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Heat Transfer in Subsonic Separated Flows (Heat and Mass Transfer)
by Viktor I. Terekhov Aleksey Yu. Dyachenko Yaroslav J. Smulsky Tatyana V. Bogatko Nadezhda I. YaryginaThis book presents the results of scientific research performed over the past two decades by the authors. The book discusses some issues of separated laminar flows that are of great practical interest for the development of new technologies using microchannel flows, where separation zones can form. Of particular interest is the complex mechanism of flow separation with superimposed high external turbulence. The challenges of finding the optimal location for the cavities and fins on heat exchange surfaces are also considered. This is an important fundamental and practical problem when creating new schemes of efficient heat exchangers in various power plants. A wide class of problems of turbulent flow in tubes with flow separation is considered. These data will be useful in engineering estimates of the thermal–hydraulic efficiency of various heat transfer intensifiers. This book focuses on the analysis of thermal characteristics of separated flows, as well as the possibility of controlling the intensity of heat exchange processes, from the point of view of both their intensification and their suppression.
Heat Transfer to Non-Newtonian Fluids: Fundamentals and Analytical Expressions
by Aroon ShenoyThis book has been written with the idea of providing the fundamentals for those who are interested in the field of heat transfer to non-Newtonian uids. It is well recognized that non-Newtonian fluids are encountered in a number of transport processes and estimation of the heat transfer characteristics in the presence of these fl uids requires analysis of equations that are far more complex than those encountered for Newtonian fl uids. A deliberate effort has be made to demonstrate the methods of simplication of the complex equations and to put forth analytical expressions for the various heat transfer situations in as vivid manner as possible. The book covers a broad range of topics from forced, naturaland mixed convection without and with porous media. Laminaras well as turbulent flow heat transfer to non-Newtonian fluids have been treated and the criterion for transition from laminar toturbulent fl ow for natural convection has been established. The heat transfer characteristics of non-Newtonian fl uids from inelastic power-law fluids to viscoelastic second-order fluids and mildly elastic drag reducing fl uids are covered. This book can serve the needs of undergraduates, graduates and industry personnel from the fields of chemical engineering, material science and engineering, mechanical engineering and polymer engineering.
Heat Transport Driven by Surface Electromagnetic Waves (Mechanical Engineering Series)
by Sebastian Volz Jose Ordonez-MirandaThis book leads the reader from the well-established wave description of polaritons to their particle description to quantify the polariton contribution to the heat transport along polar and metallic nanofilms, nanowires, and cavities. Over the last few decades, the surface electromagnetic waves propagating along the interface of metals (plasmon polaritons) and polar dielectrics (phonon polaritons) have been widely studied to generate and guide energy currents. And while the optical generation of these polaritons at a given frequency is well known and exploited nowadays, their thermal excitation and propagation in a broad frequency spectrum, explored in detail in this volume, have only more recently been emerging as an effective way to enhance conductive and radiative heat currents. Written by the foremost experts and researchers in nanoscale heat transport, this book consolidates in a single comprehensive view, the findings on surface electromagnetic waves as the 4th heat carriers, besides phonons, photons, and electrons.
Heat Treatments for Postharvest Pest Control: Theory and Practice
by Juming Tang Elizabeth Mitcham Shaojin Wang Susan LurieTang (biological systems engineering, Washington State University) provides information on thermal treatments for eliminating postharvest pests in agricultural commodities, covering regulatory issues, temperature measurement, heat transfer, physiological responses of plants, insects, and pathogens to heat, and current and potential quarantine treatments based on hot air, hot water, and radio frequency energy. Contributors come from the fields of engineering, entomology, and plant physiology, and are affiliated with research universities and government research institutes in the US, Israel, Australia, and Canada. The audience for the book includes students and researchers in horticulture, entomology, food science, and agricultural engineering, as well as government officials regulating domestic and international trade.
Heating and Cooling Essentials
by Jerry Killinger & Don CrawshawHeating and Cooling Essentials is ideal for introductory HVACR courses and certificate programs. With a unique and focused approach on applications and skills, this text engages hands-on learners as they begin their HVACR studies. The text emphasizes the techniques needed to perform the installation, service, and repair of refrigeration, air conditioning, and heating systems. Students build an understanding of how HVACR systems work and then progress to troubleshooting and service. Coverage includes refrigerant handling and ductwork topics. The lab workbook contains 169 lab activities with step-by-step procedures and review questions to enhance student comprehension.
Heating and Cooling of Air Through Coils: Principles and Applications
by Yongjian GuHeating and Cooling of Air Through Coils combines theory and practice to cover the fundamentals in the processes of heating and cooling of air through coils and the key aspects in the psychrometric chart, the coil fluid piping systems, the coils, and the energy sources for the fluid in the coils. This book covers the integral elements that have a significant impact on the heating and cooling of air through coils, including the coil types, coil tube constructions and arrangements, and fluid flow characteristics in the coils. It also discusses sustainable and renewable energy sources used to heat and cool the fluid flowing in the piping system and the coils. In addition, the book covers the application of coils in central air-conditioning systems and split air-conditioning systems. Presents the fundamentals of heating and cooling of air through coils. Explains the psychrometric chart used for assessing the physical and thermodynamic properties of air in the heating and cooling processes. Covers numerous coil types and constructions. Discusses the key equipment used in the coil fluid piping systems that deliver hot water, steam, condensate, and chilled water to and from the coils. Considers various energy sources to the fluid in the coil piping system for heating and cooling, including solar heat energy, ocean thermal energy, and geothermal energy. This book will interest engineers and researchers involved in the design and operation of heat exchangers and HVAC systems. It can also be used as a textbook for undergraduate and graduate students majoring in relevant fields, such as thermal and fluids HVAC, and energy management.
Heating and Cooling of Buildings: Principles and Practice of Energy Efficient Design, Third Edition (Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Series)
by T. Agami Reddy Jan F. Kreider Peter S. Curtiss Ari RablHeating and Cooling of Buildings: Principles and Practice of Energy Efficient Design, Third Edition is structured to provide a rigorous and comprehensive technical foundation and coverage to all the various elements inherent in the design of energy efficient and green buildings. Along with numerous new and revised examples, design case studies, and homework problems, the third edition includes the HCB software along with its extensive website material, which contains a wealth of data to support design analysis and planning. Based around current codes and standards, the Third Edition explores the latest technologies that are central to design and operation of today’s buildings. It serves as an up-to-date technical resource for future designers, practitioners, and researchers wishing to acquire a firm scientific foundation for improving the design and performance of buildings and the comfort of their occupants. For engineering and architecture students in undergraduate/graduate classes, this comprehensive textbook:
Heating and Cooling with Ground-Source Heat Pumps in Cold and Moderate Climates: Design Principles, Potential Applications and Case Studies
by Vasile MineaHeating and Cooling with Ground-Source Heat Pumps in Cold and Moderate Climates: Design Principles, Potential Applications and Case Studies focuses on applications and cases studies of ground-source heat pumps in moderate and cold climates. It details technical aspects (such as materials, thermal fluid carriers and pumping, and drilling/trenching technologies), as well as the most common and uncommon application fields for basic system configurations. The principles of system integrations and applications in moderate and cold climates (such as hybrid, solar-assisted, thermo-syphon, foundation, mines, snow melting, district heating and cooling ground-source heat pump systems, etc.) are also presented, each followed by case studies. Based on the author's more than 30 years of technical experience Discusses ground-source heat pump technologies that can be successfully applied in moderate and cold climates Presents several case studies, including successful energy results, as well as the main lessons learned This work is aimed at designers of HVAC systems, as well as geological, mechanical, and chemical engineers implementing environmentally-friendly heating and cooling technologies for buildings.
Heating and Cooling with Ground-Source Heat Pumps in Cold and Moderate Climates: Fundamentals and Basic Concepts
by Vasile MineaHeating and Cooling with Ground-Source Heat Pumps in Cold and Moderate Climates: Fundamentals and Basic Concepts covers fundamentals and design principles of vertical and horizontal indirect and direct expansion closed-loop, as well as ground and surface-water ground-source heat pump systems. It explains the thermodynamic aspects of mechanical and thermochemical compression cycles of geothermal heat pumps, and describes the energetic, economic, and environmental aspects associated with the use of ground-source heat pump systems for heating and cooling residential and commercial/institutional buildings in moderate and cold climates. Based on the author's more than 30 years of technical experience Focuses on ground-source heat pump technologies that can be successfully applied in moderate and cold climates Discusses technical aspects as well as the most common and uncommon application fields of basic system configurations This work is aimed at designers of HVAC systems, as well as geological, mechanical, and chemical engineers implementing environmentally-friendly heating and cooling technologies for buildings.
Heating and Water Services Design in Buildings
by Keith Moss Keith J MossThis book provides a thorough and practical coverage of design procedures, with numerous examples and case studies. The author has worked with open learning candidates of all ages as well with college students and university undergraduates.
Heating Services in Buildings
by David E. WatkinsWater based heating systems are efficient, flexible, versatile and offer many advantages over other heating systems. These advantages (fast response, good controllability, efficient zonal heating and largely silent operation) all require that initial design, installation, commissioning and maintenance be carried out to a high standard by competent engineers. Heating Services in Buildings provides the reader with a detailed and thorough understanding of the principles and elements of heating buildings using modern water based heating systems. A key theme of the book is that there is little difference, in the approach to the design and engineering, between domestic and commercial installations. The author’s detailed but highly practical approach to the subject ensures there is sufficient information for students from both a craft background and those with more academic backgrounds to understand the material. This approach is complemented by straightforward, easy-to-use diagrams. Heating Services in Buildings supports a range of educational courses, including degree level building services engineering; NVQ Level 4 Higher Professional Diploma in Building Services Engineering; City & Guilds supplementary heating course and the Heating Design and Installation Course accredited by the European Registration Scheme (ERS).
Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning: Analysis and Design
by Faye C. McQuiston Jerald D. Parker Jeffrey D. Spitler Hessam TaherianHeating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning The authoritative resource providing coverage of all aspects of HVAC, fully updated to align with the latest HVAC technologies and methods Now in its Seventh Edition, Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning has been fully updated to align with the latest technologies and industry developments while maintaining the balance of theoretical information with practical applications that has prepared many generations of students for their careers. As they work through the book, students will become familiar with different types of heating and air conditioning systems and equipment, understand processes and concepts involving moist atmospheric air, learn how to provide comfort to occupants in controlled spaces, and gain practice calculating probable heat loss/gain and energy requirements. A companion website includes additional multiple-choice questions, tutorial videos showing problem-solving for R-value calculation, and Excel spreadsheets that can be used for practice calculations. The Seventh Edition includes new coverage of ductless A/C systems, heat exchangers and hybrid heat pumps, geothermal heat pumps, energy-efficient equipment, and UV principles of air quality treatment of airborne viruses like COVID-19. Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning includes detailed coverage of topics such as: Common HVAC units and dimensions, fundamental physical concepts, and system selection and arrangement Types of all-air systems, air-and-water systems, all-water systems, and decentralized cooling and heating Moist air and the standard atmosphere, fundamental parameters, adiabatic saturation, and wet bulb temperature and the psychrometric chart Outdoor and indoor design conditions, transmission heat losses, infiltration, heat losses from air ducts, auxiliary heat sources, and intermittently heated structures Heat gain, cooling load, and heat extraction rate, and application of cooling load calculation procedures Selection of pumps and fans, and duct HVAC sizing Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning helps prepare students for the industry by connecting the content to ASHRAE standards and by introducing coverage of software tools commonly used in HVAC design. The text is suitable for one- or two-semester HVAC courses taught at junior to graduate levels in various engineering departments.
Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning: Analysis and Design
by Faye McQuiston Jerald Parker Jeffrey SpitlerBased on the most recent standards from ASHRAE, the sixth edition provides complete and up-to-date coverage of all aspects of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning. You'll find the latest load calculation procedures, indoor air quality procedures, and issues related to ozone depletion. Also integrated throughout the text are numerous worked examples that clearly show you how to apply the concepts in realistic scenarios.
Heating with Wolves, Cooling with Cacti: Thermo-bio-architectural Framework (ThBA)
by Brenda Vale Negin ImaniThis book describes the detailed process behind the development of a comprehensive thermo-bio-architectural framework (the ThBA). This framework systematically connects the thermal performance requirements of a building to relevant solutions found in the natural world. This is the first time that architecture has been connected to biology in this manner. The book provides an in-depth understanding of thermoregulatory strategies in animals and plants and links these to equivalent solutions in architectural design. The inclusion of this fundamental knowledge, along with the systematic process of accessing it, should open up new avenues for the generation of energy efficient and sustainable buildings.
Heatmetry: The Science and Practice of Heat Flux Measurement (Heat and Mass Transfer)
by Sergey Z. Sapozhnikov Vladimir Yu. Mityakov Andrey V. MityakovThis book is a translation from a Russian book. In 2007, the authors created a new generation of layered composite-based sensors, whose advantages are high technology and thermal stability. The use of gradient heat flux sensors in laboratory and industrial conditions confirmed their reliability, showed high information, and allowed a number of priority results to be obtained. All of this is summarized in this book.
Heaven on Earth: How Copernicus, Brahe, Kepler, And Galileo Discovered The Modern World
by L. S. FauberA vivid narrative that connects the lives of four great astronomers as they discovered, refined, and popularized the first major scientific discovery of the modern era: that the Earth moves around the Sun. Today we take for granted that a telescope allows us to see galaxies millions of light years away. But before its invention, people used nothing more than their naked eye to fathom what took place in the visible sky. So how did four men in the 1500's—of different nationality, age, religion, and class—collaborate to discover that the Earth revolved around the Sun? With this radical discovery that went against the Church, they created our contemporary world—and with it, the uneasy conditions of modern life. Heaven on Earth is an intimate examination of this scientific family—that of Nicolaus Copernicus, Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler, and Galileo Galilei. Fauber juxtaposes their scientific work with insight into their personal lives and political considerations, which shaped their pursuit of knowledge. Uniquely, he shows how their intergenerational collaboration was actually what made the scientific revolution possible. Ranging from the birth of astronomy and the methods of early scientific research, Fauber reveals the human story that underlies this civilization altering discovery. And, contrary to the competitive nature of research today, collaboration was key to early scientific discovery. Before the rise of university research institutions, deep thinkers only had each other. They created a kind of family, related to each other via intellectual pursuit rather than blood. These men called each other “brothers,” “fathers,” and “sons,” and laid the foundations of modern science through familial co-work. And though the sixteenth century was far from the an open society for women, There were female pioneers in this “family” as well, including Brahe's sister Sophie, Kepler’s mother, and Galileo's daughter. Filled with rich characters and sweeping historical scope, Heaven on Earth reveals how the strong connections between these pillars of intellectual history moved science forward—and how, without them, we might have waited a long time for a heliocentric model of the universe.
The Heavens and the Earth: A Political History of the Space Age
by Walter A. McdougallThis highly acclaimed study approaches the space race as a problem in comparative public policy. Drawing on published literature, archival sources in both the United States and Europe, interviews with many of the key participants, and important declassified material, such as the National Security Council's first policy paper on space, McDougall examines U.S., European, and Soviet space programs and their politics. Opening with a short account of Nikolai Kibalchich, a late nineteenth-century Russian rocketry theoretician, McDougall argues that the Soviet Union made its way into space first because it was the world's first "technocracy"―which he defines as "the institutionalization of technological change for state purpose." He also explores the growth of a political economy of technology in both the Soviet Union and the United States.<P><P> Pulitzer Prize Winner
The Heavens Proclaim His Glory: A Spectacular View of Creation Through the Lens of the Hubble Telescope
by Thomas Nelson“I can see how it might be possible for a man to look down upon the earth and be an atheist, but I cannot conceive how he could look up into the heavens and say there is no God.” Abraham LincolnOur world displays the handiwork of God all around us—in the land and sea, the animals and the plants. But in respect to the sky, the heavens, the universe…there’s a realm of beauty and creation man has not been able to witness, until now. The Heavens Proclaim His Glory is a compilation of stunning photography taken by NASA’s Hubble® Telescope capturing striking images of stars, galaxies, cosmic events, planets, and more. Vivid up-close photographs are paired with a romantic Psalm or quote, as well as a short description of the image. The Heavens will open up a whole new world of worship and praise for our God. Contributors include: Francis Chan, Mike Huckabee, John MacArthur, Stephen Mansfield, Sarah Young, Max Lucado, Jenna Lucado, Henry & Richard Blackaby, Robert Morgan, Kirk Cameron, Homer Hickam, and more.
Heavily-Doped 2D-Quantized Structures and the Einstein Relation
by Kamakhya P. Ghatak Sitangshu BhattacharyaThis book presents the Einstein Relation(ER) in two-dimensional (2-D) Heavily Doped (HD) Quantized Structures. The materials considered are quantized structures of HD non-linear optical, III-V, II-VI, Ge, Te, Platinum Antimonide, stressed materials, GaP, Gallium Antimonide, II-V, Bismuth Telluride together with various types of HD superlattices and their Quantized counterparts respectively. The ER in HD opto-electronic materials and their nanostructures is studied in the presence of strong light waves and intense electric fields on the basis of newly formulated electron dispersion laws that control the studies of such quantum effect devices. The suggestion for the experimental determination of HD 2D and 3D ERs and the importance of measurement of band gap in HD optoelectronic materials under intense built-in electric field in nanodevices and strong external photo excitation (for measuring photon induced physical properties) are also discussed in this context. The influence of crossed electric and quantizing magnetic fields on the ER of the different 2D HD quantized structures (quantum wells, inversion and accumulation layers, quantum well HD superlattices and nipi structures) under different physical conditions is discussed in detail. This monograph contains 100 open research problems which form the integral part of the text and are useful for both Ph. D aspirants and researchers in the fields of condensed matter physics, solid-state sciences, materials science, nano-science and technology and allied fields.
Heavy Duty Equipment Technology: A Systems Approach (Automotive Diesel And Heavy Duty Ser.)
by Scott HeardFor trade school and college-level courses in Heavy Duty Equipment A Practical Guide to Working with Heavy Equipment Heavy Duty Equipment Technology: A Systems Approach is a comprehensive textbook that covers the latest technology in machine systems. Using common language and real work experiences that students and instructors can relate to, Heavy Duty Equipment is designed to be a primary reference tool. In this First Edition, system operational principles and safety practices are discussed in simple terms to help students quickly grasp key concepts and gain a base level of understanding that they can build on with work experience. With a strong foundation in place, students will be well-equipped to understand system servicing as well as repair requirements and procedures. Written from both a technician's and a professor's perspective, Heavy Duty Equipment is a "bumper to bumper" textbook that covers ALL systems found on heavy duty machinery.
Heavy-Duty-, On- und Off-Highway-Motoren 2021: Die Zukunft des Verbrennungsmotors und der alternativen Antriebe (Proceedings)
by Johannes LieblDie inhaltlichen Schwerpunkte des Tagungsbands zur ATZlive-Veranstaltung Heavy-Duty-, On- und Off-Highway-Motoren 2020 sind unter anderem neue Diesel- und Gasmotoren, Schadstoffreduzierung, Powertrain-Konzepte für den On- und Off-Highway-Bereich, Einspritzung sowie die Komponentenentwicklung im Hinblick auf das System. Die Tagung ist eine unverzichtbare Plattform für den Wissens- und Gedankenaustausch von Forschern und Entwicklern aller Unternehmen und Institutionen, die dieses Ziel verfolgen.Der InhaltDie ZielgruppenFahrzeug- und Motoreningenieure sowie Studierende, die aktuelles Fachwissen im Zusammenhang mit Fragestellungen ihres Arbeitsfeldes suchen - Professoren und Dozenten an Universitäten und Hochschulen mit Schwerpunkt Kraftfahrzeug- und Motorentechnik - Gutachter, Forscher und Entwicklungsingenieure in der Automobil- und ZulieferindustrieDer VeranstalterATZlive steht für Spitzenqualität, hohes Niveau in Sachen Fachinformation und ist Bestandteil der Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature. Hier wird unter einem Dach das Know-how der renommiertesten Wirtschafts-, Wissenschafts- und Technikverlage Deutschlands vereint.
Heavy-Duty-, On- und Off-Highway-Motoren 2022: Stand der Energiewende im Heavy-Duty-Bereich (Proceedings)
by Alexander HeintzelDie inhaltlichen Schwerpunkte des Tagungsbands zur ATZlive-Veranstaltung "Heavy-Duty-, On- und Off-Highway-Motoren 2022" sind unter der Überschrift "Stand der Energiewende im Heavy-Duty-Bereich" unter anderem Antriebe für zukünftige Kraftstoffe, Emissionsgesetzgebung und ihre Erfüllung sowie neue Diesel, Gas- und Dual-Fuel-Motoren. Die Tagung ist eine unverzichtbare Plattform für den Wissens- und Gedankenaustausch von Forschern und Entwicklern aller Unternehmen und Institutionen, die dieses Ziel verfolgen.Der Inhalt: Motoren für zukünftige Kraftstoffe. - Test, Verbrennung, Nachbehandlung. - Werkstoff-Komponenten. - Künftige Energiesysteme und Infrastruktur. - Brennstoffzellen.Die ZielgruppenFahrzeug- und Motoreningenieure sowie Studierende, die aktuelles Fachwissen im Zusammenhang mit Fragestellungen ihres Arbeitsfeldes suchen - Professoren und Dozenten an Universitäten und Hochschulen mit Schwerpunkt Kraftfahrzeug- und Motorentechnik - Gutachter, Forscher und Entwicklungsingenieure in der Automobil- und ZulieferindustrieDer VeranstalterATZlive steht für Spitzenqualität, hohes Niveau in Sachen Fachinformation und ist Bestandteil der Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature. Hier wird unter einem Dach das Know-how der renommiertesten Wirtschafts-, Wissenschafts- und Technikverlage Deutschlands vereint.
Heavy Duty Rotating Equipment: Vom Konzept bis zum Betrieb - ein Praxisleitfaden
by Axel SperberAuswahl und Beschaffung von Verdichtern und Dampfturbinen für den Einsatz in der chemischen und Prozessindustrie ist sehr stark interdisziplinär geprägt. Über den Erfolg eines Projekts entscheidet eine Reihe von Wissensgebieten: von mechanischen, elektrischen, werkstoff- und regelungstechnischen Kenntnissen über die Thermodynamik, Strömungs- und Festigkeitslehre bis hin zu Projektmanagement und Qualitätskontrolle. In diesem Leitfaden werden entlang der zeitlichen Ablaufkette die einzelnen Schritte dargestellt, mit ihren Grundentscheidungen und Fallstricken, die dabei zu beachten sind. Das Werk beschränkt sich auf Einzelanfertigungen von Maschinen, die speziell auf einen spezifischen Prozess hin optimiert sind, ferner auf Gase und Dämpfe als Fördermedien. Dabei erfolgt die Darstellung aus Sicht des Betreibers mit einem Fokus auf hoher Anlagenverfügbarkeit, Sicherheit und günstigen Bedingungen für Wartung und Instandhaltung.
Heavy Duty Rotating Equipment: From Concept to Operation - A Practice-oriented Engineering Guide
by Axel SperberThe selection and procurement of compressors and steam turbines for use in the chemical and process industry is highly interdisciplinary. The success of a project is determined by a number of areas of knowledge: from mechanical, electrical, materials and control engineering knowledge to thermodynamics, fluid mechanics and strength theory through to project management and quality control. In this guide, the individual steps are presented along the chronological chain, together with the basic decisions and pitfalls that need to be taken into account. The work is limited to custom-built machines that are specially optimized for a specific process and to gases and vapours as conveying media. It is presented from the operator's point of view with a focus on high system availability, safety and favorable conditions for maintenance and servicing.
Heavy Equipment Operation and Maintenance Manual
by Ernesto A. GuzmanStarting from the purchase of heavy equipment and following through to the end of its economic life, this manual explains how to efficiently maintain and operate different types of heavy equipment. Assigning heavy equipment to different projects and utilizing them in varied systems is a large part of construction operation; ensuring everything is monitored consistently and maintained accordingly is essential. This book aids engineers in facilitating straightforward, consistent reporting systems and cost-efficient equipment use. This is particularly of note to the construction industry. Features: • Enables engineers to save time and money on maintenance costs and maximize the availability of the heavy equipment • Provides comprehensive coverage of methods and procedures for heavy equipment management • Provides charts for practical use by engineers in the field, e.g., mapping out a maintenance schedule • Includes chapters on maintenance and field operations organization, including safety and security organization This book will be of interest to construction engineers, plant engineers, mechanical engineers, maintenance plant and field engineers.