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Ethics and Artificial Intelligence: Towards a Moral Technology (Studies in Systems, Decision and Control #519)
by Domenico Marino Daniele Cananzi Filippo AragonaIt is a book made up of questions, some without certain answers, that attempts to open the reader's mind to new and, perhaps, futuristic scenarios. There are two diametrically opposed approaches to artificial intelligence today. On the one hand, there are the techno-pessimists who see only dystopian scenarios and experience technological progress with apprehension, emphasising the dangers, and on the other hand, there are the techno-optimists who, on the other hand, tend to overestimate the positive effects, going so far as to attribute almost thaumaturgic virtues to technological progress. Our approach is meant to be secular and scientific; the risks must not be concealed, nor must they be overestimated, just as the positive aspects must not be emphasised. And, in any case, as in any social phenomenon, the governance of processes and the definition of a system of rules and policies are the aspects that can create advantages or disadvantages and, above all, can determine who are the beneficiaries of the advantages and who have to bear the disadvantages. Like any new technology, this too can be dehumanising, but technology is a tool that depends on how it is used and by whom it is used. that of ethics is, therefore, a fundamental aspect. Therefore, one should neither be a techno-optimist nor a techno-pessimist, but should be aware that governing the economic and social structural changes that the advent of artificial intelligence will cause will be crucial to ensure prosperity for future generations and to avoid negative and even apocalyptic scenarios. So no futurist dystopias! Humanity has so far always been able to govern technological progress, it certainly has the potential to govern what some have called 'the Final Invention', but it will only succeed if it is able to understand the peculiarities of this new process of technological development and give it ethical content.The book provides a thoughtful review of the relationship between artificial intelligenceand ethics, approaching the issue from different perspectives: philosophical, technological, economic and legal. This will be one of the most important issues that Humanity will have to face and resolve.
Ethics and Autonomous Weapons
by Alex LeveringhausThis book is amongst the first academic treatments of theemerging debate on autonomous weapons. Autonomous weapons are capable, onceprogrammed, of searching for and engaging a target without direct interventionby a human operator. Critics of these weapons claim that 'taking the humanout-of-the-loop' represents a further step towards the de-humanisation ofwarfare, while advocates of this type of technology contend that the power ofmachine autonomy can potentially be harnessed in order to prevent war crimes. This book provides a thorough and critical assessment of these two positions. Written by a political philosopher at the forefront of the autonomous weaponsdebate, the book clearly assesses the ethical and legal ramifications ofautonomous weapons, and presents a novel ethical argument against fullyautonomous weapons.
Ethics and Educational Technology: Reflection, Interrogation, and Design as a Framework for Practice
by Stephanie L. Moore Heather K. Tillberg-WebbEthics and Educational Technology explores the creation and implementation of learning technologies through an applied ethical lens. The success of digital tools and platforms in today’s multi-faceted learning and performance contexts is dependent not only on effective design and pedagogical principles but, further, on an awareness of these technologies’ interactions with and implications for users and social systems. This first-of-its-kind book provides an evidence-based, process-oriented model for ethics in technology-driven instructional design and development, one that necessitates intentional reflective practice, a critical and theoretically informed interrogation of technology, and a participatory approach to technology design and applications. Rich with real-world ethics examples and design cases, supported by reflection questions and applied activities, and attentive to ethical codes among preeminent educational technology organizations, this is an ideal resource for students, faculty, researchers, and professionals across educational technology, instructional design, learning sciences, learning engineering, organizational training, and other disciplines.
Ethics and Governance in Project Management: Small Sins Allowed and the Line of Impunity (Best Practices in Portfolio, Program, and Project Management #26)
by Eduardo Victor Lopez Alicia MedinaThis book shows executive, project, program, and portfolio managers how ethical behavior can ensure that an organization has proper governance. Improper governance and unethical behavior have led to such well-known financial disasters as Enron and Madoff Investments. The book arms managers with two important tools: Small Sins Allowed (SSA) and Line of Impunity (LoI), which together can be the foundation for renewed and vigorous corporate governance. SSA is a powerful tool that helps managers establish a level above which adherence to ethical standards is expected. LoI aids managers in identifying ethical fault lines that may exist in a company and helps to keep unethical behavior in check.
Ethics and Human Behaviour in ICT Development: International Case Studies with a Focus on Poland
by Marion Hersh Józef B. LewocEthics and Human Behaviour in ICT Development discusses ethics in a professional context and encourages readers to self-assessment of their own behaviour. It provides thought-provoking accounts of the little-known early history of technological development in information and communication technology (ICT) and the automation industry in Poland, with a focus on Wroclaw. The book provides a framework for understanding the relationship between ethics and behaviour, and analyses critically ethical and behavioural issues in challenging workplaces and social contexts. It includes:case studies from around the world, especially Poland, which illustrate the relationships between human behaviour and ethics;biographies of successful Polish ICT and automation leading designers;analysis of case studies of human behaviour and ethics in challenging industrial development and other environments; andillustrative practical applications alongside the theory of human behaviour and ethics. The authors demonstrate the ingenuity of the early Polish designers, programmers and other specialists in overcoming the shortage of components caused by import embargoes to enable Poland to develop its own computer industry. An example of this is Elwro, formerly the largest manufacturer of computers in Poland. The discussion of its growth illustrates the potential of human creativity to overcome problems. The discussion of its fall highlights the importance of ethical approaches to technology transfer and the dangers of a colonialist mentality. The book is designed for engineers, computer scientists, researchers and professionals alike, as well as being of interest for those broadly concerned with ethics and human behaviour.
Ethics and Responsible Research and Innovation in Practice: The ETHNA System Project (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #13875)
by Elsa González-Esteban Ramón A. Feenstra Luis M. Camarinha-MatosThis Open Access book aims to present practical contributions to the ethics governance framework, the conceptualization and characteristics of ethics tools, as well as the experience gained from their application in different institutions.Its main objective is to provide a practical and useful guide that will help other institutions to start introducing Research Ethics effectively in their organizations. The European initiative ETHNA System has designed an ethics governance framework that can be implemented following specific guidelines and tools that can help different types of institutions to promote and generate responsible research and innovation.The papers included in this book were organized in topical sections as follows: foundations; experiences and lessons learned; ethics tools in practice; and looking into the future: main challenges.
Ethics and Sustainable Agriculture: Bridging the Ecological Gaps
by Fabio CaporaliThis book describes the alarming condition of agriculture in the Anthropocene, when the ethical conception of agriculture as a service of common utility for both society and environment has progressively been marginalized. The ethical utility of agriculture has been sidetracked with the increasing industrialisation of society, the involvement of agriculture in the business-as-usual economy, and the consequential environmental and societal impacts it has had. Thus, re-establishing a meaningful bridge between ethics and agriculture is necessary. A relatively new science (ecology) with both a new epistemological tool (that of the ecosystem concept), and a unique narrative of sustainable development, can help bridge this gap. This book focuses on ethics as a lever for raising scientific, technical, social, economic and political solutions to adopt in agriculture as a model of symbiotic relationships between man and nature. It provides a detailed discussion of the ecological intensification practices in order to maximize ecological and ethical services, wherein agroecosystems will follow.
Ethics for Bioengineering Scientists: Treating Data as Clients
by Howard WinetThis book introduces bioengineers and students who must generate and/or report scientific data to the ethical challenges they will face in preserving the integrity of their data. It provides the perspective of reaching ethical decisions via pathways that treat data as clients, to whom bioengineering scientists owe a responsibility that is an existential component of their professional identity. The initial chapters lay a historical, biological and philosophical foundation for ethics as a human activity, and data as a foundation of science. The middle chapters explore ethical challenges in lay, engineering, medical and bioengineering scientist settings. These chapters focus on microethics (individual behavior) and cases that showcase the consequences of violating data integrity. Macroethics (policy) is dealt with in the Enrichment sections at the end of the chapters, with essay problems and subjects for debates (in a classroom setting). The book can be used for individual study, using links in the Enrichment sections to access cases and media presentations like PBS’ "Ethics in America". The final chapters explore the impact of bioengineering science ethics on patients via medical product development, its regulation by the FDA, and the contribution of data integrity violation to product failure. The book was developed for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in bioengineering. It also contains much needed material that researchers and academics would find valuable (e.g., FDA survey and lab animal research justification). This book Introduces an approach to ethical decision-making based on treating data as clients Compares the ethics of three professions; engineering, medicine, and bioengineering Provides five moral theories to choose from for evaluating ethical decisions, and includes a procedure for applying them to moral analysis, and application of the procedure to example cases Examines core concepts, like autonomy, confidentiality, conflict of interest, and justice Explains the process of developing a medical product under FDA regulation Explores the role of lawyers and the judiciary in product development, including intellectual property protection Examines a range of ethical cases, from the historical Tuskegee autonomy case to the modern CRISPR-Cas9 patent case. Howard Winet, PhD is an Adjunct Professor recall, Orthopaedic Surgery and Bioengineering at University of California, Los Angeles.
Ethics for Biomedical Engineers
by Jong Yong Foo Andrew P. Bradley Dennis Kwok-Wing Tam Stephen J. Wilson Winston GweeOver the last few decades, there are increasing public awareness of adverse events involving engineering failures that not only led to monetary losses but also more importantly, human injuries and deaths. Whilst it is vital for an engineering professional or student to acquire the necessary technical knowledge and skills in their respective field, they must also understand the ethical essences that are relevant to their profession. Engineering professionals like biomedical engineers, need to appreciate the fundamentals of best practices and recognise how any derivation from such practices can have undesirable impacts on human lives. Through this book, it is hoped that readers would draw the relevance between the study of ethics and biomedical engineering. The book would be a useful source and reference for college-level and university-level students. Moreover, the contents are written so as to also provide valuable insights even for existing biomedical engineers and those enrolled in continual engineering education programs.
Ethics for Engineers: A Brief Introduction
by Anthony F. BainbridgeThis book is a key introduction to ethics in engineering, providing professionals at all stages of their career with guidance on navigating the increasingly complex world of practising engineering ethically on an international scale.Engineering professionals face a duty to uphold reliable and trustworthy behaviour when working across all disciplines and industries. Accuracy and rigour are essential parts of the modern workplace, and are increasingly of concern to practising engineers. Using case studies to highlight examples of issues within the workplace and how these can be appropriately handled, this book is an accessible tool through which engineers can gain confidence in dealing with ethical dilemmas in the workplace. Touching upon safety, risk, artificial intelligence, autonomous systems, and intellectual property, alongside sustainability and environmental matters, the book focuses on hot topics which are fast becoming day-to-day issues dealt with by engineers.The book will be suitable for engineers of all disciplines, alongside students looking to become professional chartered engineers.
Ethics for the Built Environment
by Peter FewingsPraise for Construction Project Management by Peter Fewings: "The complexity of the subject matter has at least been reinforced in an informative document with a large helping of common sense ... written in a comprehensive and well structured manner." Building Engineer Magazine Ethics are not an optional extra for the professional in the built environment sector. Whether you're a civil engineer, an architect or a construction project manager, an understanding of the ethical context of your work is an institutional requirement and a commercial demand, not to mention a matter of personal pride. Sometimes, as a construction professional you will be faced with complicated dilemmas, as commercial responsibilities clash with health and safety, environmental or competition concerns. Peter Fewings brings together practical construction project management experience with ethical theory to establish how best to deal with difficult issues.
Ethics in Artificial Intelligence: Bias, Fairness and Beyond (Studies in Computational Intelligence #1123)
by Animesh Mukherjee Juhi Kulshrestha Abhijnan Chakraborty Srijan KumarThis book is a collection of chapters in the newly developing area of ethics in artificial intelligence. The book comprises chapters written by leading experts in this area which makes it a one of its kind collections. Some key features of the book are its unique combination of chapters on both theoretical and practical aspects of integrating ethics into artificial intelligence. The book touches upon all the important concepts in this area including bias, discrimination, fairness, and interpretability. Integral components can be broadly divided into two segments – the first segment includes empirical identification of biases, discrimination, and the ethical concerns thereof in impact assessment, advertising and personalization, computational social science, and information retrieval. The second segment includes operationalizing the notions of fairness, identifying the importance of fairness in allocation, clustering and time series problems, and applications of fairness in software testing/debugging and in multi stakeholder platforms. This segment ends with a chapter on interpretability of machine learning models which is another very important and emerging topic in this area.
Ethics in Computing, Science, and Engineering: A Student’s Guide to Doing Things Right
by Barry G. BlundellThis comprehensive textbook introduces students to the wide-ranging responsibilities of computing, science and engineering professionals by laying strong transdisciplinary foundations and by highlighting ethical issues that may arise during their careers. The work is well illustrated, and makes extensive use of both activities, and ethical dilemmas which are designed to stimulate reader engagement. A number of memorable case studies are also included and frequently draw on the demanding aerospace industry. The book adopts a strongly human centric approach, with matters such as privacy erosion and censorship being viewed not only in their current context but also in terms of their ongoing evolution. What are our individual ethical responsibilities for ensuring that we do not develop for future generations a technological leviathan with the potential to create a dystopian world? A broad range of technologies and techniques are introduced and are examined within an ethical framework. These include biometrics, surveillance systems (including facial recognition), radio frequency identification devices, drone technologies, the Internet of Things, and robotic systems. The application and potential societal ramifications of such systems are examined in some detail and this is intended to support the reader in gaining a clear insight into our current direction of travel. Importantly, the author asks whether we can afford to allow ongoing developments to be primarily driven by market forces, or whether a more cautious approach is needed. Further chapters examine the benefits that are associated with ethical leadership, environmental issues relating to the technology product lifecycle (from inception to e-waste), ethical considerations in research (including medical experimentation involving both humans and animals), and the need to develop educational programs which will better prepare students for the needs of a much more fluid employment landscape. The final chapter introduces a structured approach to ethical issue resolution, providing a valuable, long-term source of reference. In addition it emphasises the ethical responsibilities of the professional, and considers issues that can arise when we endeavour to effect ethically sound change within organisations. Examples are provided which highlight the possible ramifications of exercising ethical valour. The author has thus created an extensively referenced textbook that catalyses student interest, is internationally relevant, and which is multicultural in both its scope and outlook.
Ethics in Engineering Practice and Research
by Caroline WhitbeckThe first edition of Caroline Whitbeck's Ethics in Engineering Practice and Research focused on the difficult ethical problems engineers encounter in their practice and in research. In many ways, these problems are like design problems: they are complex, often ill defined; resolving them involves an iterative process of analysis and synthesis; and there can be more than one acceptable solution. In the second edition of this text, Dr Whitbeck goes above and beyond by featuring more real-life problems, stating recent scenarios and laying the foundation of ethical concepts and reasoning. This book offers a real-world, problem-centered approach to engineering ethics, using a rich collection of open-ended case studies to develop skill in recognizing and addressing ethical issues.
Ethics in Everyday Places: Mapping Moral Stress, Distress, and Injury (Basic Bioethics)
by Tom KochAn exploration of moral stress, distress, and injuries inherent in modern society through the maps that pervade academic and public communications worlds.In Ethics in Everyday Places, ethicist and geographer Tom Koch considers what happens when, as he puts it, “you do everything right but know you've done something wrong." The resulting moral stress and injury, he argues, are pervasive in modern Western society. Koch makes his argument "from the ground up," from the perspective of average persons, and through a revealing series of maps in which issues of ethics and morality are embedded.The book begins with a general grounding in both moral stress and mapping as a means of investigation. The author then examines the ethical dilemmas of mapmakers and others in the popular media and the sciences, including graphic artists, journalists, researchers, and social scientists. Koch expands from the particular to the general, from mapmaker and journalist to the readers of maps and news. He explores the moral stress and injury in educational funding, poverty, and income inequality ("Why aren't we angry that one in eight fellow citizens lives in federally certified poverty?"), transportation modeling (seen in the iconic map of the London transit system and the hidden realities of exclusion), and U.S. graft organ transplantation.This uniquely interdisciplinary work rewrites our understanding of the nature of moral stress, distress and injury, and ethics in modern life. Written accessibly and engagingly, it transforms how we think of ethics—personal and professional—amid the often conflicting moral injunctions across modern society.Copublished with Esri Press
Ethics in Human-like Robots
by Kamil MamakThe idea of creating artificial humans can be found at the beginning of the human culture. Ancient myths contain the stories of artificial humans brought to life by gods. The word robot originates from a play that was about artificial humans made from artificial flesh that aims to serve real humans. With advancements in robotics, the materialization of this idea is more real than ever before. We are witnessing attempts to create humanoid robots that might be deployed in many spheres of our life - policing, healthcare, and even for love and sex.The book focuses on the ethical issues of human likeness of robots and human tendency to anthropomorphize. It is built on the assumption that design choices are not neutral, and they need to be discussed to align robots with human values. With robots operating in the physical world, they bring ideas and risks that should be addressed before widespread deployment. The book reviews specific issues and provides suggestions and recommendations for improving robots to serve humans better. It draws on literature from Human-Robot Interactions, ethics of AI and robotics, and the philosophy of technology.
Ethics in Information Technology: A Practical Guide (Cognitive Approaches in Cloud and Edge Computing.)
by G. K. Awari Sarvesh V. WarjurkarThis reference text introduces concepts of computer and Internet crime, ethics in information technology, and privacy techniques. It comprehensively covers important topics including ethical consideration in decision making, security attacks, identification of theft, strategies for consumer profiling, types of intellectual property rights, issues related to intellectual property, process and product quality, software quality assurance techniques, elements of an ethical organization, telemedicine, and electronic health records. This book will serve as a useful text for senior undergraduate and graduate students in interdisciplinary areas including computer science, information technology, electronics and communications engineering, and electrical engineering.
Ethics in Quality
by August B. MundelThis book poses essential questions on ethical quality and regarding the best action to take when dealing with a company, which has adopted a course of action that may lead it to act in an "irresponsible" manner. It is intended for quality engineers and product liability attorneys.
Ethics in Science: Ethical Misconduct in Scientific Research, Second Edition
by John D'AngeloProviding the tools necessary for a robust debate, this fully revised and updated second edition of Ethics in Science: Ethical Misconduct in Scientific Research explains various forms of scientific misconduct. The first part describes a variety of ethical violations, why they occur, how they are handled, and what can be done to prevent them along with a discussion of the peer-review process. The second presents real-life case studies that review the known facts, allowing readers to decide for themselves whether an ethical violation has occurred and if so, what should be done. With 4 new chapters and an updated selection of case studies, this text provides resources for guided discussion of topical controversies and how to prevent scientific misconduct.Key Features:Fully revised and updated text which explains the various forms of scientific misconduct.New chapters include hot topics such as Ethics of the Pharmaceutical Industry, The Responsibility of Science to the Environment and Summary of Ethics Guidelines of STEM Professional Societies.Provides the necessary tools to lead students in the discussion of topical controversies.Includes descriptions of real ethical case studies, a number of which are new for the Second Edition.This book is applicable to any science and any level of education.
Ethics in Science and Engineering (Wiley-Scrivener #60)
by James G. Speight Russell FooteFor engineering and scientific endeavors to progress there must be generally accepted ethical guidelines in place to which engineers and scientists must adhere. This book explores the various scientific and engineering disciplines, examining the potential for unethical behavior by professionals. Documented examples are presented to show where unethical behavior could have been halted before it became an issue. The authors also look to the future to see what is in store for professionals in the scientific and engineering disciplines and how the potential for unethical behavior can be negated.
The Ethics of Agribusiness: Justice and Global Food in Focus (Routledge Research in Applied Ethics)
by Shane EptingThis book offers an original perspective on food supply chains. It argues that the ability to trade food on a global scale could be intrinsically good aside from any instrumental value that people gain from it. While the author’s argument seems to counter wholesale anti-agribusiness views, it is consistent with the larger goals of food-justice movements. The author examines the structures of food supply chains, revealing the kinds of harm they help produce. They include slavery, abusive labor, geopolitical exploitation, ecological degradation, and public health impacts. Although the book argues that food supply chains can be collectively beneficial, eliminating their immoral features must hold steady as a continuous enterprise. Securing this outcome means that we go beyond critique. The final chapter advocates for the sustainable food label to address issues of food justice and food sovereignty. The Ethics of Agribusiness will interest researchers and advanced students working in food ethics, environmental ethics, and agricultural ethics.
The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: From Hands-on Practice to Policy-making (The International Library of Ethics, Law and Technology #25)
by Eike-Henner W. KlugeThis book provides an ethical analysis of the ethical issues that arise in the design, nature and use of AIs as they are currently used in the delivery and planning of healthcare by hands-on healthcare professionals, institutional administrators and social policy makers. It suggests that while these issues overlap, they have distinct aspects in the respective domains. Among other things, it distinguishing between AIs as expert systems as they are currently constituted and AIs as based in quantum computers or as constituted of bio-printed material, indicates how this is evolving and outlines the ethically relevant issues that would then arise.
The Ethics of Climate Engineering: Solar Radiation Management and Non-Ideal Justice (Routledge Research in Applied Ethics)
by Toby SvobodaThis book analyzes major ethical issues surrounding the use of climate engineering, particularly solar radiation management (SRM) techniques, which have the potential to reduce some risks of anthropogenic climate change but also carry their own risks of harm and injustice. The book argues that we should approach the ethics of climate engineering via "non-ideal theory," which investigates what justice requires given the fact that many parties have failed to comply with their duty to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Specifically, it argues that climate justice should be approached comparatively, evaluating the relative justice or injustice of feasible policies under conditions that are likely to hold within relevant timeframes. Likely near-future conditions include "pessimistic scenarios," in which no available option avoids serious ethical problems. The book contends that certain uses of SRM can be ethically defensible in some pessimistic scenarios. This is the first book devoted to the many ethical issues surrounding climate engineering.
The ethics of consumption
by Helena Röcklinsberg Per SandinWe are all consumers. What we consume, how, and how much, has consequences of great moral importance for humans, animals, and the environment. Great challenges lie ahead as we are facing population growth and climate change and reduced availability of fossil fuels. It is often argued that key to meeting those challenges is changing consumption patterns among individual as well as institutions, for instance through reducing meat consumption, switching to organic or fair trade products, boycotting or 'buycotting' certain products, or consuming less overall. There is considerable disagreement regarding how to bring this about, whose responsibility it is, and even whether it is desirable. Is it a question of political initiatives, producer responsibility, the virtues and vices of individual consumers in the developed world, or something else? Many of these issues pose profound intellectual challenges at the intersection of ethics, political philosophy, economics, and several other fields. This publication brings together contributions from scholars in numerous disciplines, including philosophy, law, economics, sociology and animal welfare, who explore the theme of 'the ethics of consumption' from different angles.
Ethics of Driving Automation: Artificial Agency and Human Values (Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and Rational Ethics #65)
by Fabio FossaThis book offers a systematic and thorough philosophical analysis of the ways in which driving automation crosses path with ethical values. Upon introducing the different forms of driving automation and examining their relation to human autonomy, it provides readers with in-depth reflections on safety, privacy, moral judgment, control, responsibility, sustainability, and other ethical issues. Driving is undoubtedly a moral activity as a human act. Transferring it to artificial agents such as connected and automated vehicles necessarily raises many philosophical questions. When driving is automated, what happens to its ethical dimensions? Could artificial agents accomplish ethical objectives on our behalf, take moral decisions in our place, and drive us into a more ethical transportation future? In doing so, would they be “moral” as we are or in a way that is similar to, but also remarkably different from, our own? And what role is yet to be played by human responsibility and commitment? The book addresses these questions with the aim of stimulating an interdisciplinary dialogue between different stakeholders. They include automotive engineers, computer scientists, and moral philosophers, as well as industry representatives, policymakers, regulators, transportation experts, and the general public. Indeed, connected and automated vehicles will not take the high road for us . We must drive them there.