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Fracture Mechanics of Piezoelectric Solids with Interface Cracks
by Volodymyr Govorukha Marc Kamlah Volodymyr Loboda Yuri LapustaThis book provides a comprehensive study of cracks situated at the interface of two piezoelectric materials. It discusses different electric boundary conditions along the crack faces, in particular the cases of electrically permeable, impermeable, partially permeable, and conducting cracks. The book also elaborates on a new technique for the determination of electromechanical fields at the tips of interface cracks in finite sized piezoceramic bodies of arbitrary shape under different load types. It solves scientific problems of solid mechanics in connection with the investigation of electromechanical fields in piezoceramic bodies with interface cracks, and develops calculation models and solution methods for plane fracture mechanical problems for piecewise homogeneous piezoceramic bodies with cracks at the interfaces. It discusses the "open" crack model, which leads to a physically unrealistic oscillating singularity at the crack tips, and the contact zone model for in-plane straight interface cracks between two dissimilar piezoelectric materials. It also investigates the model of a crack with electro-mechanical pre-fracture zones. The formulated problems are reduced to problems of linear relationship, which correspond to different crack models, and their exact analytical solutions are found. The book presents in detail the expressions for stress and electric displacement intensity factors, as well as for the energy release rate. The influence of the electric permittivity of the crack, the mechanical load and the electric field upon the electro-elastic state, as well as the main fracture mechanical parameters, are analyzed and clearly illustrated. This book addresses postgraduate students, university teachers and researchers dealing with the problems of fracture mechanics of piezoelectric materials, as well as engineers who are active in the analysis of strength and durability of piezoelectric constructions.
The Fracture Mechanics of Plant Materials: Wood And Bamboo
by Zhuoping Shao Fuli WangThis book introduces readers to the application of fracture mechanics and mesomechanics to the analysis of the fracture behaviors of wood and bamboo. It presents a range of research methods to study the fracture behaviors of wood and bamboo, taking into account their various fracture mechanisms resulting from differences in their macroscopic and microscopic structures. It combines theoretical analysis with experiments, as well as various mathematical tools and experimental approaches. The research methods are illustrated by simple schematic diagrams, and the results obtained are largely presented as tables and figures, helping to make the book concise and compact. As such, it provides a valuable guide to the development of new biocomposites that possess exceptional strength and toughness properties and successfully overcome the shortcomings of biomaterials.
Fracture of Brittle Disordered Materials: Concrete, Rock and Ceramics
by B. L. Karihaloo G. BakerThis book derives from the invited IUTAM Symposium in September 1993. The contributions discuss recent advances in fracture mechanics studies of concrete, rock, ceramics and other brittle disordered materials at micro and structural levels. It draws together research and new applications in continuum, damage and fracture mechanics approaches.
The Fracture of Brittle Materials: Testing and Analysis
by Stephen W. Freiman John J. Mecholsky Jr.Provides a modern, practical approach to the understanding and measurement procedures relevant to the fracture of brittle materials <P><P>This book examines the testing and analysis of the fracture of brittle materials. Expanding on the measurement and analysis methodology contained in the first edition, it covers the relevant measurements (toughness and strength), material types, fracture mechanics, measurement techniques, reliability and lifetime predictions, microstructural considerations, and material/test selection processes appropriate for the analysis of the fracture behavior of brittle materials. <P><P>The Fracture of Brittle Materials: Testing and Analysis, Second Edition summarizes the concepts behind the selection of a test procedure for fracture toughness and strength, and goes into detail on how the statistics of fracture can be used to assure reliability. <P><P>It explains the importance of the role of microstructure in these determinations and emphasizes the use of fractographic analysis as an important tool in understanding why a part failed. The new edition includes a significant quantity of material related to the fracture of biomaterials, and features two new chapters—one on thermal shock, the other on the modeling of the fracture process. <P><P>It also expands on a discussion of how to treat the statistics of fracture strength data to ensure reliability. Provides practical analysis of fracture toughness and strength Introduces the engineering and materials student to the basic concepts necessary for analyzing brittle fracture <P><P>Contains new statistical analysis procedures to allow for the prediction of the safe design of brittle components <P><P>Contains real-world examples to assist the reader in applying the concepts to their own research, material development, and quality-control needs <P><P> The Fracture of Brittle Materials: Testing and Analysis, Second Edition is an important resource for all students, technicians, engineers, scientists, and researchers involved in the study, analysis, creation, or testing of ceramics.
Fracture of Materials Under Compression Along Cracks (Advanced Structured Materials #138)
by Aleksander N. Guz Viacheslav L. Bogdanov Vladimir M. NazarenkoThis book addresses the problems of fracture mechanics of materials with cracks under the loading directed along the cracks. It considers two non-classical fracture mechanisms, namely the fracture of bodies compressed along cracks and the fracture of materials with initial (residual) stresses acting in parallel to the surfaces of cracks location, and presents new approaches (also including combined one) developed in the framework of three-dimensional linearized mechanics of deformable bodies. It then discusses the results of studies on two- and three-dimensional problems for various configurations of crack locations in isotropic and anisotropic materials, and based on these results, critically evaluates the accuracy and applicability limits of the “beam approximation” approach, which is widely used to study various problems of the fracture of bodies under compression along parallel cracks.
Fracture, Plastic Flow and Structural Integrity in the Nuclear Industry: Proceedings of the 7th Symposium Organised by the Technical Advisory Group on Structural Integrity in the Nuclear Industry
by P. B. HirschThis volume brings together the papers presented at the 7th Symposium organised by the Technical Advisory Group on Structural Integrity of Nuclear Plant (TAGS!) which was held at the TWI Conference Centre, Great Abington, UK on 29 April 1999. The Symposium, which marked 25 years of TAGSI and its predecessor, the Light Water Reactor Study Group (LWRSG), was dedicated to Sir Alan Cottrell FREng, FRS, whose impact on the fields of integrity, reliability and safety of engineering structures and components has been second to none.
Fracture Processes of Concrete (New Directions in Civil Engineering #12)
by Jan G.M. van MierDespite tremendous advances made in fracture mechanics of concrete in recent years, very little information has been available on the nature of fracture processes and on reliable test methods for determining parameters for the different models. Moreover, most texts on this topic discuss numerical modeling but fail to consider experimentation. This book fills these gaps and synthesizes progress in the field in a simple, straightforward manner geared to practical applications.
Fractured: Book Two in the Slated Trilogy (Slated #2)
by Teri TerryPerfect for fans of the dystopian settings of The Hunger Games and Divergent, the gripping second installment of the Slated trilogy is a riveting psychological thriller set in a future where violent teens have their memory erased as an alternative to jail. Kyla has been Slated—her personality wiped blank, her memories lost to her forever. Or so she thought. She shouldn’t be able to remember anything. But increasingly she can—and she’s discovering that there are a lot of dark secrets locked away in her memories. When a mysterious man from her past comes back into her life and wants her help, she thinks she’s on her way to finding the truth. But this new knowledge lands her in the middle of a tug-of-war between two dangerous adversaries, and despite her misgivings about both of them, she’s forced to choose a side for her own protection.
Fractured Futures (Bounders #5)
by Monica TeslerJasper and his friends must find a way to make peace between Earth and the Youli aliens before the Youli destroy the human race in this finale of the Bounders series, which Shannon Messenger calls &“richly detailed, highly imaginative.&” Jasper doesn&’t know how his life got so messed up. Was it when Mira decided to leave him for the Youli aliens? Was it discovering his former pod now divided in a war between Earth Force and the Resistance? Or was it when the Youli gave Earth an ultimatum: Join the Intragalactic Council or be destroyed? Now the Youli have invited Jasper&’s pod to visit their world. For Jasper, this means a chance to get his friends back on the same team. It also means seeing Mira again, and hopefully convincing her to come home. But once on the Youli planet, Jasper realizes there&’s something off about Mira. She&’s hiding a secret, and the more he pushes her, the more she avoids him. Meanwhile, the Intragalactic Summit approaches, a meeting that will decide the fate of Earth. But Jasper has a nagging feeling that Earth Force will sabotage the Summit—and then suffer the Youli&’s wrath. And how can Jasper convince Earth to unite if he can&’t even unite his friends? With humanity&’s future on the brink of destruction, Jasper and his friends must learn that they&’re stronger together if they have any shot at saving Earth.
Fractured Rock Hydraulics
by Fernando Olavo FrancissUniquely devoted to hard and fractured rock hydraulics, this advanced-level introduction provides tools to solve practical engineering problems. Chapter I covers the fundamentals of fractured rock hydraulics under a tensor approach. Chapter II presents some key concepts about approximate solutions. Chapter III discuss a few data analysis techniques
Fractured Rock Hydrogeology (ISSN)
by John M. SharpUnderstanding of groundwater flow and solute transport in fractured rocks is vital for analysis of water resources, water quality and environmental protection, geotechnical and engineering projects, and geothermal energy production. This book includes theoretical and practical analyses using numerical modelling, geochemistry, isotopes, aquifer tests, laboratory tests, field mapping, geophysics, geological analyses, and some unique combinations of these types of investigation. Current water resource and geotechnical problems and the techniques now used are also discussed. Aimed at practicing hydrogeologists, engineers, ecologists, resource managers, students and earth scientists.
Fractured Tide
by Leslie LutzLost meets Stranger Things in this eerie, immersive YA thriller, thrusting seventeen-year-old Sia into a reality where the waters in front of her and the jungle behind her are as dangerous as the survivors alongside her. Sia practically grew up in the water scuba diving, and wreck dives are run of the mill. Take the tourists out. Explore the reef. Uncover the secrets locked in the sunken craft. But this time … the dive goes terribly wrong.Attacked by a mysterious creature, Sia&’s boat is sunk, her customers are killed, and she washes up on a deserted island with no sign of rescue in sight. Waiting in the water is a seemingly unstoppable monster that is still hungry. In the jungle just off the beach are dangers best left untested. When Sia reunites with a handful of survivors, she sees it as the first sign of light.Sia is wrong.Between the gulf of deadly seawater in front of her and suffocating depth of the jungle behind her, even the island isn&’t what it seems.Haunted by her own mistakes and an inescapable dread, Sia&’s best hope for finding answers may rest in the center of the island, at the bottom of a flooded sinkhole that only she has the skills to navigate. But even if the creature lurking in the depths doesn&’t swallow her and the other survivors, the secrets of their fractured reality on the island might.Fractured Tide:Is and eerie and immersive YA thriller told through journal entries from a daughter to her fatherUnfolds through the eyes of a narrator who keeps you guessing until the final pagesIs a gripping mix of suspense and horror; perfect for readers ages 13 and up
Fractured Vuggy Carbonate Reservoir Simulation
by Jun Yao Zhao-Qin HuangThis book solves the open problems in fluid flow modeling through the fractured vuggy carbonate reservoirs. Fractured vuggy carbonate reservoirs usually have complex pore structures, which contain not only matrix and fractures but also the vugs and cavities. Since the vugs and cavities are irregular in shape and vary in diameter from millimeters to meters, modeling fluid flow through fractured vuggy porous media is still a challenge. The existing modeling theory and methods are not suitable for such reservoir. It starts from the concept of discrete fracture and fracture-vug networks model, and then develops the corresponding mathematical models and numerical methods, including discrete fracture model, discrete fracture-vug model, hybrid model and multiscale models. Based on these discrete porous media models, some equivalent medium models and methods are also discussed. All the modeling and methods shared in this book offer the key recent solutions into this area.
Fragen und Antworten zu Werkstoffe (Springer-Lehrbuch)
by Ewald Werner Erhard Hornbogen Norbert Jost Gunther EggelerDie nunmehr vorliegende 10. Auflage des Aufgabenbuches erleichtert den Studierenden den Einstieg in die Werkstoffkunde und Werkstoffwissenschaft. Inhalt und Aufbau sind eng an das Lehrbuch „Werkstoffe“ angelehnt. Das Buch behandelt eine Reihe von Themen, die beim Nachbearbeiten einer Vorlesung erfahrungsgemäß Schwierigkeiten bereiten. Anhand von Fragen und Antworten können die Studierenden prüfen, ob sie den Vorlesungsstoff verstanden haben und mit den verwendeten Begriffen sicher umgehen können.Für die 10. Auflage wurde das Buch gründlich überarbeitet und einige Fehler der vorigen Auflage verbessert. Zudem wurde das Buch in ein neues Layout überführt, um die Lesbarkeit der elektronischen Version auf verschiedenen Endgräten zu verbessern. Die ZielgruppenDas Buch bietet für Studierende der Ingenieurwissenschaften an Universitäten und Fachhochschulen eine kompakte und systematische Darstellung der Werkstoffkunde und Werkstoffwissenschaft auf neuestem Stand.
Fragrances in the Environment (The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry #128)
by Vera Homem Nuno RatolaThis book offers a comprehensive and authoritative review of the key environmental areas and compartments where fragrances have been found and discusses the current challenges of their presence and potential hazards. The book starts with a chapter devoted to the manufacturing and characterization of the most relevant types of fragrances, and their emissions to the environment. Subsequent chapters cover topics such as fragrances’ toxic effects on the environment, their major routes of exposure, behaviour, and fate in different environmental matrices. Particular attention is given to ecotoxicological issues and the environmental impact of fragrances in wastewater treatment plants, surface waters, marine environments, soils, remote areas, and air. In this book, readers will find valuable insights into the bioaccessibility and availability of synthetic musks in seafood and the corresponding human exposure and health risks. The book also outlines the most promising analytical methods used for fragrance detection and quantification, and it discusses the risks and future trends in this field. Written by a multidisciplinary team of expert contributors, and considering its scope, this book is an essential tool not only for scholars and researchers in academia and industry but also for other stakeholders and decision-makers interested in the field of fragrances and their ecotoxicology, as well as environmental impacts.
FRAM: Modelling Complex Socio-technical Systems
by Erik HollnagelResilience engineering has consistently argued that safety is more than the absence of failures. Since the first book was published in 2006, several book chapters and papers have demonstrated the advantage in going behind 'human error' and beyond the failure concept, just as a number of serious accidents have accentuated the need for it. But there has not yet been a comprehensive method for doing so; the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) fulfils that need. Whereas commonly used methods explain events by interpreting them in terms of an already existing model, the FRAM is used to model the functions that are needed for everyday performance to succeed. This model can then be used to explain specific events, by showing how functions can be coupled and how the variability of everyday performance sometimes may lead to unexpected and out-of-scale outcomes - either good or bad. The FRAM is based on four principles: equivalence of failures and successes, approximate adjustments, emergence, and functional resonance. As the FRAM is a method rather than a model, it makes no assumptions about how the system under investigation is structured or organised, nor about possible causes and cause-effect relations. Instead of looking for failures and malfunctions, the FRAM explains outcomes in terms of how functions become coupled and how everyday performance variability may resonate. This book presents a detailed and tested method that can be used to model how complex and dynamic socio-technical systems work, to understand why things sometimes go wrong but also why they normally succeed.
Frame by Frame: A Materialist Aesthetics of Animated Cartoons
by Hannah FrankAt publication date, a free ebook version of this title will be available through Luminos, University of California Press's Open Access publishing program. Visit www.luminosoa.org to learn more. In this beautifully written and deeply researched study, Hannah Frank provides an original way to understand American animated cartoons from the Golden Age of animation (1920–1960). In the pre-digital age of the twentieth century, the making of cartoons was mechanized and standardized: thousands of drawings were inked and painted onto individual transparent celluloid sheets (called “cels”) and then photographed in succession, a labor-intensive process that was divided across scores of artists and technicians. In order to see the art, labor, and technology of cel animation, Frank slows cartoons down to look frame by frame, finding hitherto unseen aspects of the animated image. What emerges is both a methodology and a highly original account of an art formed on the assembly line.
A Framework for Complex System Development
by Paul B. Adamsen IIIndustry, government, and academic efforts to create a generalized systems engineering process have repeatedly fallen short. The outcome? Systems engineering failures that produce losses like the September 1999 destruction of the Mars Climate Orbiter. A simple information transfer error between teams motivated far-reaching managerial and technical
A Framework for K-12 Science Education
by Helen QuinnScience, engineering, and technology permeate nearly every facet of modern life and hold the key to solving many of humanity's most pressing current and future challenges. The United States' position in the global economy is declining, in part because U. S. workers lack fundamental knowledge in these fields. To address the critical issues of U. S. competitiveness and to better prepare the workforce, A Framework for K-12 Science Education proposes a new approach to K-12 science education that will capture students' interest and provide them with the necessary foundational knowledge in the field. A Framework for K-12 Science Education outlines a broad set of expectations for students in science and engineering in grades K-12. These expectations will inform the development of new standards for K-12 science education and, subsequently, revisions to curriculum, instruction, assessment, and professional development for educators. This book identifies three dimensions that convey the core ideas and practices around which science and engineering education in these grades should be built. These three dimensions are: crosscutting concepts that unify the study of science through their common application across science and engineering; scientific and engineering practices; and disciplinary core ideas in the physical sciences, life sciences, and earth and space sciences and for engineering, technology, and the applications of science. The overarching goal is for all high school graduates to have sufficient knowledge of science and engineering to engage in public discussions on science-related issues, be careful consumers of scientific and technical information, and enter the careers of their choice. A Framework for K-12 Science Education is the first step in a process that can inform state-level decisions and achieve a research-grounded basis for improving science instruction and learning across the country. The book will guide standards developers, teachers, curriculum designers, assessment developers, state and district science administrators, and educators who teach science in informal environments.
A Framework of Human Systems Engineering: Applications and Case Studies
by Holly A. H. HandleyExplores the breadth and versatility of Human Systems Engineering (HSE) practices and illustrates its value in system development A Framework of Human Systems Engineering: Applications and Case Studies offers a guide to identifying and improving methods to integrate human concerns into the conceptualization and design of systems. With contributions from a panel of noted experts on the topic, the book presents a series of Human Systems Engineering (HSE) applications on a wide range of topics: interface design, training requirements, personnel capabilities and limitations, and human task allocation. Each of the book's chapters present a case study of the application of HSE from different dimensions of socio-technical systems. The examples are organized using a socio-technical system framework to reference the applications across multiple system types and domains. These case studies are based in real-world examples and highlight the value of applying HSE to the broader engineering community. This important book: Includes a proven framework with case studies to different dimensions of practice, including domain, system type, and system maturity Contains the needed tools and methods in order to integrate human concerns within systems Encourages the use of Human Systems Engineering throughout the design process Provides examples that cross traditional system engineering sectors and identifies a diverse set of human engineering practices Written for systems engineers, human factors engineers, and HSI practitioners, A Framework of Human Systems Engineering: Applications and Case Studies provides the information needed for the better integration of human and systems and early resolution of issues based on human constraints and limitations.
A Framework to Guide Selection of Chemical Alternatives
by Committee on the Design Evaluation of Safer Chemical Substitutions: A Framework to Inform Government Industry DecisionHistorically, regulations governing chemical use have often focused on widely used chemicals and acute human health effects of exposure to them, as well as their potential to cause cancer and other adverse health effects. As scientific knowledge has expanded there has been an increased awareness of the mechanisms through which chemicals may exert harmful effects on human health, as well as their effects on other species and ecosystems. Identification of high-priority chemicals and other chemicals of concern has prompted a growing number of state and local governments, as well as major companies, to take steps beyond existing hazardous chemical federal legislation. Interest in approaches and policies that ensure that any new substances substituted for chemicals of concern are assessed as carefully and thoroughly as possible has also burgeoned. The overarching goal of these approaches is to avoid regrettable substitutions, which occur when a toxic chemical is replaced by another chemical that later proved unsuitable because of persistence, bioaccumulation, toxicity, or other concerns. Chemical alternative assessments are tools designed to facilitate consideration of these factors to assist stakeholders in identifying chemicals that may have the greatest likelihood of harm to human and ecological health, and to provide guidance on how the industry may develop and adopt safer alternatives. A Framework to Guide Selection of Chemical Alternatives develops and demonstrates a decision framework for evaluating potentially safer substitute chemicals as primarily determined by human health and ecological risks. This new framework is informed by previous efforts by regulatory agencies, academic institutions, and others to develop alternative assessment frameworks that could be operationalized. In addition to hazard assessments, the framework incorporates steps for life-cycle thinking - which considers possible impacts of a chemical at all stages including production, use, and disposal - as well as steps for performance and economic assessments. The report also highlights how modern information sources such as computational modeling can supplement traditional toxicology data in the assessment process. This new framework allows the evaluation of the full range of benefits and shortcomings of substitutes, and examination of tradeoffs between these risks and factors such as product functionality, product efficacy, process safety, and resource use. Through case studies, this report demonstrates how different users in contrasting decision contexts with diverse priorities can apply the framework. This report will be an essential resource to the chemical industry, environmentalists, ecologists, and state and local governments.
Framing and Managing Lean Organizations in the New Economy
by Darina Lepadatu Thomas JanoskiThis book examines the dominance and significance of lean organizing in the international economy. Scholars from each discipline see lean production as positive or negative; the book blends theory with practice by sorting out these different academic views and revealing how lean is implemented in different ways. The first part synthesizes academic research from a range of disciplines—including, engineering, sociology, and management—to present the reader with an integrated understanding of the benefits and drawbacks of lean management. The second part links this theory to practice, with a set of case studies from companies like Apple, Google, Nike, Toyota, and Walmart that demonstrate how lean is implemented in a variety of settings. The book concludes with three models, explaining how Toyotism, Nikefication with offshoring, and Waltonism provide full or less complete models of lean production. It clearly presents the positive and negative aspects of lean and insights into the culture of lean organizations. With its rich interdisciplinary approach, Framing and Managing Lean Organizations in the New Economy will benefit researchers and students across a range of classes from management, sociology, and public policy to engineering.
Francis Bacon
by Perez ZagorinFrancis Bacon (1561-1626), commonly regarded as one of the founders of the Scientific Revolution, exerted a powerful influence on the intellectual development of the modern world. He also led a remarkably varied and dramatic life as a philosopher, writer, lawyer, courtier, and statesman. Although there has been much recent scholarship on individual aspects of Bacon's career, Perez Zagorin's is the first work in many years to present a comprehensive account of the entire sweep of his thought and its enduring influence. Combining keen scholarly and psychological insights, Zagorin reveals Bacon as a man of genius, deep paradoxes, and pronounced flaws. The book begins by sketching Bacon's complex personality and troubled public career. Zagorin shows that, despite his idealistic philosophy and rare intellectual gifts, Bacon's political life was marked by continual careerism in his efforts to achieve advancement. He follows Bacon's rise at court and describes his removal from his office as England's highest judge for taking bribes. Zagorin then examines Bacon's philosophy and theory of science in connection with his project for the promotion of scientific progress, which he called "The Great Instauration." He shows how Bacon's critical empiricism and attempt to develop a new method of discovery made a seminal contribution to the growth of science. He demonstrates Bacon's historic importance as a prophetic thinker, who, at the edge of the modern era, predicted that science would be used to prolong life, cure diseases, invent new materials, and create new weapons of destruction. Finally, the book examines Bacon's writings on such subjects as morals, politics, language, rhetoric, law, and history. Zagorin shows that Bacon was one of the great legal theorists of his day, an influential philosopher of language, and a penetrating historian. Clearly and beautifully written, the book brings out the richness, scope, and greatness of Bacon's work and draws together the many, colorful threads of an extraordinarily brilliant and many-sided mind.
Francis Crick: Discoverer of the Genetic Code
by Matt RidleyFrancis Crick--the quiet genius who led a revolution in biology by discovering, quite literally, the secret of life--will be bracketed with Galileo, Darwin, and Einstein as one of the greatest scientists of all time. In his fascinating biography of the scientific pioneer who uncovered the genetic code--the digital cipher at the heart of heredity that distinguishes living from non-living things--acclaimed bestselling science writer Matt Ridley traces Crick's life from middle-class mediocrity in the English Midlands through a lackluster education and six years designing magnetic mines for the Royal Navy to his leap into biology at the age of thirty-one and its astonishing consequences. In the process, Ridley sheds a brilliant light on the man who forever changed our world and how we understand it.
Francis Galton: Pioneer of Heredity and Biometry
by Michael BulmerIf not for the work of his half cousin Francis Galton, Charles Darwin's evolutionary theory might have met a somewhat different fate. In particular, with no direct evidence of natural selection and no convincing theory of heredity to explain it, Darwin needed a mathematical explanation of variability and heredity. Galton's work in biometry—the application of statistical methods to the biological sciences—laid the foundations for precisely that. This book offers readers a compelling portrait of Galton as the "father of biometry," tracing the development of his ideas and his accomplishments, and placing them in their scientific context.Though Michael Bulmer introduces readers to the curious facts of Galton's life—as an explorer, as a polymath and member of the Victorian intellectual aristocracy, and as a proponent of eugenics—his chief concern is with Galton's pioneering studies of heredity, in the course of which he invented the statistical tools of regression and correlation. Bulmer describes Galton's early ambitions and experiments—his investigations of problems of evolutionary importance (such as the evolution of gregariousness and the function of sex), and his movement from the development of a physiological theory to a purely statistical theory of heredity, based on the properties of the normal distribution. This work, culminating in the law of ancestral heredity, also put Galton at the heart of the bitter conflict between the "ancestrians" and the "Mendelians" after the rediscovery of Mendelism in 1900. A graceful writer and an expert biometrician, Bulmer details the eventual triumph of biometrical methods in the history of quantitative genetics based on Mendelian principles, which underpins our understanding of evolution today.