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Essentials of Thermal Processing
by Gary S. Tucker Susan FeatherstoneThermal processing remains the most important method of food preservation in use today, and the scale of the industry is immense. The large scale of these production operations makes it more important than ever that the process is performed perfectly every time: failure will lead to product deterioration and loss of sales at best, and at worst to serious illness or death. This volume is a definitive modern-day reference for all those involved in thermal processing. It covers all of the essential information regarding the preservation of food products by heat. It includes all types of food product, from those high in acid and given a mild heat process to the low-acid sterilised foods that require a full botulinum cook. Different chapters deal with the manufacturing steps from raw material microbiology, through various processing regimes, validation methods, packaging, incubation testing and spoilage incidents. The authors have extensive knowledge of heat preservation covering all parts of the world and represent organisations with formidable reputations in this field. This book is an essential resource for all scientists and technologists in the food manufacturing industry as well as researchers and students of food science and technology.
Essentials of Thermal Processing
by Susan Featherstone Gary TuckerESSENTIALS OF THERMAL PROCESSING Explore this fully updated new edition of a practical reference on food preservation from two leading voices in the industryAmong all food preservation methods in use today, thermal processing remains the single most important technique used in the industry. The newly revised Second Edition of Essentials of Thermal Processing delivers a thorough reference on the science and applications of the thermal processing of a wide variety of food products. The book offers readers essential information on the preservation of food products by heat, including high-acid foods and low-acid sterilized foods requiring a full botulinum cook.The accomplished authors—noted experts in their field—discuss all relevant manufacturing steps, from raw material microbiology through the various processing regimes, validation methods, packaging, incubation testing, and spoilage incidents.Two new chapters on temperature and heat distribution, as well as heat penetration of foods, are included. More worked and practical examples are found throughout the book as well. Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of:A thorough introduction to the microbiology of heat processed foods, food preservation techniques, low acid canned foods, and high acid foodsAn exploration of acidified products, heat extended shelf-life chilled foods, and processing methodsDiscussions of cooking and process optimization, process validation, and heat penetration and process calculationsAn examination of cooling and water treatment, how to handle process deviations, and packaging options for heat preserved foodsPerfect for professionals working in the food processing and preservation industries, Essentials of Thermal Processing will also earn a place in the libraries of anyone seeking a one-stop reference on the subject of thermal processing for food products.
Essentials of Tissue Banking
by George GaleaTissue banking is undergoing a paradigm shift. There are now a plethora of guidance and regulatory documents, in response to recent regulation. There is however, relatively little information on the scientific and technical principles on routine tissue banking practices. The information that exists is relatively old and in somewhat obscure journals. This book attempts to provide a coherent and up to date approach. Each author, who is a recognized expert in their field, was asked to illustrate the processes involved in modern tissue banking practices. Where these are based on evidence and science, they were asked to explain this in a clear and concise manner. Where evidence it is not available, the authors were asked to provide the reasons why they believe practices have developed the way they have. This could range from the precautionary principle, custom and practice, common sense approach etc. This book has been split into 5 sections: Management of donors and the banking of common tissues and cells, principles of storage and processing of tissues, ensuring safety of the products by testing the donor, the tissue and the environment, ensuring quality of the products by establishing a quality system and an IT infrastructure and the Regulatory and ethical environment in which we operate. Although it is possible to bank all types of cells, including stem cells, these are not covered in this book. The organisation and target audiences for stem cells are quite different from those of tissues. Cord blood banking, on the other hand is very similar and they have therefore been included. The intention of this book is to cover the basis of current practices, rather than future developments, such as embryonic cell developments, tissue engineering and gene therapy. These are more akin to cellular therapies. Although they share many banking similarities to tissues, their inclusion in this book would have made it too cumbersome.
Essentials of Toxic Chemical Risk: Science and Society
by Stephen PenningrothThis volume provides a basic introduction to toxicology within a framework of chemical risk to ecosystems and to human health and forms the basis of a new approach to teaching toxicology from a broad, interdisciplinary perspective. It presents concepts from chemistry, ecology, physiology, and other disciplines as needed within the context of toxicology. These include chemical equilibrium, energy, and nutrient flows through ecosystems. It also introduces concepts specific to toxicology, such as risk as a composite of toxicity and exposure, and provides case studies of risk management to illustrate the ways in which laboratory results are used to manage chemical risk to human health and the environment.
Essentials of Ultramicrotomy
by Anjali HaloiThis book commences with an introduction to the fundamental principles of light and electron microscopy, laying the groundwork for readers to grasp the significance of ultramicrotomy within these fields. It addresses every aspect of ultramicrotomy, including its history, instrumentation, procedural intricacies, as well as guidelines for maintenance and troubleshooting. A number of images and illustrations have been included to depict every step of the ultramicrotomy procedure to facilitate deeper understanding of the subject. It also talks about different techniques that can be employed for enhancing the quality and precision of the microscopy results. This book is a resource for researchers, faculty members, students, microtomists and microscopists working on sample preparation and analysis through transmission electron microscopy.
Essentials of Water Systems Design in the Oil, Gas, and Chemical Processing Industries
by Malcolm Clark Bill Boyd Alireza BahadoriEssentials of Water Systems Design in the Oil, Gas and Chemical Processing Industries provides valuable insight for decision makers by outlining key technical considerations and requirements of four critical systems in industrial processing plants--water treatment systems, raw water and plant water systems, cooling water distribution and return systems, and fire water distribution and storage facilities. The authors identify the key technical issues and minimum requirements related to the process design and selection of various water supply systems used in the oil, gas, and chemical processing industries. This book is an ideal, multidisciplinary work for mechanical engineers, environmental scientists, and oil and gas process engineers.
Established and Emerging Practices for Soil and Crop Productivity
by Avtar Singh BimbrawThe book explains the various existing, emerging and environmentally viable technologies for the sustainable and profitable crop productivity. The book also focusses on climate change, hurricanes and tropical storms, natural resources management, crop diversification, crop resource management, cropping systems, farming system, management of land use resources, conservation agriculture, crop residue management, renewable energy, precision agriculture, integrated nutrient management, integrated pest management.Note: T&F does not sell or distribute the Hardback in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.
Establishing Plus-Minus-Energy-Regions: The Maluku Archipelago in Indonesia
by Dieter D. Genske Giovanni Maurice PradiptaThis book explains and illustrates how Indonesia as the largest and most populous country in Southeast Asia can become independent of fossil fuels by both reducing its energy needs and using renewable resources. A study presented in this work focuses on the Maluku Archipelago in eastern Indonesia with Ambon as its capital. Conventional energy is brought to the islands over long distances by partly simple means as boats, ships and aircrafts. This unsustainable situation calls for a decentralized renewable energy supply strategy. Based on the research presented in this book, it is clear that the archipelago has the potential to become a so-called plus-minus region. Plus-minus regions are regions that produce more renewable energy than they need and capture more CO2 than they emit. The authors are convinced that the presented strategy illustrated on the Maluku Archipelago can be transferred to other regions of the world and that only by developing plus-minus regions the international 2°C climate goal can be achieved. The model region thus serves as proof that the plus-minus target can also be achieved in emerging countries with limited financial resources.
Establishing Precompetitive Collaborations to Stimulate Genomics-Driven Drug Development: Workshop Summary
by The National Academy of SciencesDespite the many basic research discoveries in genetics, relatively few gene-based treatments, drugs, or preventative measures have been developed. One way to bridge this gap may be for industry, academia, and government to develop partnerships that share resources while distributing risk. However, intellectual property protections and other barriers can inhibit collaborative efforts. The Institute of Medicine held a workshop on July 22, 2010, to explore these issues and develop solutions.
Establishing Scientific Classroom Discourse Communities: Multiple Voices of Teaching and Learning Research
by Wolff-Michael Roth Randy YerrickEstablishing Scientific Classroom Discourse Communities: Multiple Voices of Teaching and Learning Research is designed to encourage discussion of issues surrounding the reform of classroom science discourse among teachers, teacher educators, and researchers. The contributors--some of the top educational researchers, linguists, and science educators in the world--represent a variety of perspectives pertaining to teaching, assessment, research, learning, and reform. As a whole the book explores the variety, complexity, and interconnectivity of issues associated with changing classroom learning communities and transforming science classroom discourse to be more representative of the discourse of scientific communities. The intent is to expand debate among educators regarding what constitutes exemplary scientific speaking, thinking, and acting. This book is unparalleled in discussing current reform issues from sociolinguistic and sociocultural perspectives. The need for a revised perspective on enduring science teaching and learning issues is established and a theoretical framework and methodology for interpreting the critique of classroom and science discourses is presented. To model and scaffold this ongoing debate, each chapter is followed by a "metalogue" in which the chapter authors and volume editors critique the issues traversed in the chapter by opening up the neatly argued issues. These "metalogues" challenge, extend, and deepen the arguments made. Central questions addressed include: *Why is a sociolinguistic interpretation essential in examining science education reform? *What are key similarities and differences between classroom and scientific communities? *How can the utility of common knowledge and existing classroom discourse be balanced toward alternative outcomes? *What curricular issues are associated with transforming classroom talk? *What other perspectives can assist in creating multiple access to science through redefining classroom discourse? Whether this volume improves readers' science teaching, assists their research, or helps them to better prepare tomorrow's science teachers, the goal is to engage them in considering the challenges faced by educators as they navigate the seas of reform and strive to improve science education for all.
Establishing a Performance Index for Construction Project Managers
by Sushil Kumar Solanki Virendra Kumar Paul Abhijit Rastogi Parnika Singh YadavAssessment of professional competence for project managers and the measure of project success is well-trodden ground in the research and professional project management literature. Whilst standards and certifications like PMBOK and the IPMA competence baseline have been developed as a guide for the development of project managers’ competence, the manifestation of these competencies into good performance is neither guaranteed nor always easily ascertainable. This book presents a brand new, comprehensive, and reliable quantitative tool to assess the performance of a construction project manager. Though the performance of a project construction manager may be judged on time and cost criteria of a project, there is still no one conclusive evaluation tool based on the varied criteria or competencies that are usually ascribed to them. This book develops a performance index for construction project professionals which can be indicative of their performance measured over varied attributes over the lifetime of their professional development. This index has the potential to provide all project stakeholders with better control over selecting appropriate resources for managing projects and drive the project professional from within towards improving his/her credentials with every project. This book can be used by aspiring and practising project managers for measuring their own performance and assessing their relative strengths and weaknesses. Organizations can use the tool as a benchmark to select the best of their human resources for their projects, and training institutions can use the tool to set a baseline, highlight areas for intervention, and indicate the readiness of trainees to face real world projects.
Establishing the Environmental Flow Regime for the Middle Zambezi River (IHE Delft PhD Thesis Series)
by Elenestina Mwelwa-MutekenyaThe Middle Zambezi, host to a rich biodiversity, is located in the central part of the Zambezi River Basin which covers eight Southern African Countries. The area is located downstream of three hydropower schemes. In the last decades, the floodplain riparian tree, the Faidherbia albida, vital for the local wild life, has shown a worrying decrease in its regeneration rates. This thesis explores establishing the environmental flow regime for the Middle Zambezi reach in order to minimise the impact of the upstream hydropower schemes on the river environment, using the Faidherbia albida tree as a biological indicator.The research identified that the current dam operations have completely altered the natural hydrological rhythm from pre-Kariba dam dry season flows of 100-200 m3/s increasing to 1,000-1,500 m3/s. The sudden closure of the dam floodgates can be linked to the observed river channel-widening phenomenon. In addition, the Faidherbia albida tree now experiences longer flood residence over the floodplain, making it inaccessible to animals to allow for regeneration. In order to save the F. albida tree, a two-pronged environmental flow regime is proposed of releasing a moderate flood of 5,800 m3/s once in 5 years, for 5 to 6 weeks in the months of February to March, and phasing the spillway gates closure over a period of 3 to 4 weeks to keep the floodplain wet enough until the months of May and June. Phasing of the spillway gate closure would also mitigate the excessive bank erosion.
Estimating Building Costs
by Wayne J. Del PicoHow to succeed in the construction business-step-by-step guidelines for estimating To be competitive, contractors and homebuilders need to know how to generate complete, accurate estimates for labor and material costs. This book guides readers through the entire estimating process, explaining in detail how to put together a reliable estimate that can be used not only for budgeting, but also for developing a schedule, managing a project, dealing with contingencies, and ultimately making a profit. Completely revised and updated to reflect the new CSI MasterFormat 2010TM system, the Second Edition of this practical guide describes estimating techniques for each building system and how to apply them according to the latest industry standards. Cost considerations and quantity takeoff and pricing are included for virtually every type of work found in residential and light commercial projects, from demolition, concrete, and masonry to windows and doors, siding, roofing, mechanical and electrical systems, finish work, and site construction. Complete with many new graphics and references to professional construction cost databases, the new edition provides experienced contractors and novices alike with essential information on: How to correctly interpret plans and specifications, reflecting updates to contract documents since the first edition Computer estimating techniques and new estimating software for performing quantity takeoff The best methods for conceptual estimating as well as the extremely useful topic of parametric estimating How to allocate the right amounts for profit and contingencies, and other hard-to-find professional guidance How a unit price estimate is built along with labor issues and budgeting for subcontractor work
Estimating Building Costs (Civil and Environmental Engineering)
by Calin M. Popescu Nuntapong Ovararin Kan PhaobunjongCompanies live or die on the basis of estimating their costs. Preparing estimates and bidding for new jobs is a complex and often costly process. There is no substitute for on the job training -- until now. Drawing on the authors' combined experience of more than 70 years, Estimating Building Costs presents state-of-the-art principles, practices, a
Estimating Building Costs for the Residential and Light Commercial Construction Professional (Rsmeans Ser. #80)
by Wayne J. Del PicoEstimating Building Costs Few aspects of a construction project are more fundamental than the cost estimate, which can mean the difference between a professionally executed project and a financial and legal disaster. Properly handled, a construction cost estimate can protect both the contractor and the client from losing money on a project. The estimate is the first step toward a successful project. For contractors, therefore, the knowledge required to construct an accurate price estimate is critical. Estimating Building Costs for the Residential and Light Commercial Construction Professional provides this knowledge in a thorough and comprehensive guide. It takes readers step-by-step through the process of constructing a cost estimate, and provides guidance for incorporating cost estimates into budgeting, scheduling, project management, and more. The result is a fundamental guide to this critical aspect of the construction industry. Readers of the third edition of Estimating Building Costs for the Residential and Light Commercial Construction Professional will also find: Fully updated text to reflect the new CSI MASTERFORMAT™ 2020 Analysis of cost considerations, quantity takeoff, pricing, and more Step-by-step guidance for developing a comprehensive cost estimate All-new sections covering scope of work, wage scales in the US, and a project overhead checklist Considerations for adding profit and contingencies to an estimate Estimating Building Costs for the Residential and Light Commercial Construction Professional is an essential resource for contractors in residential and light commercial construction, as well as students studying construction management and construction estimating.
Estimating Checklist for Capital Projects
by Association of The Joint Development BoardThis book provides a checklist, classified by work section, which will enable the cost engineer to ensure that no items of significant cost have been omitted.
Estimating Combined Loads of Diffuse and Point-Source Pollutants Into the Borkena River, Ethiopia (IHE Delft PhD Thesis Series)
by Eskinder Zinabu BelachewThis book is an initial attempt to estimate the loads of heavy metal and nutrient loads into an industrial effluent receiving rivers of a typical industrializing catchment. It shows the effects and impacts of diffuse and point sources of these loads into the rivers, and illuminate management, capacity and policy gaps of riverine water and sediment monitoring in the sub-Saharan countries perspective from Ethiopia. The study was done in semi-arid catchments of Kombolcha city with industrialising urban and peri-urban areas in north-central Ethiopia. The Leyole and Worka rivers, which receives industrial effluent and wash-off from the catchments’ areas, were monitored for two years. This book contribute to our understanding on applicable methods to quantify loads of diffuse and point sources in data poor areas, and the most important contribution is to address the gaps in in controlling emission changes and. The results of this book contribute to the theory of river protection and understanding of water quality management of sub-Saharan African tropical rivers and sediments and provides policy options for improvement in rivers water quality of the sub-Saharan countries. In bridging this gap, this book proposed a model to estimate the total loads of nitrogen and phosphorus from a catchment.
Estimating Costs of Air Pollution Control
by William M. VatavukIn these pages is all the information that you-manager, engineer, or other technical professional-would need to select, size, and estimate "budget/study" level capital and annual costs for a variety of air pollution control equipment. This equipment includes wet scrubbers, carbon adsorbers, and other "add-on" devices. This book also deals with such nonstack controls as wet dust suppression systems and flue gas desulfurization systems. The costs are current (1988 or 1989 dollars) and are mainly presented in equational form for ease of computerization and updating. Clear, comprehensive equipment sizing procedures are also detailed. Finally, several detailed example problems are included to illustrate the sizing and costing procedures. This book is not just for technical personnel, however. The material is easy to grasp and use. Anyone with an air pollution control background can follow and apply the procedures and data herein. Using this book, air pollution control professionals can now develop sound, defensible (within ±30%) cost estimates with a minimum of time and effort.
Estimating Functional Connectivity and Topology in Large-Scale Neuronal Assemblies: Statistical and Computational Methods (Springer Theses)
by Vito Paolo PastoreThis book describes a set of novel statistical algorithms designed to infer functional connectivity of large-scale neural assemblies. The algorithms are developed with the aim of maximizing computational accuracy and efficiency, while faithfully reconstructing both the inhibitory and excitatory functional links. The book reports on statistical methods to compute the most significant functional connectivity graph, and shows how to use graph theory to extract the topological features of the computed network. A particular feature is that the methods used and extended at the purpose of this work are reported in a fairly completed, yet concise manner, together with the necessary mathematical fundamentals and explanations to understand their application. Furthermore, all these methods have been embedded in the user-friendly open source software named SpiCoDyn, which is also introduced here. All in all, this book provides researchers and graduate students in bioengineering, neurophysiology and computer science, with a set of simplified and reduced models for studying functional connectivity in in silico biological neuronal networks, thus overcoming the complexity of brain circuits.
Estimating Spoken Dialog System Quality with User Models
by Klaus-Peter EngelbrechtSpoken dialog systems have the potential to offer highly intuitive user interfaces, as they allow systems to be controlled using natural language. However, the complexity inherent in natural language dialogs means that careful testing of the system must be carried out from the very beginning of the design process. This book examines how user models can be used to support such early evaluations in two ways: by running simulations of dialogs, and by estimating the quality judgments of users. First, a design environment supporting the creation of dialog flows, the simulation of dialogs, and the analysis of the simulated data is proposed. How the quality of user simulations may be quantified with respect to their suitability for both formative and summative evaluation is then discussed. The remainder of the book is dedicated to the problem of predicting quality judgments of users based on interaction data. New modeling approaches are presented, which process the dialogs as sequences, and which allow knowledge about the judgment behavior of users to be incorporated into predictions. All proposed methods are validated with example evaluation studies.
Estimating and Cost Planning Using the New Rules of Measurement: Using The New Rules Of Measurement
by Sean D. OstrowskiThe RICS New Rules of Measurement mean that the construction industry now has a way of allowing a more consistent approach to the measurement and estimating of buildings from the start of a project, right through until the end, and beyond. Estimating and cost planning using the New Rules of Measurement offers comprehensive guidance on all the technical competencies concerned with estimating throughout the precontract stages. It provides a full commentary to the NRM, with detailed and comprehensive examples of how to measure estimates and cost plans in accordance with this new prescriptive approach. For both students and practitioners, the acquisition of technical competencies is by practice so this book offers step-by-step worked examples to follow as well as an exercise on each topic. Key Features • helps dispel anxieties about using a new method in an important area of fee generation • based on the author’s successful Roadshows, organised by the RICS to promote the NRM • companion websites provide support for learning: http://ostrowskiquantities.com and www.wiley.com/go/ostrowski/estimating
Estimating and Costing for the Metal Manufacturing Industries
by Robert Creese M. AdithanThis practical reference/text provides a thorough overview of cost estimating as applied to various manufacturing industries, with special emphasis on metal manufacturing concerns. It presents examples and study problems illustrating potential applications and the techniques involved in estimating costs.;Containing both US and metric units for easy conversion of world-wide manufacturing data, Estimating and Costing for the Metal Manufacturing Industries: outlines professional societies and publications dealing with cost estimating and cost analysis; details the four basic metalworking processes - machining, casting, forming, and joining; reveals five techniques for capital cost estimating, including the new AACE International's Recommended Practice 16R-90 and the new knowledge and experience method; discusses the effect of scrap rates and operation costs upon unit costs; offers four formula methods for conceptual cost estimating and examines material-design-cost relationships; describes cost indexes, cost capacity factors, multiple-improvement curves, and facility cost estimation techniques; offers a generalized metal cutting economics model for comparison with traditional economic models; and more.;Estimating and Costing for the Metal Manufacturing Industries serves as an on-the-job, single-source reference for cost, manufacturing, and industrial engineers and as a text for upper-level undergraduate, graduate, and postgraduate students in cost estimating, engineering economics, and production operations courses.;A Solutions manual to the end-of-chapter problems is available free of charge to instructors only. Requests for the manual must be made on official school stationery.
Estimating and Measurement for Simple Building Works in Hong Kong
by Caroline T. ChanThis book is an introductory text on building measurement and estimating for simple buildings in Hong Kong, based on the Hong Kong Standard Method of Measurement of Building Works 4th Edition Revised 2018 (HKSMM4 Rev 2018). It provides a toolkit for students and surveying technicians who are new to the subject. This second edition updates the contents in line with the HKSMM4 Rev 2018 and incorporates the latest industry developments such as BIM. The main text is divided into five parts following the development of a typical project. Part 1, Building the project team, introduces the team setup for a typical project. Part 2, Deciding the procurement strategy, explains the various procurement decisions to be made by an employer before any cost estimating and measurement work takes place. Part 3, Preparing for tender, covers the tendering methods, tender documentation and approximate estimating techniques used by Quantity Surveyors. Part 4, Measuring quantities, introduces measurement principles and HKSMM4 Rev 2018, followed by a detailed review of the measurement methods for each major trade, with worked examples. Part 5, Estimating unit rates, explores the basic techniques for unit rate preparation. The book contains worked examples from real Hong Kong building projects, self-assessment questions, reminders and points of note. It is essential reading for Hong Kong construction and surveying students, international Quantity Surveyors working in the local area and those wanting international examples of Quantity Surveryors practice.
Estimating and Tendering for Building Work (Longman Technician Series)
by Ronald Carl Smith"...my message to lecturers in building/quantity surveying is to 'put it on your course list for essential reading' and to students and practitioners 'buy it' " Building Technology & ManagementProvides a practical introduction to understanding the costs encountered on a building project together with an appreciation of the many factors influencing them.
Estimating and Tendering for Construction Work
by Martin BrookEstimators need to understand the consequences of entering into a contract, often defined by complex conditions and documents, as well as to appreciate the technical requirements of the project. Estimating and Tendering for Construction Work, 5th edition, explains the job of the estimator through every stage, from early cost studies to the creation of budgets for successful tenders. This new edition reflects recent developments in the field and covers: new tendering and procurement methods the move from basic estimating to cost-planning and the greater emphasis placed on partnering and collaborative working the New Rules of Measurement (NRM1 and 2), and examines ways in which practicing estimators are implementing the guidance emerging technologies such as BIM (Building Information Modelling) and estimating systems which can interact with 3D design models With the majority of projects procured using design-and-build contracts, this edition explains the contractor’s role in setting costs, and design statements, to inform and control the development of a project’s design. Clearly-written and illustrated with examples, notes and technical documentation, this book is ideal for students on construction-related courses at HNC/HND and Degree levels. It is also an important source for associated professions and estimators at the outset of their careers.