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From Insurgency to Stability: Insights from Selected Case Studies
by John Gordon Peter Chalk Angel Rabasa K. Scott Mcmahon Audra K. GrantThis book examines six case studies of insurgencies from around the world to determine the key factors necessary for a successful transition from counterinsurgency to a more stable situation. The authors review the causes of each insurgency and the key players involved, and examine what the government did right--or wrong--to bring the insurgency to an end and to transition to greater stability.
From Insurgency to Stability: Key Capabilities and Practices
by John Gordon Angel Rabasa Audra K. Grant Peter Chalk Christopher S. ChivvisThis book identifies the procedures and capabilities that the U.S. Department of Defense, other agencies of the U.S. government, U.S. allies and partners, and international organizations require in order to support the transition from counterinsurgency, when the military takes primary responsibility for security and economic operations, to stability and reconstruction, when police and civilian government agencies take the lead.
From Internet of Things to Internet of Intelligence (Transactions on Computational Science and Computational Intelligence)
by Marcel Ohanga Odhiambo Weston MwashitaThe book focuses on the open challenges associated with the convergence of the Internet of Things and Artificial Intelligence, as accommodated in 6G architecture. The authors discuss how in many fields, such as Natural Language Processing (NLP), interactive computer games, robotics, and multiuser virtual environments, this convergence is likely to have enormously benefits, from artificial intelligence mimicking human intelligence, attempting to simulate human intelligence, and producing a new intelligent machine capable of processing information with human consciousness, behaviour, and thinking integrated with appropriate algorithms. The book provides users with the fundamentals of IoT architecture, AI technology, and the architecture of AI and IoT converged networks. Furthermore, to provide hands-on experience with the technology, some proposed systems are discussed, along with their applications in various sectors such as healthcare, transportation, smart homes, production, manufacturing, renewable energy and agriculture. The book will discuss new technological advances, current research trends, and industry requirements. Discussed open challenges in the field will motivate researchers and stakeholders in industry to provide solutions, with some presented in the book to help spark ideas.
From Internet of Things to Smart Cities: Enabling Technologies (Chapman & Hall/CRC Computer and Information Science Series)
by Bashar Ahmad Hongjian Sun Chao WangFrom Internet of Things to Smart Cities: Enabling Technologies explores the information and communication technologies (ICT) needed to enable real-time responses to current environmental, technological, societal, and economic challenges. ICT technologies can be utilized to help with reducing carbon emissions, improving resource utilization efficiency, promoting active engagement of citizens, and more. This book aims to introduce the latest ICT technologies and to promote international collaborations across the scientific community, and eventually, the general public. It consists of three tightly coupled parts. The first part explores the involvement of enabling technologies from basic machine-to-machine communications to Internet of Things technologies. The second part of the book focuses on state of the art data analytics and security techniques, and the last part of the book discusses the design of human-machine interfaces, including smart home and cities. Features Provides an extended literature review of relevant technologies, in addition to detailed comparison diagrams, making new readers be easier to grasp fundamental and wide knowledge Contains the most recent research results in the field of communications, signal processing and computing sciences for facilitating smart homes, buildings, and cities Includes future research directions in Internet of Things, smart homes, smart buildings, smart grid, and smart cities Presents real examples of applying these enabling technologies to smart homes, transportation systems and cities With contributions from leading experts, the book follows an easy structure that not only presents timely research topics in-depth, but also integrates them into real world applications to help readers to better understand them.
From Intervals to –?: Towards a General Description of Validated Uncertainty (Studies in Computational Intelligence #1041)
by Vladik Kreinovich Graçaliz Pereira Dimuro Antônio Carlos da Rocha CostaThis book is about methodological aspects of uncertainty propagation in data processing. Uncertainty propagation is an important problem: while computer algorithms efficiently process data related to many aspects of their lives, most of these algorithms implicitly assume that the numbers they process are exact. In reality, these numbers come from measurements, and measurements are never 100% exact. Because of this, it makes no sense to translate 61 kg into pounds and get the result—as computers do—with 13 digit accuracy. In many cases—e.g., in celestial mechanics—the state of a system can be described by a few numbers: the values of the corresponding physical quantities. In such cases, for each of these quantities, we know (at least) the upper bound on the measurement error. This bound is either provided by the manufacturer of the measuring instrument—or is estimated by the user who calibrates this instrument. However, in many other cases, the description of the system is more complex than a few numbers: we need a function to describe a physical field (e.g., electromagnetic field); we need a vector in Hilbert space to describe a quantum state; we need a pseudo-Riemannian space to describe the physical space-time, etc. To describe and process uncertainty in all such cases, this book proposes a general methodology—a methodology that includes intervals as a particular case. The book is recommended to students and researchers interested in challenging aspects of uncertainty analysis and to practitioners who need to handle uncertainty in such unusual situations.
From Intrinsic to Extrinsic Design of Lithium-Ion Battery Layered Oxide Cathode Material Via Doping Strategies (Springer Theses)
by Chul-Ho JungThis book addresses the comprehensive understanding of Ni-rich layered oxide of lithium-ion batteries cathodes materials, especially focusing on the effect of dopant on the intrinsic and extrinsic effect to its host materials. This book can be divided into three parts, that is, 1. overall understanding of layered oxide system, 2. intrinsic effect of dopant on layered oxides, and 3. extrinsic effect of dopant on layered oxides. To truly understand and discover the fundamental solution (e.g. doping) to improve the Ni-rich layered oxides cathodic performance, understanding the foundation of layered oxide degradation mechanism is the key, thus, the first chapter focuses on discovering the true degradation mechanisms of layered oxides systems. Then, the second and third chapter deals with the effect of dopant on alleviating the fundamental degradation mechanism of Ni-rich layered oxides, which we believe is the first insight ever been provided. The content described in this book will provide research insight to develop high-performance Ni-rich layered oxide cathode materials and serve as a guide for those who study energy storage systems.
From Landfill Gas to Energy: Technologies and Challenges
by Vasudevan Rajaram Faisal Zia Siddiqui M. Emran KhanConverting old landfills to energy producing sites, while capturing emitted greenhouse gases, has faced numerous technical, financial and social challenges and developments lately. Also, the re-mining of landfills to recover useful land in dense urban areas and proper landfill closure has been a subject of discussion and investigation. Designed as
From LED to Solid State Lighting: Principles, Materials, Packaging, Characterization, and Applications
by S. W. Lee Jeffery C. Lo Mian Tao Huaiyu YeA comprehensive reference including practical, hands-on exercises and data of experimental studies, written by leading researchers in the field• An introductory/intermediate level treatment including practical, hands-on exercises and data of experimental studies, written by leading researchers in the field• The authors lead a LED packaging R&D center with an industrial grade prototyping line and state-of-the-art facilities for materials/optical/electrical/thermal characterization. A substantial amount of technical contents in this book is based on the hands-on experience and experimental practices of the authors• The manufacture of LED-based luminaries for lighting is a huge area and there is a need for a comprehensive book instructing engineers and designers in the lighting industry• Includes packaging LED components such as interconnection, phosphor deposition, encapsulation, thermal management and reliability, making this an excellent reference and background reading for engineers and researchers
From Linear Operators to Computational Biology
by Martin Davis Edmond SchonbergIn his rich and varied career as a mathematician, computer scientist, and educator, Jacob T. Schwartz wrote seminal works in analysis, mathematical economics, programming languages, algorithmics, and computational geometry. In this volume of essays, his friends, students, and collaborators at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences present recent results in some of the fields that Schwartz explored: quantum theory, the theory and practice of programming, program correctness and decision procedures, dextrous manipulation in Robotics, motion planning, and genomics. In addition to presenting recent results in these fields, these essays illuminate the astonishingly productive trajectory of a brilliant and original scientist and thinker.
From Linear to Circular Food Supply Chains: Achieving Sustainable Change
by Stella Despoudi Uthayasankar Sivarajah Manoj DoraThis book aims to provide the reader with an understanding of the concept of the circular economy, in relation to food supply chains. The current food supply chain system, based upon the linear supply chain model, is unquestionably unsustainable: make, use, dispose. The circular supply chain model, on the other hand, aims to keep resources in use for as long as possible, while regenerating products/materials at the end of their service life. In short: reduce, reuse, recycle.This book puts forwards the circular economy as an alternative to the traditional supply chain management models. The circular economy aims to minimise material, energy and environmental damage without restricting economic growth and social and technological progress. It involves transition to renewable energy sources, and it builds on economic, natural and social capital. This shortform monograph will appeal to academics working in the fields of supply chain logistics, operation management, agricultural management, and sustainability more broadly.Dr. Stella Despoudi is Lecturer in Operations and Supply Chain Management at Aston University, UK and Adjunct Lecturer in Supply Chain Management at University of Western Macedonia, Greece.Prof. Uthayasankar Sivarajah is Head of School of Management and Professor of Technology Management and Circular Economy at the School of Management, University of Bradford, UK.Dr Manoj Dora is Director of Collaborative Projects and Outreach at Brunel Business School, UK. Manoj's areas of specialisation are Sustainable Value Chain and Quality Management, with a focus on Lean Six Sigma in the agro-food sector.
From Machine Learning to Artificial Intelligence: The Modern Machine Intelligence Approach for Financial and Economic Inclusion (Studies in Systems, Decision and Control #572)
by Abdalmuttaleb M. A. Musleh Al-Sartawi Manaf Al-Okaily Anas Ali Al-Qudah Fadi ShihadehThe world is on a cusp of something great. Technology has advanced from solving simple issues to complex issues in both human life and other aspects such as social, economic, and environmental issues. The significance of machine intelligence as a tool to propel human as well as economic development is an important and hot topic today. This book is about how modern machine intelligence, AI, and machine learning applications can be used by governments and firms for financial and economic inclusion, as well as for providing solutions to bridge the digital divide. It aims to cover philosophical discussions, frameworks, and applications on central topics in machine intelligence, deep learning, mesh networks, frugal engineering, frugal innovation, blockchain technology, alternate networks, and intelligent digital financial inclusion system architectures. This book also aims to discuss the initiatives, policies, strategies, and governance issues related to furnishing technologies for technology access, financial inclusion and in turn economic growth. Financial inclusion is defined as the proportion of people and corporations that use financial services. It further describes the fair, equal, and attainable access to financial services (Rawat et al., 2023). Financial inclusion is key to economic inclusion and economic growth as it enables the poor to improve their lives. Chapters in the book will improve our understanding of the advances and challenges of applying machine intelligence for financial inclusion and economic growth in different contexts including financial markets, governments, and corporations in both developing and developed countries. Access to financial services is essential to development efforts of markets, economies and eventually societies. Hence, in this context, financial inclusion can be explained as the process of ensuring that individuals particular impoverished people have access to essential financial services in the formal financial sector. Financial inclusion, recently, has been receiving traction from scholars and policymakers whereby it is one of the major strategies used by economies and societies in achieving UN’s sustainable development goals. Rawat et al. (2023) argues that it is vital to increase the use of “low-cost digital methods” for the economically marginalized and under-served people and sectors. There is a need for financial inclusion for the rapidly dynamic Industry 4.0. Therefore, linking technology, more particularly machine intelligence with financial inclusion and technology access is quite crucial given the current technological environment. Additionally, financial inclusion helps in enhancing the level of economic and social inclusion in many societies and developing countries as well as help in reducing poverty levels. Policy makers in several countries continue to commit significant resources and technologies to increase the level of financial inclusion in their countries to reduce financial exclusion. In developing countries, financial inclusion remains below potential in part due to the digital divide, limited technology access and the challenge for financial institutions in developing products for the low-income mass market (Hook IV, 2019; Marimuthu et al., 2022). These matters are important topics to be researched and discussed, especially with the advancement of technology such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, blockchain, business intelligence, online education, in the current post-pandemic environment which catalysed these digital transformations. Therefore, this book has been proposed to discuss a very important and emerging topics which contributes significantly to policy and the SDGs in the digital economy.
From Mass Prefab to Mass Customization: Modern Methods of Constructions from Experimentation to Manufacturing (SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology)
by Ornella IuorioThis book provides an overview of the latest innovations in prefabrication. It analyzes how digital, material, and process innovations are transforming the mass prefabrication of homes, schools, and offices into mass customization. It provides an understanding of available manufacturing processes, including distributed ownership of manufacturing, platform approaches, and robotics. It discusses how the integration of cutting-edge advanced construction techniques, coupled with robotic manufacturing and assembly from the earliest stages of building system design, has the potential to unlock new formal and technical paradigms. Investigating the impact of prefab in the context of climate emergency, the book analyzes the capacity and shortfall in delivering net zero emissions. It discusses the opportunities that Modern Methods of Construction provide to enable the transition towards circular constructions, from reuse to retrofitting. Including the users' experience, it demonstrates the importance of developing methodologies for capturing users' occupancy evaluation, as a means for understanding real performances, benchmarking indicators, and tuning systems to target the long-term well-being of the occupants. Referring to a plethora of emblematic cases, this work demonstrates the importance of investing in research and development to optimize construction systems, reduce material use, facilitate lean construction, advance mechanical and environmental performances, and move toward circular systems to close the loop. This book is aimed at practitioners, architects, technologists, researchers, and students in architectural engineering.
From Materials to Structures: Advancement through Innovation
by Bijan Samali Mario M. Attard Chongmin SongFrom Materials to Structures: Advancement through Innovation is a collection of peer-reviewed papers presented at the 22nd Australasian Conference on the Mechanics of Structures and Materials (ACMSM22) held in Sydney Australia, from 11-14 December 2012 by academics, researchers and practising engineers mainly from Australasia and the Asia-Pacific r
From MEMS to Bio-MEMS and Bio-NEMS: Manufacturing Techniques and Applications
by Marc J. MadouFrom MEMS to Bio-MEMS and Bio-NEMS: Manufacturing Techniques and Applications details manufacturing techniques applicable to bionanotechnology. After reviewing MEMS techniques, materials, and modeling, the author covers nanofabrication, genetically engineered proteins, artificial cells, nanochemistry, and self-assembly. He also discusses scaling la
From Milk By-Products to Milk Ingredients: Upgrading the Cycle
by Ruud de BoerMilk is a complex substance, and a variety of constituents can be extracted from it for use as ingredients in other foods. The main ingredients from milk are milk fat, cheese and serum, but this range is continually expanding as food companies, dairies and dairy scientists seek to utilize as many raw materials and by-products as possible, to reduce waste, maximize efficiency, and increase productivity. Ingredients from Milk is a concise, fresh approach to ingredients derived from milk, containing guidance and new techniques for dairy industry professionals and scientists. has a structure is designed to mirror the process of extracting ingredients from milk, beginning with the basic concepts and following through the processes until finally arriving at the consumer products which constitute the end uses of ingredients from milk. This book is primarily targeted at the dairy industry, but also provides a valuable insight for academics and students seeking an industry perspective.
From Models to Simulations (History and Philosophy of Technoscience)
by Franck VarenneThis book analyses the impact computerization has had on contemporary science and explains the origins, technical nature and epistemological consequences of the current decisive interplay between technology and science: an intertwining of formalism, computation, data acquisition, data and visualization and how these factors have led to the spread of simulation models since the 1950s. Using historical, comparative and interpretative case studies from a range of disciplines, with a particular emphasis on the case of plant studies, the author shows how and why computers, data treatment devices and programming languages have occasioned a gradual but irresistible and massive shift from mathematical models to computer simulations.
From Multiscale Modeling to Meso-Science
by Jinghai Li Junwu Wang Limin Wang Mooson Kwauk Ning Yang Wei Ge Wei Wang Xianfeng He Xiaowei Wang Xinhua LiuMultiscale modeling is becoming essential for accurate, rapid simulation in science and engineering. This book presents the results of three decades of research on multiscale modeling in process engineering from principles to application, and its generalization for different fields. This book considers the universality of meso-scale phenomena for the first time, and provides insight into the emerging discipline that unifies them, meso-science, as well as new perspectives for virtual process engineering. Multiscale modeling is applied in areas including: multiphase flow and fluid dynamicschemical, biochemical and process engineeringmineral processing and metallurgical engineeringenergy and resourcesmaterials science and engineeringJinghai Li is Vice-President of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), a professor at the Institute of Process Engineering, CAS, and leader of the EMMS (Energy-minimizing multiscale) Group. Wei Ge, Wei Wang, Ning Yang and Junwu Wang are professors at the EMMS Group, part of the Institute of Process Engineering, CAS. Xinhua Liu, Limin Wang, Xianfeng He and Xiaowei Wang are associate professors at the EMMS Group, part of the Institute of Process Engineering, CAS. Mooson Kwauk is an emeritus director of the Institute of Process Engineering, CAS, and is an advisor to the EMMS Group.
From Net Neutrality to ICT Neutrality
by Patrick Maillé Bruno TuffinThis book discusses the pros and cons of information and communication (ICT) neutrality. It tries to be as objective as possible from arguments of proponents and opponents, this way enabling readers to build their own opinion. It presents the history of the ongoing network neutrality debate, the various concepts it encompasses, and also some mathematical developments illustrating optimal strategies and potential counter-intuitive results, then extends the discussion to connected ICT domains. The book thus touches issues related to history, economics, law, networking, and mathematics. After an introductory chapter on the history of the topic, chapter 2 surveys and compares the various laws in place worldwide and discusses some implications of heterogeneous rules in several regions. Next, chapter 3 details the arguments put forward by the participants of the net neutrality debate. Chapter 4 then presents how the impact of neutral or non-neutral behaviors can be analyzed mathematically, with sometimes counter-intuitive results, and emphasizes the interest of modeling to avoid bad decisions. Chapter 5 illustrates that content providers may not always be on the pro-neutrality side, as there are situations where they may have an economic advantage with a non-neutral situation, e.g. when they are leaders on a market and create barriers to entry for competitors. Another related issue is covered in chapter 6, which discusses existing ways for ISPs to circumvent the packet-based rules and behave non-neutral without breaking the written law. Chapter 7 gives more insight on the role and possible non-neutral behavior of search engines, leading to another debate called the search neutrality debate. Chapter 8 focuses on e-commerce platforms and social networks, and investigates how they can influence users’ actions and opinions. The issue is linked to the debate on the transparency of algorithms which is active in Europe especially. Chapter 9 focuses on enforcing neutrality in practice through measurements: indeed, setting rules requires monitoring the activity of ICT actors in order to sanction non-appropriate behaviors and be proactive against new conducts. The chapter explains why this is challenging and what tools are currently available. Eventually, Chapter 10 briefly concludes the presentation and opens the debate.
From Newspeak to Cyberspeak: A History of Soviet Cybernetics
by Slava GerovitchSlava argues that Soviet cybernetics was not just an intellectual trend but a social movement for radical reform in science and society as a whole. Followers of cybernetics viewed computer simulation as a universal method of problem solving
From Notepad to iPad: Using Apps and Web Tools to Engage a New Generation of Students
by Matthew GillispieThis book is a one-stop-shop for secondary teachers looking to use iPads effectively in the classroom. The author provides a clear and practical overview of how to implement the technology, manage it, and use it successfully. Each chapter is full of tips and engaging classroom activities. Teachers at all levels of experience and comfort with technology will benefit from the ideas and resources in this book. Special Features: Screen shots and other visuals to help you use the recommended apps and websites Strategies for managing technology use in the classroom Lesson plans that effectively teach literacy and content through the use of technology Connections to the Common Core State Standards Samples of student work using iPads Rubrics for a variety of suggested assignments
From Our Own Correspondent: Dispatches of a Decade from Across the World
by Polly Hope<p>For more than sixty-five years on the air, From Our Own Correspondent has been one of BBC Radio's flagship programmes. It has taken listeners to parts of the world where they have never gone, and perhaps never would: war zones, refugee camps, elite universities, space stations, spy academies and lions' dens of all sorts. Its dispatches introduce audiences to people they might never expect to meet - kingpins, revolutionaries, assassins and outcasts. It has always relied on the power of personal testimony, with its contributors not merely reporting the news, but sharing what they found out along the way, and how it felt. Its correspondents often relate the unexpected: the day they visited the town that is crazy about trout fishing, attended a forty-course Chinese banquet, experienced zero gravity on a flight with Russian cosmonauts, went mud wrestling in Turkey or ballroom dancing in Cameroon.<p> <p>Themed by continent and region, From Our Own Correspondent brings together the most compelling stories of the past ten years. It is a perfect primer for the understanding of the modern world.<p>
From Photon to Pixel: The Digital Camera Handbook
by Henri MaîtreThis second edition of the fully revised and updated From Photon to Pixel presents essential elements in modern digital photographic devices. Our universal infatuation with photography profoundly affects its usage and development.While some sides of photographic “culture” remain wholly unchanged – art photography, journalistic and advertising photography, scientific photography, etc. – new facets emerge: leisure or travel photography, everyday life photography, anecdotal, observational or unusual photography, and microcosm, or micro-community, photography with its culmination in the narcissistic selfie. These new forms combine an often simplified manner of photographing and modern means of instantaneous, remote and mass communication. This book does not extend into the sociological study of photography, instead it explains how the digital camera works by examining in detail each of the components that constitutes it to provide the reader with a preliminary guide into the inner workings of this device.
From Physics to Daily Life
by Beatrice BressanBeatrice Bressan brings together a number of outstanding examples of successful cross-disciplinary technology transfer originating in fundamental physics research, which dramatically impacted scientific progress in areas which changed modern society. Many of them were developed at CERN, a hotbed of fundamental inventions in particle physics. This book deals with breakthrough developments being applied in the world of IT, consumer electronics, aviation, and material sciences.Additional sections of the book deal with knowledge management and technology transfer including their economic aspects. While each chapter has been drafted by an expert in the field, the editor has carefully edited the whole to ensure a coherent overall structure.A must-have for policy makers, technology companies, investors, strategic planners in research and technology, as well as attractive reading for the research community.
From Physics to Daily Life: Applications in Informatics, Energy, and Environment
by Beatrice BressanBeatrice Bressan brings together a number of outstanding examples of successful cross-disciplinary technology transfer originating in fundamental physics research, which dramatically impacted scientific progress in areas which changed modern society. Many of them were developed at CERN, a hotbed of fundamental inventions in particle physics. This book deals with breakthrough developments being applied in the world of IT, consumer electronics, aviation, and material sciences. Additional sections of the book deal with knowledge management and technology transfer including their economic aspects. While each chapter has been drafted by an expert in the field, the editor has carefully edited the whole to ensure a coherent overall structure. A must-have for policy makers, technology companies, investors, strategic planners in research and technology, as well as attractive reading for the research community.
From Pigeons to News Portals: Foreign Reporting and the Challenge of New Technology (Media & Public Affairs)
by David D. Perlmutter John Maxwell HamiltonEver since the invention of the telegraph, journalists have sought to remove the barriers of time and space. Today, we readily accept that reporters can jet quickly to a distant location and broadcast instantly from a satellite-connected, video-enabled cell phone hanging from their belts. But now that live news coverage is possible from virtually anywhere, is foreign correspondence better? And what are the implications of recent changes in journalistic technology for policy makers and their constituents? In From Pigeons to News Portals, edited by David D. Perlmutter and John Maxwell Hamilton, scholars and journalists survey, probe, and demystify the new foreign correspondence that has emerged from rapidly changing media technology. These distinguished authors challenge long-held beliefs about foreign news coverage, not the least of which is whether, in our interconnected world, such a thing as "foreign news" even exists anymore. Essays explore the ways people have used new media technology -- from satellites and cell phones to the Internet -- to affect content, delivery modes, and amount and style of coverage. They examine the ways in which speedy reporting conflicts with in-depth reporting, the pros and cons of "parachute" journalism, the declining dominance of mainstream media as a source of foreign news, and the implications of this new foreign correspondence for foreign policy. Entertainment media such as film, television, and video gaming form worldwide opinions about America, often in negative ways. Meanwhile, live reporting abroad is both a blessing and curse for foreign policy makers. Because foreign news is so vital to effective policy making and citizenship, we imperil our future by failing to understand the changes technology brings and how we can wrest the best practice out of those changes. This provocative volume offers valuable insights and analyses to help us better understand the evolving state of foreign news.