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Exposure Analysis
by Wayne R. Ott Anne C. Steinemann Lance A. WallaceWritten by experts, Exposure Analysis is the first complete resource in the emerging scientific discipline of exposure analysis. A comprehensive source on the environmental pollutants that affect human health, the book discusses human exposure through pathways including air, food, water, dermal absorption, and, for children, non-food ingesti
Exposure Assessment and Safety Considerations for Working with Engineered Nanoparticles
by Michael J. Ellenbecker Candace Su-Jung TsaiAddresses health and safety issues associated with workplace Nanoparticle exposures* Describes methods to evaluate and control worker exposures to engineered nanoparticles* Provides guidance for concerned EHS professionals on acceptable levels of exposure to nanoparticles* Includes documentation on best practices to be followed by all researchers when working with engineered nanoparticles* Describes current knowledge on toxicity of nanoparticles* Includes coverage on Routes of Exposure for Engineered Nanoparticles
Exposure Assessment for Epidemiology and Hazard Control
by American Conference of Governmental Industrial HygienistsWhat agents should be measured?How should measurement be performed and what averaging time should be used for the measurement?What sampling strategy should be employed to characterize exposures across individuals, locations, and time?What durations of exposure should be characterized?What statistical descriptors should be used to relate exposure to effect?Exposure Assessment for Epidemiology and Hazard Control examines various approaches to answering these and other important questions. Other topics discussed include the measurement of current exposures (e.g., vapors, gases, aerosols, and complex mixtures); the application of toxicological relationships, including biological markers and sample models; an epidemiological evaluation of exposure-effect relationships, including new methods for effect evaluation and models for population exposure estimates; and strategies for exposure assessment, such as biological sampling interpretation through toxicokinetic processes. This important new volume contains essential information for industrial hygienists, epidemiologists, occupational health physicians, toxicologists, and immunologists.
Exposure to Contaminants in Drinking Water: Estimating Uptake through the Skin and by Inhalation
by Stephen S. OlinExposure to Contaminants in Drinking Water: Estimating Uptake through the Skin and by Inhalation examines the current state of science in this field by identifying and reviewing the available information resources; evaluating various models and approaches; and demonstrating the feasibility of developing estimates of the distribution of absorbed doses of contaminants in drinking water through contact with the skin and by inhalation. This book, the product of a fifteen-member expert working group convened by the Risk Science Institute of the International Life Sciences Institute under a cooperative agreement with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Water, includes contributions from experts in exposure modeling and measurement; water chemistry; time-activity patterns; dermal and respiratory uptake; and the use of probability distributions in characterizing exposures.
Exscalate4CoV: High-Performance Computing for COVID Drug Discovery (SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology)
by Silvano Coletti Gabriella BernardiThis book highlights the different aspects of the research project “E4C Horizon 2020 European Project” aimed at fighting the coronavirus by combining the best supercomputing resources and artificial intelligence with state-of-the-art experimental facilities up through clinical validation. Coronavirus disease has become an important public issue across the globe since December 2019. There is an urgent need to develop potent anti-COVID-19 agents for the prevention of the outbreak and stop viral infections. To this aim, a public–private consortium composed by European and national infrastructures, center of excellence, universities, and a pharmaceutical company started the E4C Horizon 2020 European Project: Its core idea was to use the EXaSCale smArt pLatform Against paThogEns (EXSCALATE) supercomputing platform for a process known as “drug repurposing”, namely to identify the most promising safe in man drugs for immediate treatment of the already infected population and then novel pan-coronavirus inhibitors to address future emergencies. This ambitious goal exploited a “chemical library” of 500 billion molecules, thanks to a processing capacity of more than 3 million molecules per second, made available by the computing power of the EXSCALATE platform.
Extended Biocontrol
by Xavier Fauvergue Adrien Rusch Matthieu Barret Marc Bardin Emmanuelle Jacquin-Joly Thibaut Malausa Christian LannouThis book presents an exhaustive overview of the theoretical foundations and practical applications of biocontrol in agriculture. It encompasses all kinds of nature-based approaches for crop protection: introduction and conservation of natural enemies, release of sterile insects, enhancement of plant defenses, use of microorganisms, biopesticides, and semiochemicals. Cutting-edge knowledge in population biology, microbial ecology, epidemiology and chemical ecology is presented in accessible terms. The potential of field application is discussed with regard to practical aspects but also socioeconomic constraints. The 62 authors are researchers from a large panel of disciplines, from theoretical biology to social sciences.
Extended Finite Element Method for Crack Propagation
by Nicolas Moes Sylvie Pommier Alain Combescure Anthony GravouilNovel techniques for modeling 3D cracks and their evolution in solids are presented. Cracks are modeled in terms of signed distance functions (level sets). Stress, strain and displacement field are determined using the extended finite elements method (X-FEM). Non-linear constitutive behavior for the crack tip region are developed within this framework to account for non-linear effect in crack propagation. Applications for static or dynamics case are provided.
Extended Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics: From Principles to Applications in Nanosystems
by Hatim MachrafiExtended Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics provides powerful tools departing not from empirical or statistical considerations but from fundamental thermodynamic laws, proposing final solutions that are readily usable and recognizable for students, researchers and industry. The book deals with methods that allow combining easily the present theory with other fields of science, such as fluid and solid mechanics, heat and mass transfer processes, electricity and thermoelectricity, and so on. Not only are such combinations facilitated, but they are incorporated into the developments in such a way that they become part of the theory. This book aims at providing for a systematic presentation of Extended Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics in nanosystems with a high degree of applicability. Furthermore, the book deals with how physical properties of systems behave as a function of their size. Moreover, it provides for a systematic approach to understand the behavior of thermal, electrical, thermoelectric, photovoltaic and nanofluid properties in nanosystems. Experimental results are used to validate the theory, the comparison is analysed, justified and discussed, and the theory is then again used to understand better experimental observations. The new developments in this book, being recognizable in relation with familiar concepts, should make it appealing for academics and researchers to teach and apply and graduate students to use. The text in this book is intended to bring attention to how the theory can be applied to real-life applications in nanoscaled environments. Case studies, and applications of theories, are explored including thereby nanoporous systems, solar panels, nanomedicine drug permeation and properties of nanoporous scaffolds. Explores new generalized thermodynamic models Provides introductory context of Extended Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics within classical thermodynamics, theoretical fundamentals and several applications in nanosystems Provides for a systematic approach to understand the behavior of thermal, electric, thermoelectric and viscous properties as a function of several parameters in nanosystems Includes reflections to encourage the reader to think further and put the information into context Examines future developments of new constitutive equations and theories and places them in the framework of real-life applications in the energetic and medical sectors, such as photovoltaic and thermoelectric devices, nanoporous media, drug delivery and scaffolds
The Extended Reality Blueprint: Demystifying the AR/VR Production Process
by Annie EatonFollow a tried-and-tested approach to integrating augmented and virtual reality into your business The Extended Reality Blueprint focuses on design for non-gaming or gaming adjacent applications in extended reality (XR), including augmented and virtual reality. Author Annie Eaton is a leading producer of immersive content in the XR space. Many of Annie's clients come to her with the same questions, often not knowing where to begin as they seek to implement extended reality solutions into their business. This book presents the discovery and product development process through an immersive technology lens. You will walk through the XR production process and learn how to apply this technology directly within your organizations in a meaningful and effective way. Join leading businesses like Delta Air Lines, Mars Wrigley, Georgia-Pacific, and JLG Industries, and learn how top companies are leveraging XR for greater market share, engagement, and profit. Learn about the latest applications of extended reality (XR), including augmented and virtual reality. Discover the steps of the XR product development process, including how to find profitable uses of XR and decide on technology suites. Assemble effective teams of XR developers, designers, artists, and other key members to bring your projects to fruition and success. Learn from the real-world examples and lessons learned of businesses that have taken the leap into extended reality. The Extended Reality Blueprint, delivers a concrete, actionable process for brining extended reality into your organization and embracing this crucial technology to remain current.
Extended Reality in Practice: 100+ Amazing Ways Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality Are Changing Business and Society
by Bernard MarrDiscover one of the biggest business trends of today Extended reality (XR for short) – which encompasses virtual reality, augmented reality and mixed reality – is one of the biggest business trends of today. It refers to the use of technology to create more immersive digital experiences which are promising to transform many businesses and industries. In this book, best-selling author, strategic business advisor, and respected futurist Bernard Marr explains the role of XR in providing innovative businesses solutions for companies of varying sizes and across different industries. He introduces the three main branches of extended reality - virtual, augmented and mixed reality. You will discover how businesses and organisations are implementing the technology, with case examples, including some of the world’s biggest brands, to showcase how they are starting to use XR in practice. Extended Reality in Practice is a must read for anyone wanting to learn exciting and entirely new ways for people to experience the world around them – and for businesses, new ways to connect and engage with customers and improve business processes.
Extended Reality Solutions to Support Older Adults: Potential Applications for Users With and Without Cognitive Impairments (Synthesis Lectures on Technology and Health)
by Walter R. Boot Andrew Dilanchian Saleh Kalantari Sara J. CzajaThis book explores one way in which recent hardware and software advances have placed humanity on the precipice of a significant shift in how technology can shape our interactions with the world around us: the application of transformative extended reality (XR) technology solutions to support the health, wellness, quality of life, and independence of older adults living with and without cognitive impairments. The book provides an overview of the state-of-the art research on XR-based solutions utilizing virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR), challenges that can addressed with these technologies, evidence to date on the efficacy of these solutions, and the nature of these solutions and challenges to their implementation. It explores practical ways XR can be integrated into health and lifestyle maintenance activities for older populations in a diversity of situations through thematic chapters using realistic personas and scenarios. These thematic chapters are organized around the AGE-WELL Challenge Area topics, including staying connected, healthy lifestyles and wellness, mobility, and cognitive health, as well as an additional emphasis on leisure. Other chapters provide guidance on important issues to consider when designing XR-based solutions for older adults, how to evaluate and test XR solutions, the implementation of the user-centered design process, and the book concludes by highlighting unanswered questions and future research directions. This book approaches XR for older adults with and without cognitive impairments from the authors’ diverse research backgrounds in psychology, engineering, gerontology, and design. It will be of interest to academic and industry professionals as well as care providers considering the potential for XR interventions now and in the future.
Extended Reality Usage During COVID 19 Pandemic (Intelligent Systems Reference Library #216)
by Anitha S. Pillai Giuliana GuazzaroniThis book explores the benefits to online teaching incorporating extended reality technologies both from a teacher’s and from a students’ perspective. As we are all aware, the COVID-19 pandemic has created a worldwide lock down which is clearly visible in individuals’ shifting behaviour as they are keeping away from public contact, large events, weddings, places of worship, public transportation, restaurant, flights, shopping malls, etc. People across the world have adopted to Work From Home (WFH) concept using digital technology. They are teaching, learning, conducting meetings, seminars, etc., using digital medium. As people were not allowed to go out and buy things, online shopping was in demand and extensible reality helped in marketing the products and customers could also have a better shopping experience. Gaming industry has always brought in many new games for children and adults. Healthcare sector also leveraged the benefits of this technology to the fullest extent. The use of augmented and virtual reality in art and museum is also highlighted. Our book presents the different sectors that have benefitted using this technology during this time of crisis. This book will be very useful for students, professionals and researchers working in the area of virtual, augmented or mixed reality. Our aim is to bring out the use of this technology during the COVID-19 pandemic so that the readers are exposed to the various applications of this technology.
Extended Selected Papers of the 14th International Conference on Information, Intelligence, Systems, and Applications: IISA2023 (Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems #1093)
by Lakhmi C. Jain Maria Virvou George A. Tsihrintzis Nikolaos BourbakisThis book includes extended versions of selected research works that were presented at the 14th International Conference on Information, Intelligence, Systems, and Applications (IISA2023), Volos, Greece, 10–12 July 2024 (https://www.easyacademia.org/iisa2023) along with additional relevant papers by invited authors. Information is widely available and accessible but frequently leads to information overload and overexposure and the effort for coding, storing, hiding, securing, transmitting, and retrieving it may be excessive. Intelligence, inspired by biological and other paradigms, is required to manage information and extract knowledge from it. Information and multimedia systems, with an increasing level of intelligence, are being developed that incorporate these advances. As a result, new technologies, protocols, and novel applications are emerging. In turn, the novel applications lead to the collection of new information, and the “Information à Intelligence à Systems à Applications” circle is repeated at ever higher levels. These works cover a broad spectrum of topics from both novelties in theory and advanced methodologies as well as novel applications in energy, agriculture, medicine, forensics, healthcare, education, tourism, inspection, traffic, and software engineering. Targeted towards academicians, researchers, practitioners, and students in computer science and artificial intelligence, this work is also accessible to individuals from other disciplines interested in the cutting-edge developments of information, intelligence, systems, and applications. An extensive list of bibliographic references at the end of each chapter guides the readers to probe deeper into the application areas of interest to them.
The Extended Specimen: Emerging Frontiers in Collections-Based Ornithological Research (Studies in Avian Biology)
by Michael WebsterThe Extended Specimen highlights the research potential for ornithological specimens, and is meant to encourage ornithologists poised to initiate a renaissance in collections-based ornithological research. Contributors illustrate how collections and specimens are used in novel ways by adopting emerging new technologies and analytical techniques. Case studies use museum specimens and emerging and non-traditional types of specimens, which are developing new methods for making biological collections more accessible and "usable" for ornithological researchers. Published in collaboration with and on behalf of The American Ornithological Society, this volume in the highly-regarded Studies in Avian Biology series documents the power of ornithological collections to address key research questions of global importance.
Extended Warranties, Maintenance Service and Lease Contracts
by D.N.Prabhakar Murthy Nat JackServing to unify the existing literature on extended warranties, maintenance service contracts and lease contracts, this book also presents a unique perspective on the topic focussed on cost analysis and decision-making from the perspectives of the parties involved. Using a game theoretic approach together with mathematical modelling, results are presented in an integrated manner with key topics that require further research highlighted in order to serve as a starting point for researchers (engineers and statisticians) who are interested in doing further work in these areas. Designed to assist practitioners (managers, engineers, applied statisticians) who are involved with extended warranties, maintenance service contracts and lease contracts, the book provides them with the models and techniques needed for proper cost analysis and effective decision-making, The book is also suitable for use as a reference text in industrial engineering, applied statistics, operations research and management.
Extending and Improving Your Home: An Introduction
by M. J. Billington Clive GibbsWritten for small builders and tradesmen such as bricklayers and carpenters, as well as householders wanting to provide more space and enhanced living conditions without the substantial cost of moving house. While there are many books that deal with the construction aspects of extending a house, there are few sources that combine the planning, construction and regulatory aspects into one easily accessible source. Extending and Improving a Home meets that need. By focussing on specific building elements – foundations, walls, roofs, services, finishes etc – the book neatly provides a comprehensive, accessible guide to the areas of home improvement that cause most concern for householders and small builders. Extending and Improving a Home will: Guide you through the maze of legislation that affects most building alterations and extensions; show how to go about getting a project realised in terms of design, choice of contractor and construction, successfully and to budget, and give sound technical solutions for all the elements of a project that also comply with Building Regulations.
Extending Moore's Law through Advanced Semiconductor Design and Processing Techniques
by Jassem Abdallah Wynand Lambrechts Saurabh Sinha Jaco PrinslooThis book provides a methodological understanding of the theoretical and technical limitations to the longevity of Moore’s law. The book presents research on factors that have significant impact on the future of Moore’s law and those factors believed to sustain the trend of the last five decades. Research findings show that boundaries of Moore’s law primarily include physical restrictions of scaling electronic components to levels beyond that of ordinary manufacturing principles and approaching the bounds of physics. The research presented in this book provides essential background and knowledge to grasp the following principles: Traditional and modern photolithography, the primary limiting factor of Moore’s law Innovations in semiconductor manufacturing that makes current generation CMOS processing possible Multi-disciplinary technologies that could drive Moore's law forward significantly Design principles for microelectronic circuits and components that take advantage of technology miniaturization The semiconductor industry economic market trends and technical driving factors The complexity and cost associated with technology scaling have compelled researchers in the disciplines of engineering and physics to optimize previous generation nodes to improve system-on-chip performance. This is especially relevant to participate in the increased attractiveness of the Internet of Things (IoT). This book additionally provides scholarly and practical examples of principles in microelectronic circuit design and layout to mitigate technology limits of previous generation nodes. Readers are encouraged to intellectually apply the knowledge derived from this book to further research and innovation in prolonging Moore’s law and associated principles.
Extending Science: Nasa's Space Science Mission Extensions And The Senior Review Process
by Engineering Medicine National Academies of SciencesNASA operates a large number of space science missions, approximately three-quarters of which are currently in their extended operations phase. They represent not only a majority of operational space science missions, but a substantial national investment and vital national assets. They are tremendously scientifically productive, making many of the major discoveries that are reported in the media and that rewrite textbooks. Extending Science – NASA's Space Science Mission Extensions and the Senior Review Process evaluates the scientific benefits of missions extensions, the current process for extending missions, the current biennial requirement for mission extensions, the balance between starting new missions and extending operating missions, and potential innovative cost-reduction proposals for extended missions, and makes recommendations based on this review.
Extenics and Innovation Methods (Communications in Cybernetics, Systems Science and Engineering – Proceedings)
by Wen Cai & Chunyan Yang Florentin Smarandache Luigi Vladareanu Qiaoxing Li Guangtian Zou Yanwei ZhaoSociety forges ahead in the process of solving various contradictory problems and it is ceaselessly innovating. It is the desire of mankind to use computers and computing networks to help deal with contradictory problems and to conduct innovative activities. Using formal models to discuss object extension and the possibility of change, as well as t
Extension Innovation Method (Systems Evaluation, Prediction, and Decision-Making)
by Chunyan YangExtension innovation method is an approach to originality generation. It utilizes basic theories of Extenics, a new discipline for modeling contradiction problems with formalized methods and transformation, to establish a modeling and quantification combined method that can be learned effortlessly and operated conveniently. This book introduces and analyzes commonly used extension innovation methods are introduced and analyzed thoroughly. It makes it easy for readers at different levels and of different knowledge backgrounds to study. Highly accessible cases faciliate understanding and application of the models.
External Components: External Components (Mitchell's Building Series)
by Michael McevoyAnalyses, in conjunction with Internal Components, the performance requirements of building components and the effectiveness of typical solutions. External components integrates logically with the theoretical aspects explored in other titles in the Mitchell's building series. It encourages evaluation of alternative methods for putting components together.
External Interventions for Disaster Risk Reduction: Impacts on Local Communities (Advances in 21st Century Human Settlements)
by Imon Chowdhooree Shams Mansoor GhaniThis book presents a case study-based analysis of the consequences of external interventions, critically evaluating them from community perspectives. Communities – from rural to urban, and around the world – that are experiencing disasters and changes in climatic variables can perceive the associated risks and evaluate the impacts of interventions. Accordingly, community perspectives, including their perceptions, concerns, awareness, realizations, reactions and expectations, represent a valuable resource. The case-based analysis of impacts on communities can provide a ‘means of learning’ from the experiences of others, thus expanding professionals’ knowledge base, especially regarding disaster mitigation and climate change adaptation practices in varied settings. This book offers valuable insights and lessons learned, in an effort to promote and guide innovative changes in the current planning, management and governance of human settlements, helping them face the future challenges of a changing environment.
External Sulphate Attack – Field Aspects and Lab Tests: RILEM Final Workshop of TC 251-SRT (Madrid - SPAIN, 2018) (RILEM Bookseries #21)
by Esperanza Menéndez Véronique Baroghel-BounyThis volume gathers contributions from the final workshop of the RILEM TC-251-SRT "Sulfate Resistance Testing" on External Sulfate Attack (TESA 2018), held on May 24-25, 2018 at IETcc-CSIC, Madrid, Spain. One of the Technical Committee’s main events, it addressed various aspects of external sulfate attack in concrete structures and test methods. The workshop promoted technical discussions and debates on ideas on these topics, with a focus on evaluating the resistance of concrete exposed to ESA. It also provided a forum for participants from around the globe to share their experiences and research on concrete structures affected by external sulfate attack and on test methods. The book discusses the latest advances in research related to ESA and new developments in test methods, and features real-world case studies of concrete structures affected by external sulfate attack in various countries. It also presents new studies linking field cases and lab tests, including 12 contributions on 3 main themes: mechanisms of alteration in external sulfate attack; field aspects of external sulfate attack; and testing to evaluate the resistance of concrete to external sulfate attack.
External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS)
by Vasco Peixoto Freitas Eva BarreiraThis book analyzes the hygrothermal behaviour of external thermal insulation composite systems (ETICS), components that increase the thermal efficiency of buildings. Treating a topic that has largely been neglected, it explores the main cause of biological growth within ETICS. The results of two experimental test series are presented: (i) a long-term assessment of four façades covered with ETICS and (ii) an evaluation of the factors affecting the façades' hygrothermal behaviour. Furthermore, using a previously validated numerical model, it presents a sensitivity analysis of the hygrothermal behaviour of façades coated with ETICS. It also provides a methodology to assess the surface humidification of ETICS, which combines the effect of surface condensation, wind-driven rain and the drying process (three of the most prevalent parameters influencing the surface moisture content), which can then be used as a decision-support tool. ETICS are now frequently used in Europe to improve the thermal efficiency of buildings. Despite their advantages in terms of thermal efficiency, their low cost and their ease of application, these systems are adversely affected by microbiological growth, which causes defacement of cladding. Although the thermal and mechanical performance of the system is not impaired, biological defacement has an enormous aesthetic impact, affecting the inhabitants' living experience and restricting the full implementation of this technology. External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems (ETICS): An Evaluation of Hygrothermal Behaviour provides a valuable resource to engineers and architects utilizing ETICS in their work, and for researchers and students interested in the hygrothermal behaviour of ETICS. It is also intended for those employed in industry and manufacturers of ETICS.
External Works, Roads and Drainage: A Practical Guide
by Phil PitmanExternal Works Roads and Drainage: A Practical Guide bridges the gap between theory and practice in building, construction and civil engineering, providing practical guidance, and the knowledge required 'on the job'. This comprehensive book includes sections on legislation, environmental issues, surface water, highway and foul drainage design, road