forschung, wie die Mechanismen der Etablierung und Aufrechterhaltung epigenetischer Informationen und die epigenetische Regulierung von Reproduktion und Entwicklung. Außerdem wird eine Vielzahl von Forschungsergebnissen vorgestellt. So werden beispielsweise die Entdeckung neuer epigenetischer Regulatoren und Chromatin-Remodulatoren sowie deren biologische Funktionen und Mechanismen hervorgehoben. Es werden verschiedene Regulierungsmechanismen der Zelldifferenzierung und Transdifferenzierung erörtert, insbesondere die Entdeckung der Schlüsselfaktoren zur Förderung der Transdifferenzierung von Körperzellen zu Hepatozyten. Darüber hinaus werden in diesem Buch einige wichtige akademische Bereiche mit zunehmender Bedeutung vorgestellt, wie Biochemie, Zellbiologie und klinische Medizin. Aufgrund seines Umfangs ist das Buch für Forscher interessant, die in den Bereichen Zellbiologie, Biochemie, Strukturbiologie, Bioinformatik, klinische Medizin und anderen verwandten Gebieten arbeiten.
Epilepsy: The Intersection of Neurosciences, Biology, Mathematics, Engineering, and Physics
by Ivan Osorio Hitten P. Zaveri Mark G. Frei Susan ArthursEpilepsy, one of the most prevalent neurological disorders, affects approximately 1% (greater than 60 million) of the world's population. In an estimated 20 million of these patients, seizures are not controlled even by multiple anti-seizure drugs, and are extremely difficult to predict. Epilepsy: The Intersection of Neurosciences, Biology, Mathema
Epileptic Seizure Prediction Using Electroencephalogram Signals
by Ratnaprabha Ravindra Borhade Vinayak K. Bairagi Manoj S. Nagmode Ravindra Honaji BorhadeThis book presents an innovative method of EEG-based feature extraction and classification of seizures using EEG signals. It describes the methodology required for EEG analysis, seizure detection, seizure prediction, and seizure classification. It contains a compilation of techniques described in the literature and emphasizes newly proposed techniques. The book includes a brief discussion of existing methods for epileptic seizure diagnosis and prediction and introduces new efficient methods specifically for seizure prediction. Focuses on the mathematical models and machine learning algorithms from a perspective of clinical deployment of EEG-based epileptic seizure prediction Discusses recent trends in seizure detection, prediction, and classification methodologies Provides engineering solutions to severity or risk analysis of detected seizures at remote places Presents wearable solutions to seizure prediction Includes details of the use of deep learning for epileptic seizure prediction using EEG This book acts as a reference for academicians and professionals who are working in the field of computational biomedical engineering and are interested in the domain of EEG-based disease prediction.
Epileptic Seizures and the EEG: Measurement, Models, Detection and Prediction
by Mark Cook Andrea Varsavsky Iven MareelsA study of epilepsy from an engineering perspective, this volume begins by summarizing the physiology and the fundamental ideas behind the measurement, analysis and modeling of the epileptic brain. It introduces the EEG and provides an explanation of the type of brain activity likely to register in EEG measurements, offering an overview of how these EEG records are and have been analyzed in the past. The book focuses on the problem of seizure detection and surveys the physiologically based dynamic models of brain activity. Finally, it addresses the fundamental question: can seizures be predicted? Based on the authors' extensive research, the book concludes by exploring a range of future possibilities in seizure prediction.
Epistemic Situation Calculus Based on Granular Computing: A New Approach to Common-Sense Reasoning (Intelligent Systems Reference Library #239)
by Seiki Akama Tetsuya Murai Yotaro NakayamaThis book approaches to the subject of common-sense reasoning in AI using epistemic situation calculus which integrates the ideas of situation calculus and epistemic logic. Artificial intelligence (AI) is the research area of science and engineering for intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs. It is very important to deal with common-sense reasoning in knowledge-based systems. If we employ a logic-based framework, classical logic is not suited for the purpose of describing common-sense reasoning. It is well known that there are several difficulties with logic-based approaches, e.g., the so-called Fame Problem. We try to formalize common-sense reasoning in the context of granular computing based on rough set theory. The book is intended for those, like experts and students, who wish to get involved in the field as a monograph or a textbook for the subject. We assume that the reader has mastered the material ordinarily covered in AI and mathematical logic
Epistemology and Natural Philosophy in the 18th Century: The Roots of Modern Physics (History of Mechanism and Machine Science #39)
by Danilo CapecchiThis book documents the process of transformation from natural philosophy, which was considered the most important of the sciences until the early modern era, into modern disciplines such as mathematics, physics, natural history, chemistry, medicine and engineering. It focuses on the 18th century, which has often been considered uninteresting for the history of science, representing the transition from the age of genius and the birth of modern science (the 17th century) to the age of prodigious development in the 19th century. Yet the 18th century, the century of Enlightenment, as will be demonstrated here, was in fact characterized by substantial ferment and novelty. To make the text more accessible, little emphasis has been placed on the precise genesis of the various concepts and methods developed in scientific enterprises, except when doing so was necessary to make them clear. For the sake of simplicity, in several situations reference is made to the authors who are famous today, such as Newton, the Bernoullis, Euler, d’Alembert, Lagrange, Lambert, Volta et al. – not necessarily because they were the most creative and original minds, but mainly because their writings represent a synthesis of contemporary and past studies. The above names should, therefore, be considered more labels of a period than references to real historical characters.
Epistemology and Science Education: Understanding the Evolution vs. Intelligent Design Controversy
by Michel Ferrari Roger S. TaylorHow is epistemology related to the issue of teaching science and evolution in the schools? Addressing a flashpoint issue in our schools today, this book explores core epistemological differences between proponents of intelligent design and evolutionary scientists, as well as the critical role of epistemological beliefs in learning science. Preeminent scholars in these areas report empirical research and/or make a theoretical contribution, with a particular emphasis on the controversy over whether intelligent design deserves to be considered a science alongside Darwinian evolution. This pioneering book coordinates and provides a complete picture of the intersections in the study of evolution, epistemology, and science education, in order to allow a deeper understanding of the intelligent design vs. evolution controversy. This is a very timely book for teachers and policy makers who are wrestling with issues of how to teach biology and evolution within a cultural context in which intelligent design has been and is likely to remain a challenge for the foreseeable future.
Epitaxial Growth of III-Nitride Compounds: Computational Approach (Springer Series in Materials Science #269)
by Takashi Matsuoka Yoshihiro KangawaThis book presents extensive information on the mechanisms of epitaxial growth in III-nitride compounds, drawing on a state-of-the-art computational approach that combines ab initio calculations, empirical interatomic potentials, and Monte Carlo simulations to do so. It discusses important theoretical aspects of surface structures and elemental growth processes during the epitaxial growth of III-nitride compounds. In addition, it discusses advanced fundamental structural and electronic properties, surface structures, fundamental growth processes and novel behavior of thin films in III-nitride semiconductors. As such, it will appeal to all researchers, engineers and graduate students seeking detailed information on crystal growth and its application to III-nitride compounds.
Epitaxy of Semiconductors
by Udo W. PohlIntroduction to Epitaxy provides the essential information for a comprehensive upper-level graduate course treating the crystalline growth of semiconductor heterostructures. Heteroepitaxy represents the basis of advanced electronic and optoelectronic devices today and is considered one of the top fields in materials research. The book covers the structural and electronic properties of strained epitaxial layers, the thermodynamics and kinetics of layer growth, and the description of the major growth techniques metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy, molecular beam epitaxy and liquid phase epitaxy. Cubic semiconductors, strain relaxation by misfit dislocations, strain and confinement effects on electronic states, surface structures and processes during nucleation and growth are treated in detail. The Introduction to Epitaxy requires only little knowledge on solid-state physics. Students of natural sciences, materials science and electrical engineering as well as their lecturers benefit from elementary introductions to theory and practice of epitaxial growth, supported by pertinent references and over 200 detailed illustrations.
Epitaxy of Semiconductors: Physics and Fabrication of Heterostructures (Graduate Texts in Physics #4)
by Udo W. PohlThe extended and revised edition of this textbook provides essential information for a comprehensive upper-level graduate course on the crystalline growth of semiconductor heterostructures. Heteroepitaxy is the basis of today’s advanced electronic and optoelectronic devices, and it is considered one of the most important fields in materials research and nanotechnology. The book discusses the structural and electronic properties of strained epitaxial layers, the thermodynamics and kinetics of layer growth, and it describes the major growth techniques: metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy, molecular-beam epitaxy, and liquid-phase epitaxy. It also examines in detail cubic and hexagonal semiconductors, strain relaxation by misfit dislocations, strain and confinement effects on electronic states, surface structures, and processes during nucleation and growth. Requiring only minimal knowledge of solid-state physics, it provides natural sciences, materials science and electrical engineering students and their lecturers elementary introductions to the theory and practice of epitaxial growth, supported by references and over 300 detailed illustrations. In this second edition, many topics have been extended and treated in more detail, e.g. in situ growth monitoring, application of surfactants, properties of dislocations and defects in organic crystals, and special growth techniques like vapor-liquid-solid growth of nanowires and selective-area epitaxy.
Epoxidised Natural Rubber: Properties & Applications
by Siti Salina Sarkawi Fatimah Rubaizah Mohd Rasdi Veronica CharlotteThis book is a complete guide to epoxidized natural rubber covering from the epoxidation chemistry, production process, raw rubber and compound properties, mixing recommendations as its applications in tire, engineering, general and industrial rubber goods, latex based products such as adhesive, foam and paint as well as sustainability or life cycle analysis of ENR rubber. Hence, it is useful for readers either from the industry which looking for specific product application and properties, or scientists and academicians working on their research using the ENR in their study for reference and guidance.
Epoxy Composites: Fabrication, Characterization and Applications
by Jyotishkumar ParameswaranpillaiDiscover a one-stop resource for in-depth knowledge on epoxy composites from leading voices in the field Used in a wide variety of materials engineering applications, epoxy composites are highly relevant to the work of engineers and scientists in many fields. Recent developments have allowed for significant advancements in their preparation, processing and characterization that are highly relevant to the aerospace and automobile industry, among others. In Epoxy Composites: Fabrication, Characterization and Applications, a distinguished team of authors and editors deliver a comprehensive and straightforward summary of the most recent developments in the area of epoxy composites. The book emphasizes their preparation, characterization and applications, providing a complete understanding of the correlation of rheology, cure reaction, morphology, and thermo-mechanical properties with filler dispersion. Readers will learn about a variety of topics on the cutting-edge of epoxy composite fabrication and characterization, including smart epoxy composites, theoretical modeling, recycling and environmental issues, safety issues, and future prospects for these highly practical materials. Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of: A thorough introduction to epoxy composites, their synthesis and manufacturing, and micro- and nano-scale structure formation in epoxy and clay nanocomposites An exploration of long fiber reinforced epoxy composites and eco-friendly epoxy-based composites Practical discussions of the processing of epoxy composites based on carbon nanomaterials and the thermal stability and flame retardancy of epoxy composites An analysis of the spectroscopy and X-ray scattering studies of epoxy composites Perfect for materials scientists, polymer chemists, and mechanical engineers, Epoxy Composites: Fabrication, Characterization and Applications will also earn a place in the libraries of engineering scientists working in industry and process engineers seeking a comprehensive and exhaustive resource on epoxy composites.
Epoxy Resins: Chemistry and Technology, Second Edition,
by Clayton A. MayFeaturing new techniques of physicochemical analysis and broader coverage of textile applications,the thoroughly rewritten and enlarged Second Edition provides hands-on assistance inthe use, formulation, synthesis, processing, and handling of epoxy resins.Epoxy Resins, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded documents available commercialproducts, including rarer species of epoxides ... shows how to achieve qualityassurance through analytical methods ... discusses toxicity, hazards, and safe handling ...looks closely at elastomer modification of resins as well as adhesives, coatings, electrical andelectronic applications, fiber-reinforced composites, and the use of epoxy resins in thestabilization of polymers, plasticizers, and textiles ... and assists in the more efficientselection and application of epoxy resins.Complete with nearly 300 pages of tables for quick references, plus over 300 diagrams andphotographs, and more than 4,400 bibliographic references, this volume will proveindispensable to polymer, physical, and organic chemists, rheologists, materials scientists andengineers, and chemical, plastics, aerospace, automotive, and electrical and electronicsengineers.
Epoxy-Based Biocomposites
by Senthilkumar Krishnasamy Chandrasekar Muthukumar Senthil Muthu Kumar Thiagamani Ahmad Ilyas RushdanEpoxy-Based Biocomposites highlights the influence of fibre type, nanofillers, and ageing conditions on the performance of epoxy-based biocomposites subjected to various loading conditions. This book serves as a useful reference for researchers, graduate students, and engineers in the field of polymer composites. In addition to investigating the behaviour of hybrid biocomposites and biocomposites reinforced with various nanofillers, this book discusses the response of epoxy-based biocomposites exposed to moisture absorption, accelerated weathering, and hygrothermal ageing. This book also considers the static and dynamic properties, such as creep, fatigue, and free vibration properties.
Epoxy-based Spacers for Gas Insulated Power Apparatus
by Boxue Du Hucheng LiangThis book offers an insight into the insulation failures in GIS/GIL and provides practical guidance for improving the insulation reliability of epoxy-based spacers. High voltage gas-insulated apparatuses, including gas-insulated switchgears (GIS) and transmission lines (GIL), playing an important role in the global power transmission system. Epoxy-based spacers are key components in GIS/GIL, playing the role of electrical insulation and mechanical support. However, insulation failures frequently occur around the epoxy-based spacers, threatening the safe operation of the electric power system. Three topics make up this book, with seven to nine chapters in each topic. In the first topic, the surface charging and discharging behaviors of epoxy-based spacers are discussed to deepen the readers’ understanding on the insulation problems in GIS/GIL. And the insulation breakdown of epoxy-based spacers is found to be closely related to the electric field distortion under complex operating conditions. In the second topic, original researches on the surface functionally graded materials (SFGM) are presented for relaxing the electric field distortion around the epoxy-based spacers in both AC and DC GIS/GIL, and a series of optimization methods and fabrication techniques for the SFGM spacers are introduced and discussed. In the last topic, the nonlinear conductivity materials (NCM), also known as self-adaptive materials or intelligent materials, are applied as coatings to adaptively regulate the electric field distributions along the surfaces of the epoxy-based spacers. Besides, the concept of the multi-dimensional functionally graded materials (MFGM) is proposed to uniform the electric field distributions in DC GIS/GIL under stationary and transient voltages, exhibiting great potential in the future application.
Equalization Control for Lithium-ion Batteries
by Jian Chen Quan Ouyang Zhisheng WangThis book provides readers with sufficient insight into battery equalization control technologies from both theoretical and engineering perspectives. Distinguished from most of the existing works that focus on the hardware design of active equalizers, this book intends to comprehensively introduce equalization control strategies for lithium-ion battery packs. The validity and reliability of the control strategies in this book have been verified by theory and experiments. This book summarizes the battery equalization technologies from the equalization system to the equalization control algorithm. From this book, readers who are interested in the area of battery management can have a broad view of cell equalization technologies. Readers who have no experience in the battery management area can learn the basic concept, analysis methods, and design principles of the cell equalization system for battery packs. Even for the readers who are occupied in this area, this book provides rich knowledge on engineering applications and future trends of battery equalization control.
Equibalancedistribution - asymmetrische Dichteverteilung: Alternative zur Gauß‘schen symmetrischen Normalverteilung (essentials)
by Marcus HellwigMarcus Hellwig zeigt, dass die kurzlich entwickelte Schiefe Verteilung, im Weiteren Equibalancedistribution (Eqb) genannt, fur die Uberprufung des Prozessverhaltens von Funkubertragungen verwendet werden kann. Beobachtet wird, dass nahezu jegliche Streuung von Messwerten um einen Mittelwert ungleich schief verteilt ist. Diesem Umstand soll die Eqb dadurch Rechnung tragen, dass sie im symmetrischen Zustand eine vollstandige Abbildung der Normalverteilung (NV) ist und die Summe der Wahrscheinlichkeitsdichte innerhalb der betrachteten Varianz gegen 1 konvergiert, gleich wie die Schiefen (asymmetrische Streuungen) links oder rechts des Mittelwertes (Erwartungswert m) positioniert sind. "
Equilibrium Compound Nucleus Post-Fission Theory
by Ye Tian Qing-Biao ShenThis book proposes and develops the equilibrium compound nucleus post-fission theory, a powerful tool for studying the fission process and making numerical calculations of post-fission nuclear data. It begins with a detailed historical background on fission theory and covers fundamental concepts, such as the Bohr-Wheeler formula and time dependent nuclear density functional theory.The authors explain the kinematics of heavy-ion collisions and develop a heavy-ion spherical optical model. They also present the theoretical methods for calculating the yield, kinetic energy distribution, and angular distribution of fission fragments in the initial state of fission. In addition, readers are provided with the method for calculating the prompt neutron and prompt gamma-ray data as well as the proportion of the isomeric state nucleus and independent yield from the initial yield of the fission fragments. Using the nuclear decay data of the fission products, a method for calculating the cumulative yield and decay heat of the fission fragments is also given. A fission delayed neutron simplification model is proposed and the theoretical method for calculating the total contribution of three fission channels to post-fission nuclear data is provided.This book concludes with a step-by-step guide on numerical calculations for post-fission nuclear data and a Fortran program for optimizing the best theoretical model parameters. It is ideal for both junior and senior researchers in nuclear physics, as well as graduate students who are interested learning about the subject. Given the current interest in post-fission and the tremendous experimental and theoretical efforts in studying it, this book serves as a timely and comprehensive resource for the nuclear physics community.
Equilibrium Finite Element Formulations
by J. P. Moitinho de Almeida Edward A. MaunderA comprehensive treatment of the theory and practice of equilibrium finite element analysis in the context of solid and structural mechanics Equilibrium Finite Element Formulations is an up to date exposition on hybrid equilibrium finite elements, which are based on the direct approximation of the stress fields. The focus is on their derivation and on the advantages that strong forms of equilibrium can have, either when used independently or together with the more conventional displacement based elements. These elements solve two important problems of concern to computational structural mechanics: a rational basis for error estimation, which leads to bounds on quantities of interest that are vital for verification of the output and provision of outputs immediately useful to the engineer for structural design and assessment. Key features: Unique in its coverage of equilibrium – an essential reference work for those seeking solutions that are strongly equilibrated. The approach is not widely known, and should be of benefit to structural design and assessment. Thorough explanations of the formulations for: 2D and 3D continua, thick and thin bending of plates and potential problems; covering mainly linear aspects of behaviour, but also with some excursions into non-linearity. Highly relevant to the verification of numerical solutions, the basis for obtaining bounds of the errors is explained in detail. Simple illustrative examples are given, together with their physical interpretations. The most relevant issues regarding the computational implementation of this approach are presented. When strong equilibrium and finite elements are to be combined, the book is a must-have reference for postgraduate students, researchers in software development or numerical analysis, and industrial practitioners who want to keep up to date with progress in simulation tools.