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Explainable AI (XAI) for Sustainable Development: Trends and Applications
by Seifedine Kadry Rajesh Kumar Dhanaraj Ravi Shekhar Tiwari Lakshmi D.This book presents innovative research works to automate, innovate, design, and deploy AI fo real-world applications. It discusses AI applications in major cutting-edge technologies and details about deployment solutions for different applications for sustainable development. The application of Blockchain techniques illustrates the ways of optimisation algorithms in this book. The challenges associated with AI deployment are also discussed in detail, and edge computing with machine learning solutions is explained. This book provides multi-domain applications of AI to the readers to help find innovative methods towards the business, sustainability, and customer outreach paradigms in the AI domain.• Focuses on virtual machine placement and migration techniques for cloud data centres• Presents the role of machine learning and meta-heuristic approaches for optimisation in cloud computing services• Includes application of placement techniques for quality of service, performance, and reliability improvement• Explores data centre resource management, load balancing and orchestration using machine learning techniques• Analyses dynamic and scalable resource scheduling with a focus on resource managementThe reference work is for postgraduate students, professionals, and academic researchers in computer science and information technology.
Explainable Ambient Intelligence: Explainable Artificial Intelligence Applications in Smart Life (SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology)
by Tin-Chih Toly ChenThis book systematically reviews the progress of Explainable Ambient Intelligence (XAmI) and introduces its methods, tools, and applications. Ambient intelligence (AmI) is a vision in which an environment supports the people inhabiting it in an unobtrusive, interconnected, adaptable, dynamic, embedded, and intelligent way. So far, artificial intelligence (AI) technologies have been widely applied in AmI. However, some advanced AI methods are not easy to understand or communicate, especially for users with insufficient background knowledge of AI, which undoubtedly limits the practicability of these methods. To address this issue, explainable AI (XAI) has been considered a viable strategy. Although XAI technologies and tools applied in other fields can also be applied to explain AI technology applications in AmI, users should be the main body in the application of AmI, which is slightly different from the application of AI technologies in other fields. This book containsreal case studies of the application of XAml and is a valuable resource for students and researchers.
Explainable and Interpretable Reinforcement Learning for Robotics (Synthesis Lectures on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning)
by Aaron M. Roth Dinesh Manocha Ram D. Sriram Elham TabassiThis book surveys the state of the art in explainable and interpretable reinforcement learning (RL) as relevant for robotics. While RL in general has grown in popularity and been applied to increasingly complex problems, several challenges have impeded the real-world adoption of RL algorithms for robotics and related areas. These include difficulties in preventing safety constraints from being violated and the issues faced by systems operators who desire explainable policies and actions. Robotics applications present a unique set of considerations and result in a number of opportunities related to their physical, real-world sensory input and interactions. The authors consider classification techniques used in past surveys and papers and attempt to unify terminology across the field. The book provides an in-depth exploration of 12 attributes that can be used to classify explainable/interpretable techniques. These include whether the RL method is model-agnostic or model-specific, self-explainable or post-hoc, as well as additional analysis of the attributes of scope, when-produced, format, knowledge limits, explanation accuracy, audience, predictability, legibility, readability, and reactivity. The book is organized around a discussion of these methods broken down into 42 categories and subcategories, where each category can be classified according to some of the attributes. The authors close by identifying gaps in the current research and highlighting areas for future investigation.
Explainable Artificial Intelligence: Methodology, Tools, and Applications (SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology)
by Tin-Chih Toly ChenThis book provides a comprehensive overview of the latest developments in Explainable AI (XAI) and its applications in manufacturing. It covers the various methods, tools, and technologies that are being used to make AI more understandable and communicable for factory workers. With the increasing use of AI in manufacturing, there is a growing need to address the limitations of advanced AI methods that are difficult to understand or explain to those without a background in AI. This book addresses this need by providing a systematic review of the latest research and advancements in XAI specifically tailored for the manufacturing industry.The book includes real-world case studies and examples to illustrate the practical applications of XAI in manufacturing. It is a valuable resource for researchers, engineers, and practitioners working in the field of AI and manufacturing.
Explainable Artificial Intelligence Based on Neuro-Fuzzy Modeling with Applications in Finance (Studies in Computational Intelligence #964)
by Tom RutkowskiThe book proposes techniques, with an emphasis on the financial sector, which will make recommendation systems both accurate and explainable. The vast majority of AI models work like black box models. However, in many applications, e.g., medical diagnosis or venture capital investment recommendations, it is essential to explain the rationale behind AI systems decisions or recommendations. Therefore, the development of artificial intelligence cannot ignore the need for interpretable, transparent, and explainable models. First, the main idea of the explainable recommenders is outlined within the background of neuro-fuzzy systems. In turn, various novel recommenders are proposed, each characterized by achieving high accuracy with a reasonable number of interpretable fuzzy rules. The main part of the book is devoted to a very challenging problem of stock market recommendations. An original concept of the explainable recommender, based on patterns from previous transactions, is developed; it recommends stocks that fit the strategy of investors, and its recommendations are explainable for investment advisers.
Explainable Artificial Intelligence for Autonomous Vehicles: Concepts, Challenges, and Applications (Explainable AI (XAI) for Engineering Applications)
by Kamal Malik Moolchand Sharma Suman Deswal Umesh Gupta Deevyankar Agarwal Yahya Obaid Bakheet Al ShamsiExplainable AI for Autonomous Vehicles: Concepts, Challenges, and Applications is a comprehensive guide to developing and applying explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) in the context of autonomous vehicles. It begins with an introduction to XAI and its importance in developing autonomous vehicles. It also provides an overview of the challenges and limitations of traditional black-box AI models and how XAI can help address these challenges by providing transparency and interpretability in the decision-making process of autonomous vehicles. The book then covers the state-of-the-art techniques and methods for XAI in autonomous vehicles, including model-agnostic approaches, post-hoc explanations, and local and global interpretability techniques. It also discusses the challenges and applications of XAI in autonomous vehicles, such as enhancing safety and reliability, improving user trust and acceptance, and enhancing overall system performance. Ethical and social considerations are also addressed in the book, such as the impact of XAI on user privacy and autonomy and the potential for bias and discrimination in XAI-based systems. Furthermore, the book provides insights into future directions and emerging trends in XAI for autonomous vehicles, such as integrating XAI with other advanced technologies like machine learning and blockchain and the potential for XAI to enable new applications and services in the autonomous vehicle industry. Overall, the book aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of XAI and its applications in autonomous vehicles to help readers develop effective XAI solutions that can enhance autonomous vehicle systems' safety, reliability, and performance while improving user trust and acceptance.This book: Discusses authentication mechanisms for camera access, encryption protocols for data protection, and access control measures for camera systems. Showcases challenges such as integration with existing systems, privacy, and security concerns while implementing explainable artificial intelligence in autonomous vehicles. Covers explainable artificial intelligence for resource management, optimization, adaptive control, and decision-making. Explains important topics such as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication, vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication, remote monitoring, and control. Emphasizes enhancing safety, reliability, overall system performance, and improving user trust in autonomous vehicles. The book is intended to provide researchers, engineers, and practitioners with a comprehensive understanding of XAI's key concepts, challenges, and applications in the context of autonomous vehicles. It is primarily written for senior undergraduate, graduate students, and academic researchers in the fields of electrical engineering, electronics and communication engineering, computer science and engineering, information technology, and automotive engineering.
Explainable Artificial Intelligence for Biomedical and Healthcare Applications (Explainable AI (XAI) for Engineering Applications)
by Aditya Khamparia and Deepak GuptaThis reference text helps us understand how the concepts of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) are used in the medical and healthcare sectors. The text discusses medical robotic systems using XAI and physical devices having autonomous behaviors for medical operations. It explores the usage of XAI for analyzing different types of unique data sets for medical image analysis, medical image registration, medical data synthesis, and information discovery. It covers important topics including XAI for biometric security, genomics, and medical disease diagnosis.This book:• Provides an excellent foundation for the core concepts and principles of explainable AI in biomedical and healthcare applications.• Covers explainable AI for robotics and autonomous systems.• Discusses usage of explainable AI in medical image analysis, medical image registration, and medical data synthesis.• Examines biometrics security-assisted applications and their integration using explainable AI.The text will be useful for graduate students, professionals, and academic researchers in diverse areas such as electrical engineering, electronics and communication engineering, biomedical engineering, and computer science.
Explainable Artificial Intelligence for Biomedical Applications (River Publishers Series in Biomedical Engineering)
by Utku Kose Deepak Gupta Xi ChenSince its first appearance, artificial intelligence has been ensuring revolutionary outcomes in the context of real-world problems. At this point, it has strong relations with biomedical and today’s intelligent systems compete with human capabilities in medical tasks. However, advanced use of artificial intelligence causes intelligent systems to be black-box. That situation is not good for building trustworthy intelligent systems in medical applications. For a remarkable amount of time, researchers have tried to solve the black-box issue by using modular additions, which have led to the rise of the term: interpretable artificial intelligence. As the literature matured (as a result of, in particular, deep learning), that term transformed into explainable artificial intelligence (XAI). This book provides an essential edited work regarding the latest advancements in explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) for biomedical applications. It includes not only introductive perspectives but also applied touches and discussions regarding critical problems as well as future insights. Topics discussed in the book include: XAI for the applications with medical images XAI use cases for alternative medical data/task Different XAI methods for biomedical applications Reviews for the XAI research for critical biomedical problems. Explainable Artificial Intelligence for Biomedical Applications is ideal for academicians, researchers, students, engineers, and experts from the fields of computer science, biomedical, medical, and health sciences. It also welcomes all readers of different fields to be informed about use cases of XAI in black-box artificial intelligence. In this sense, the book can be used for both teaching and reference source purposes.
Explainable Artificial Intelligence for Cyber Security: Next Generation Artificial Intelligence (Studies in Computational Intelligence #1025)
by Mohiuddin Ahmed Sheikh Rabiul Islam Adnan Anwar Nour Moustafa Al-Sakib Khan PathanThis book presents that explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) is going to replace the traditional artificial, machine learning, deep learning algorithms which work as a black box as of today. To understand the algorithms better and interpret the complex networks of these algorithms, XAI plays a vital role. In last few decades, we have embraced AI in our daily life to solve a plethora of problems, one of the notable problems is cyber security. In coming years, the traditional AI algorithms are not able to address the zero-day cyber attacks, and hence, to capitalize on the AI algorithms, it is absolutely important to focus more on XAI. Hence, this book serves as an excellent reference for those who are working in cyber security and artificial intelligence.
Explainable Artificial Intelligence for Intelligent Transportation Systems
by Amina Adadi Afaf BouhouteArtificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) are set to revolutionize all industries, and the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) field is no exception. While ML, especially deep learning models, achieve great performance in terms of accuracy, the outcomes provided are not amenable to human scrutiny and can hardly be explained. This can be very problematic, especially for systems of a safety-critical nature such as transportation systems. Explainable AI (XAI) methods have been proposed to tackle this issue by producing human interpretable representations of machine learning models while maintaining performance. These methods hold the potential to increase public acceptance and trust in AI-based ITS. FEATURES: Provides the necessary background for newcomers to the field (both academics and interested practitioners) Presents a timely snapshot of explainable and interpretable models in ITS applications Discusses ethical, societal, and legal implications of adopting XAI in the context of ITS Identifies future research directions and open problems
Explainable Artificial Intelligence for Intelligent Transportation Systems: Ethics and Applications
by Loveleen Gaur Biswa Mohan SahooTransportation typically entails crucial “life-death” choices, delegating crucial decisions to an AI algorithm without any explanation poses a serious threat. Hence, explainability and responsible AI is crucial in the context of intelligent transportation. In Intelligence Transportation System (ITS) implementations such as traffic management systems and autonomous driving applications, AI-based control mechanisms are gaining prominence.Explainable artificial intelligence for intelligent transportation system tackling certain challenges in the field of autonomous vehicle, traffic management system, data integration and analytics and monitor the surrounding environment.The book discusses and inform researchers on explainable Intelligent Transportation system. It also discusses prospective methods and techniques for enabling the interpretability of transportation systems. The book further focuses on ethical considerations apart from technical considerations.
Explainable Artificial Intelligence for Smart Cities
by Mohamed LahbyThanks to rapid technological developments in terms of Computational Intelligence, smart tools have been playing active roles in daily life. It is clear that the 21st century has brought about many advantages in using high-level computation and communication solutions to deal with real-world problems; however, more technologies bring more changes to society. In this sense, the concept of smart cities has been a widely discussed topic in terms of society and Artificial Intelligence-oriented research efforts. The rise of smart cities is a transformation of both community and technology use habits, and there are many different research orientations to shape a better future. The objective of this book is to focus on Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) in smart city development. As recently designed, advanced smart systems require intense use of complex computational solutions (i.e., Deep Learning, Big Data, IoT architectures), the mechanisms of these systems become ‘black-box’ to users. As this means that there is no clear clue about what is going on within these systems, anxieties regarding ensuring trustworthy tools also rise. In recent years, attempts have been made to solve this issue with the additional use of XAI methods to improve transparency levels. This book provides a timely, global reference source about cutting-edge research efforts to ensure the XAI factor in smart city-oriented developments. The book includes both positive and negative outcomes, as well as future insights and the societal and technical aspects of XAI-based smart city research efforts. This book contains nineteen contributions beginning with a presentation of the background of XAI techniques and sustainable smart-city applications. It then continues with chapters discussing XAI for Smart Healthcare, Smart Education, Smart Transportation, Smart Environment, Smart Urbanization and Governance, and Cyber Security for Smart Cities.
Explainable Artificial Intelligence in the Digital Sustainability Administration: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Explainable Artificial Intelligence in the Digital Sustainability Administration (AIRDS 2024) (Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems #1033)
by Gül Erkol Bayram Marco Valeri Alhamzah Alnoor Mark Camilleri Hadi A. Al-Abrrow Yousif Raad MuhsenThis book explores current research trends in the context of the explainable artificial intelligence’s impact on the digital sustainability trend while delving into case studies on education, tourism, marketing, and finance. These trends are examined through various case studies utilizing distinct analytical methods. The chapters are expected to support scholars and postgraduate students in furthering their research in this field and in recognizing prospective advancements in the applications of artificial intelligence.
Explainable Edge AI: A Futuristic Computing Perspective (Studies in Computational Intelligence #1072)
by Aboul Ella Hassanien Deepak Gupta Anuj Kumar Singh Ankit GargThis book presents explainability in edge AI, an amalgamation of edge computing and AI. The issues of transparency, fairness, accountability, explainability, interpretability, data-fusion, and comprehensibility that are significant for edge AI are being addressed in this book through explainable models and techniques. The concept of explainable edge AI is new in front of the academic and research community, and consequently, it will undoubtedly explore multiple research dimensions. The book presents the concept of explainability in edge AI which is the amalgamation of edge computing and AI. In the futuristic computing scenario, the goal of explainable edge AI will be to execute the AI tasks and produce explainable results at the edge. First, this book explains the fundamental concepts of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI), then it describes the concept of explainable edge AI, and finally, it elaborates on the technicalities of explainability in edge AI. Owing to the quick transition in the current computing scenario and integration with the latest AI-based technologies, it is significant to facilitate people-centric computing through explainable edge AI. Explainable edge AI will facilitate enhanced prediction accuracy with the comprehensible decision and traceability of actions performed at the edge and have a significant impact on futuristic computing scenarios. This book is highly relevant to graduate/postgraduate students, academicians, researchers, engineers, professionals, and other personnel working in artificial intelligence, machine learning, and intelligent systems.
Explainable Fuzzy Systems: Paving the Way from Interpretable Fuzzy Systems to Explainable AI Systems (Studies in Computational Intelligence #970)
by Jose Maria Alonso Moral Ciro Castiello Luis Magdalena Corrado MencarThe importance of Trustworthy and Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is recognized in academia, industry and society. This book introduces tools for dealing with imprecision and uncertainty in XAI applications where explanations are demanded, mainly in natural language. Design of Explainable Fuzzy Systems (EXFS) is rooted in Interpretable Fuzzy Systems, which are thoroughly covered in the book. The idea of interpretability in fuzzy systems, which is grounded on mathematical constraints and assessment functions, is firstly introduced. Then, design methodologies are described. Finally, the book shows with practical examples how to design EXFS from interpretable fuzzy systems and natural language generation. This approach is supported by open source software. The book is intended for researchers, students and practitioners who wish to explore EXFS from theoretical and practical viewpoints. The breadth of coverage will inspire novel applications and scientific advancements.
Explainable, Interpretable, and Transparent AI Systems
by B. K. Tripathy Hari SeethaTransparent Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems facilitate understanding of the decision-making process and provide opportunities in various aspects of explaining AI models. This book provides up-to-date information on the latest advancements in the field of explainable AI, which is a critical requirement of AI, Machine Learning (ML), and Deep Learning (DL) models. It provides examples, case studies, latest techniques, and applications from domains such as healthcare, finance, and network security. It also covers open-source interpretable tool kits so that practitioners can use them in their domains.Features: Presents a clear focus on the application of explainable AI systems while tackling important issues of “interpretability” and “transparency”. Reviews adept handling with respect to existing software and evaluation issues of interpretability. Provides insights into simple interpretable models such as decision trees, decision rules, and linear regression. Focuses on interpreting black box models like feature importance and accumulated local effects. Discusses capabilities of explainability and interpretability. This book is aimed at graduate students and professionals in computer engineering and networking communications.
Explainable IoT Applications: A Demystification (Information Systems Engineering and Management #21)
by Sachi Nandan Mohanty Suneeta Satpathy Xiaochun Cheng Subhendu Kumar PaniExplainable IoT Application: A Demystification is an in-depth guide that examines the intersection of the Internet of Things (IoT) with AI and Machine Learning, focusing on the crucial need for transparency and interpretability in IoT systems. As IoT devices become more integrated into daily life, from smart homes to industrial automation, it is increasingly important to understand and trust the decisions they make. The book starts by covering the basics of IoT, highlighting its importance in modern technology and its wide-ranging applications in fields such as healthcare, transportation, and smart cities. It then delves into the concept of explainability, stressing the need to prevent IoT systems from being perceived as opaque, black-box operations. The authors explore various techniques and methods for achieving explainability, including rule-based systems and machine learning models, while also addressing the challenge of balancing explainability with performance. Through practical examples, the book shows how explainability can be successfully implemented in IoT applications, such as in smart healthcare systems. Furthermore, the book addresses the significant challenges of securing IoT systems in an increasingly connected world. It examines the unique vulnerabilities that come with the widespread use of IoT devices, such as data breaches, cyberattacks, and privacy issues, and discusses the complexities of managing these risks. The authors emphasize the importance of implementing security strategies that strike a balance between fostering innovations and protecting user data. The book concludes with a comprehensive exploration of the challenges and opportunities in making IoT systems more transparent and interpretable, offering valuable insights for researchers, developers, and decision-makers aiming to create IoT applications that are both trustworthy and understandable.
Explainable Machine Learning for Geospatial Data Analysis: A Data-Centric Approach
by Courage KamusokoExplainable machine learning (XML), a subfield of AI, is focused on making complex AI models understandable to humans. This book highlights and explains the details of machine learning models used in geospatial data analysis. It demonstrates the need for a data-centric, explainable machine learning approach to obtain new insights from geospatial data. It presents the opportunities, challenges, and gaps in the machine and deep learning approaches for geospatial data analysis and how they are applied to solve various environmental problems in land cover changes and in modeling forest canopy height and aboveground biomass density. The author also includes guidelines and code scripts (R, Python) valuable for practical readers.Features Data-centric explainable machine learning (ML) approaches for geospatial data analysis. The foundations and approaches to explainable ML and deep learning. Several case studies from urban land cover and forestry where existing explainable machine learning methods are applied. Descriptions of the opportunities, challenges, and gaps in data-centric explainable ML approaches for geospatial data analysis. Scripts in R and python to perform geospatial data analysis, available upon request. This book is an essential resource for graduate students, researchers, and academics working in and studying data science and machine learning, as well as geospatial data science professionals using GIS and remote sensing in environmental fields.
Explainable Machine Learning for Multimedia Based Healthcare Applications
by M. Shamim Hossain Utku Kose Deepak GuptaThis book covers the latest research studies regarding Explainable Machine Learning used in multimedia-based healthcare applications. In this context, the content includes not only introductions for applied research efforts but also theoretical touches and discussions targeting open problems as well as future insights. In detail, a comprehensive topic coverage is ensured by focusing on remarkable healthcare problems solved with Artificial Intelligence. Because today’s conditions in medical data processing are often associated with multimedia, the book considers research studies with especially multimedia data processing.
Explainable Machine Learning in Medicine (Synthesis Lectures on Engineering, Science, and Technology)
by Karol Przystalski Rohit M. ThankiThis book covers a variety of advanced communications technologies that can be used to analyze medical data and can be used to diagnose diseases in clinic centers. The book is a primer of methods for medicine, providing an overview of explainable artificial intelligence (AI) techniques that can be applied in different medical challenges. The authors discuss how to select and apply the proper technology depending on the provided data and the analysis desired. Because a variety of data can be used in the medical field, the book explains how to deal with challenges connected with each type. A number of scenarios are introduced that can happen in real-time environments, with each pared with a type of machine learning that can be used to solve it.
Explainable Neural Networks Based on Fuzzy Logic and Multi-criteria Decision Tools (Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing #408)
by József Dombi Orsolya CsiszárThe research presented in this book shows how combining deep neural networks with a special class of fuzzy logical rules and multi-criteria decision tools can make deep neural networks more interpretable – and even, in many cases, more efficient. Fuzzy logic together with multi-criteria decision-making tools provides very powerful tools for modeling human thinking. Based on their common theoretical basis, we propose a consistent framework for modeling human thinking by using the tools of all three fields: fuzzy logic, multi-criteria decision-making, and deep learning to help reduce the black-box nature of neural models; a challenge that is of vital importance to the whole research community.
Explainable, Transparent Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems: First International Workshop, EXTRAAMAS 2019, Montreal, QC, Canada, May 13–14, 2019, Revised Selected Papers (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #11763)
by Davide Calvaresi Amro Najjar Michael Schumacher Kary FrämlingThis book constitutes the proceedings of the First International Workshop on Explainable, Transparent Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems, EXTRAAMAS 2019, held in Montreal, Canada, in May 2019. The 12 revised and extended papers presented were carefully selected from 23 submissions. They are organized in topical sections on explanation and transparency; explainable robots; opening the black box; explainable agent simulations; planning and argumentation; explainable AI and cognitive science.
Explainable Uncertain Rule-Based Fuzzy Systems
by Jerry M. MendelThe third edition of this textbook presents a further updated approach to fuzzy sets and systems that can model uncertainty — i.e., “type-2” fuzzy sets and systems. The author demonstrates how to overcome the limitations of classical fuzzy sets and systems, enabling a wide range of applications, from time-series forecasting to knowledge mining to classification to control and to explainable AI (XAI). This latest edition again begins by introducing classical (type-1) fuzzy sets and systems, and then explains how they can be modified to handle uncertainty, leading to type-2 fuzzy sets and systems. New material is included about how to obtain fuzzy set word models that are needed for XAI, similarity of fuzzy sets, a quantitative methodology that lets one explain in a simple way why the different kinds of fuzzy systems have the potential for performance improvements over each other, and new parameterizations of membership functions that have the potential for achieving even greater performance for all kinds of fuzzy systems. For hands-on experience, the book provides information on accessing MATLAB, Java, and Python software to complement the content. The book features a full suite of classroom material.
Explaining Algorithms Using Metaphors
by Michal Forišek Monika SteinováThere is a significant difference between designing a new algorithm, proving its correctness, and teaching it to an audience. When teaching algorithms, the teacher's main goal should be to convey the underlying ideas and to help the students form correct mental models related to the algorithm. This process can often be facilitated by using suitable metaphors. This work provides a set of novel metaphors identified and developed as suitable tools for teaching many of the "classic textbook" algorithms taught in undergraduate courses worldwide. Each chapter provides exercises and didactic notes for teachers based on the authors' experiences when using the metaphor in a classroom setting.
Explaining Primary Science
by Paul Chambers Nicholas SouterSuccessful science teaching in primary schools requires a careful understanding of key scientific knowledge. This book covers all the major areas of science relevant for beginning primary school teachers, explaining key concepts from the ground up, helping trainees and recently qualified teachers develop into confident science educators. This new edition comes with: An exploration of scientific misconceptions on key topics How to take action to protect the environment through primary science teaching A newly streamlined focus prioritising essential primary school subject knowledge Links to national curricula for England and Scotland Videos of useful science experiments and demonstrations for the primary classroom