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The Grid: Biography of an American Technology
by Julie A CohnThe history of the grid, the world's largest interconnected power machine that is North America's electricity infrastructure. The North American power grid has been called the world's largest machine. The grid connects nearly every living soul on the continent; Americans rely utterly on the miracle of electrification. In this book, Julie Cohn tells the history of the grid, from early linkages in the 1890s through the grid's maturity as a networked infrastructure in the 1980s. She focuses on the strategies and technologies used to control power on the grid—in fact made up of four major networks of interconnected power systems—paying particular attention to the work of engineers and system operators who handled the everyday operations. To do so, she consulted sources that range from the pages of historical trade journals to corporate archives to the papers of her father, Nathan Cohn, who worked in the industry from 1927 to 1989—roughly the period of key power control innovations across North America. Cohn investigates major challenges and major breakthroughs but also the hidden aspects of our electricity infrastructure, both technical and human. She describes the origins of the grid and the growth of interconnection; emerging control issues, including difficulties in matching generation and demand on linked systems; collaboration and competition against the backdrop of economic depression and government infrastructure investment; the effects of World War II on electrification; postwar plans for a coast-to-coast grid; the northeast blackout of 1965 and the East-West closure of 1967; and renewed efforts at achieving stability and reliability after those two events.
The Grid: 'A stunning thriller’ Terry Hayes, author of I AM PILGRIM
by Nick Cook'A highly original, electrifying read' The Times'A stylish, riveting thriller' Daily Mail'An assured page-turner ... it combines action and foreign locations with big ideas a la Dan Brown' Sunday TimesThe US President Thompson has been dreaming of his own death. A repeating nightmare that hounds him night after night that he can't ignore: something tells him it's not just a dream, it feels too real.Thompson's doctor, military psychiatrist Josh Cain, is summoned to a church tower near the White House. He thinks he is there to talk down another suicidal ex-Marine. But the man he finds tells him of a plot to kill Thompson, revealing secrets he can't possibly have known - just seconds before a sniper's bullet takes him out . . .Battles have been fought man to man, then machine to machine, and even in cyberspace. But now there is a different battlefield emerging: human consciousness and the fight for our minds.What readers are saying:'A classy, intelligent and reflective investigative thriller.''A layered plot, engaging characters and a spine chilling ring of truth to the plot, which lured me in and kept me trapped until the final page.''A real page turner with plenty of surprises and twists. Great read.''THE BEST BOOK THAT I'VE READ ALL YEAR!'
Grid-based Nonlinear Estimation and Its Applications
by Bin Jia Ming XinGrid-based Nonlinear Estimation and its Applications presents new Bayesian nonlinear estimation techniques developed in the last two decades. Grid-based estimation techniques are based on efficient and precise numerical integration rules to improve performance of the traditional Kalman filtering based estimation for nonlinear and uncertainty dynamic systems. The unscented Kalman filter, Gauss-Hermite quadrature filter, cubature Kalman filter, sparse-grid quadrature filter, and many other numerical grid-based filtering techniques have been introduced and compared in this book. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulations are provided to show the relationships and distinct features of different estimation techniques. To assist the exposition of the filtering concept, preliminary mathematical review is provided. In addition, rather than merely considering the single sensor estimation, multiple sensor estimation, including the centralized and decentralized estimation, is included. Different decentralized estimation strategies, including consensus, diffusion, and covariance intersection, are investigated. Diverse engineering applications, such as uncertainty propagation, target tracking, guidance, navigation, and control, are presented to illustrate the performance of different grid-based estimation techniques.
Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Power Generation
by Peter GevorkianCovering technical design and construction aspects as well as financial analysis and risk assessment, this professional reference work provides a comprehensive overview of solar power technology. Whether or not you have a technology background, this essential guide will help you to understand the design, construction, financial analysis, and risk assessment of solar power technology. The first two chapters present an uncomplicated overview of solar power technology physics, solar cell technology, applications, and equipment. In subsequent chapters, readers are introduced to fundamental econometric analysis in such a way that will allow anyone, whether or not they have a background in finance, to become familiar with the fundamental costing and financing of large scale solar power programs. This book is essential reading for anyone involved with solar power project development, and is suitable for both graduate students and professionals.
Grid-connected Solar Electric Systems: The Earthscan Expert Handbook for Planning, Design and Installation (Earthscan Expert)
by Susan Neill Geoff StapletonSolar electricity – or photovoltaics (PV) – is the world's fastest growing energy technology. It can be used on a wide variety of scales, from single dwellings to utility-scale solar farms providing power for whole communities. It can be integrated into existing electricity grids with relative simplicity, meaning that in times of low solar energy users can continue to draw power from the grid, while power can be fed or sold back into the grid at a profit when their electricity generation exceeds the amount they are using. The falling price of the equipment combined with various incentive schemes around the world have made PV into a lucrative low carbon investment, and as such demand has never been higher for the technology, and for people with the expertise to design and install systems. This Expert handbook provides a clear introduction to solar radiation, before proceeding to cover: electrical basics and PV cells and modules inverters design of grid-connected PV systems system installation and commissioning maintenance and trouble shooting health and safety economics and marketing. Highly illustrated in full colour throughout, this is the ideal guide for electricians, builders and architects, housing and property developers, home owners and DIY enthusiasts, and anyone who needs a clear introduction to grid-connected solar electric technology.
Grid Converters for Photovoltaic and Wind Power Systems
by Remus Teodorescu Pedro Rodríguez Marco LiserreGrid converters are the key player in renewable energy integration. The high penetration of renewable energy systems is calling for new more stringent grid requirements. As a consequence, the grid converters should be able to exhibit advanced functions like: dynamic control of active and reactive power, operation within a wide range of voltage and frequency, voltage ride-through capability, reactive current injection during faults, grid services support.This book explains the topologies, modulation and control of grid converters for both photovoltaic and wind power applications. In addition to power electronics, this book focuses on the specific applications in photovoltaic wind power systems where grid condition is an essential factor.With a review of the most recent grid requirements for photovoltaic and wind power systems, the book discusses these other relevant issues:modern grid inverter topologies for photovoltaic and wind turbines islanding detection methods for photovoltaic systems synchronization techniques based on second order generalized integrators (SOGI) advanced synchronization techniques with robust operation under grid unbalance condition grid filter design and active damping techniques power control under grid fault conditions, considering both positive and negative sequences Grid Converters for Photovoltaic and Wind Power Systems is intended as a coursebook for graduated students with a background in electrical engineering and also for professionals in the evolving renewable energy industry. For people from academia interested in adopting the course, a set of slides is available for download from the website. www.wiley.com/go/grid_converters
Grid-Forming Power Inverters: Control and Applications
by Nabil Mohammed Hassan Haes Alhelou Behrooz BahraniGrid-Forming Power Inverters: Control and Applications is the first book dedicated to addressing the operation principles, grid codes, modelling and control of grid-forming power inverters. The book initially discusses the need for this technology due to the substantial annual integration of inverter-based renewable energy resources. The key differences between the traditional grid-following and the emerging grid-forming inverters technologies are explained. Then, the book explores in detail various topics related to grid-forming power inverters, including requirements and grid standards, modelling, control, damping power system oscillations, dynamic stability under large fault events, virtual oscillator-controlled grid-forming inverters, grid-forming inverters interfacing battery energy storage, and islanded operation of grid-forming inverters. Features: Explains the key differences between grid-following and grid-forming inverters Explores the requirements and grid standards for grid-forming inverters Provides detailed modeming of virtual synchronous generators Explains various control strategies for grid-forming inverters Investigates damping of power system oscillations using grid-forming converters Elaborates on the dynamic stability of grid-forming inverters under large fault events Focuses on practical applications
Grid Integration and Dynamic Impact of Wind Energy
by Raja Ayyanar Vijay VittalGrid Integration and Dynamic Impact of Wind Energy details the integration of wind energy resources to the electric grid worldwide. Authors Vijay Vittal and Raja Ayyanar include detailed coverage of the power converters and control used in interfacing electric machines and power converters used in wind generators, and extensive descriptions of power systems operation and control to accommodate large penetration of wind resources. Key concepts will be illustrated through extensive power electronics and power systems simulations using software like MATLAB, Simulink and PLECS. The book addresses real world problems and solutions in the area of grid integration of wind resources, and will be a valuable resource for engineers and researchers working in renewable energy and power.
Grid Integration of Electric Vehicles in Open Electricity Markets
by Qiuwei WuPresenting the policy drivers, benefits and challenges for grid integration of electric vehicles (EVs) in the open electricity market environment, this book provides a comprehensive overview of existing electricity markets and demonstrates how EVs are integrated into these different markets and power systems.Unlike other texts, this book analyses EV integration in parallel with electricity market design, showing the interaction between EVs and differing electricity markets. Future regulating power market and distribution system operator (DSO) market design is covered, with up-to-date case studies and examples to help readers carry out similar projects across the world.With in-depth analysis, this book describes:the impact of EV charging and discharging on transmission and distribution networksmarket-driven EV congestion management techniques, for example the day-ahead tariff based congestion management scenario within electric distribution networks optimal EV charging management with the fleet operator concept and smart charging managementEV battery technology, modelling and tests the use of EVs for balancing power fluctuations from renewable energy sources, looking at power system operation support, including frequency reserve, power regulation and voltage supportAn accessible technical book for power engineers and grid/distributed systems operators, this also serves as a reference text for researchers in the area of EVs and power systems. It provides distribution companies with the knowledge they need when facing the challenges introduced by large scale EV deployment, and demonstrates how transmission system operators (TSOs) can develop the existing system service market in order to fully utilize the potential of EV flexibility. With thorough coverage of the technologies for EV integration, this volume is informative for research professors and graduate students in power systems; it will also appeal to EV manufacturers, regulators, EV market professionals, energy providers and traders, mobility providers, EV charging station companies, and policy makers.
Grid Integration of Solar Photovoltaic Systems
by Majid Jamil M Rizwan D P KothariThis book covers the various aspects of solar photovoltaic systems including measurement of solar irradiance, solar photovoltaic modules, arrays with MATLAB implementation, recent MPPT techniques, latest literature of converter design (with MATLAB Simulink models), energy storage for PV applications, balance of systems, grid integration of PV systems, PV system protection, economics of grid connected PV system and system yield performance using PV system. Challenges, issues and solutions related to grid integration of solar photovoltaic systems are also be dealt with.
Grid Integration of Wind Energy
by Siegfried HeierThis timely update provides detailed treatment of the integration of wind power into electrical power systems, including brand new material on offshore wind power farms and technologiesThis third English edition is based on new material from the fourth and fifth German editions (Windkraftanlagen: Systemauslegung, Netzintegration und Regelung, 5. Auflage, published by Teubner B.G. Gmbh, July 2009). It answers the question of how, with the proper control and direction, wind turbines can be made to operate more similarly to conventional power plants. The revised third edition addresses the engineering challenges of cost effective transmission and distribution of wind power, such as technical, economic and safety issues. It also incorporates all the recent technical developments in electrical power conversion systems and essential operating conditions, and includes unique, original research findings carried out by the author's own PhD and Masters students at Kassel University, Germany.This popular reference book has been updated to include new material from the fourth and fifth German editions, equating to 12.5% brand new materialNew material covers the 'hot topic' of grid connection for offshore wind farms and offshore technologies, including lots of illustrationsBrand new material on low voltage fault dynamics and control of turbinesIncludes up-to-date coverage on completely new generator developments for wind turbines, developed over the past two yearsIllustrates how wind turbines can operate like conventional power plants using advanced control systems.Discusses the profitability of wind turbine integration in electrical power grids, and the environmental impact
Grid Modernization ─ Future Energy Network Infrastructure: Overview, Uncertainties, Modelling, Optimization, and Analysis (Power Systems)
by Mohammadreza Daneshvar Somayeh Asadi Behnam Mohammadi-IvatlooThis book presents theoretical, technical, and practical information on the modernization of future energy networks. All the basic requirements covering concepts, modeling, optimizing, and analyzing of future energy grids with various energy carriers such as electricity, gas, heat, and water, as well as their markets and contracts, are explained in detail. The main focus of the book is on modernizing both the energy consumers and the energy producers and analyzing various aspects of grid modernization such as reliability, resiliency, stability, and security. Coverage includes advanced communication protocols and solution methods for the Internet of Energy (IoE) infrastructure and energy trading in future energy grids with high/full share of renewable energy resources (RERs) within the transactive energy (TE) paradigm. Probabilistic modeling and optimizing of modern grids will be evaluated using realistic case studies considering the economic aspects of multi-carrier energy markets. This book will be welcomed as an important resource by researchers and postgraduate students studying energy systems, as well as practicing engineers working on modernizing energy grids and the design, planning, scheduling, and operation of smart power systems.Proposes practical solutions for solving the challenges of modern multi-carrier energy grids;Examines various types of energy storage systems and distributed energy resources (DERs) with an emphasis on renewable energy resources (RERs);Provides comprehensive mathematical models for optimizing of future modern multi-carrier energy grids.
Grid-Side Converters Control and Design: Interfacing Between The Ac Grid And Renewable Power Sources (Power Electronics And Power Systems Ser.)
by Slobodan N. VukosavicThis textbook is intended for engineering students taking courses in power electronics, renewable energy sources, smart grids or static power converters. It is also appropriate for students preparing a capstone project where they need to understand, model, supply, control and specify the grid side power converters. The main goal of the book is developing in students the skills that are required to design, control and use static power converters that serve as an interface between the ac grid and renewable power sources. The same skills can be used to design, control and use the static power converters used within the micro-grids and nano-grids, as the converters that provide the interface between such grids and the external grid. The author’s approach starts with basic functionality and the role of grid connected power converters in their typical applications, and their static and dynamic characteristics. Particular effort is dedicated to developing simple, concise, intuitive and easy-to-use mathematical models that summarize the essence of the grid side converter dynamics. Mathematics is reduced to a necessary minimum, solved examples are used extensively to introduce new concepts, and exercises are used to test mastery of new skills.
Grimlock's Bad Friend: Book 3 (Transformers Early Reader #2)
by TransformersA full-colour early reader based on the hugely popular Transformers TV series.Grimlock is very excited when he meets another Dinobot just like him. But Scowl is very naughty - and he wants Grimlock to be bad too! Will Grimlock learn not to follow his bad friend?This early reader is specially created with a literacy consultant and is perfect to build reading ability. Now even the youngest Transformers fans can read along with their adventures!
Grind Hardening Process
by Konstantinos SalonitisThis book presents the grind-hardening process and the main studies published since it was introduced in 1990s. The modelling of the various aspects of the process, such as the process forces, temperature profile developed, hardness profiles, residual stresses etc. are described in detail. The book is of interest to the research community working with mathematical modeling and optimization of manufacturing processes.
The Gristmill (Historic Communities)
by Bobbie KalmanEarly pioneers would travel from far and wide to visit the gristmill for the essential service of having their grain ground. Communities often developed in areas where gristmills had been built. In the Gristmill young readers will find out
Gristmills of Central Texas (Images of America)
by Charlene Ochsner CarsonGristmills were once commonplace in Texas. There was hardly a river, a creek, or a stream without one. The purpose of the gristmill was to grind wheat into flour and corn into meal. Prior to the water-powered gristmill, grinding was a tedious, time-consuming task that was usually performed by hand using some type of mortar and pestle. When a gristmill began operating in an area, settlers from near and far traveled to the mill to have their grain ground. The gathering of these settlers and farmers at the mill was the beginning of many settlements that grew into the Texas towns of today. Many of these picturesque settings have become major tourist destinations.
Groovy Science: Knowledge, Innovation, and American Counterculture
by W. Patrick Mccray David KaiserIn his 1969 book The Making of a Counterculture, Theodore Roszak described the youth of the late 1960s as fleeing science "as if from a place inhabited by plague," and even seeking "subversion of the scientific worldview" itself. Roszak's view has come to be our own: when we think of the youth movement of the 1960s and early 1970s, we think of a movement that was explicitly anti-scientific in its embrace of alternative spiritualities and communal living. Such a view is far too simple, ignoring the diverse ways in which the era's countercultures expressed enthusiasm for and involved themselves in science--of a certain type. Rejecting hulking, militarized technical projects like Cold War missiles and mainframes, Boomers and hippies sought a science that was both small-scale and big-picture, as exemplified by the annual workshops on quantum physics at the Esalen Institute in Big Sur, or Timothy Leary's championing of space exploration as the ultimate "high." Groovy Science explores the experimentation and eclecticism that marked countercultural science and technology during one of the most colorful periods of American history.
Größen, Einheiten, Formelzeichen: Hilfen zum Erstellen naturwissenschaftlicher Texte (essentials)
by Torsten SchmiermundSie müssen einen naturwissenschaftlich-technischen Aufsatz schreiben und stehen nun vor dem Problem, ihre wenigen Formeln und Gleichungen korrekt darstellen zu wollen? Sie besitzen bereits Bücher zum Thema „Schreiben einer wissenschaftlichen Arbeit“, möchten zusätzlich aber erfahren, wie Sie bestimmte Sonderzeichen erzeugen können? Sie kennen sich in der Materie schon ganz gut aus, möchten aber regelkonform schreiben? Dieses essential liefert Ihnen Antworten in komprimierter Form. Neben allgemeinen Tipps erhalten Sie auch solche für das Arbeiten mit MS Word und darüber hinaus Informationen zum Umgang mit MS Excel, MS Powerpoint, OpenOffice und LibreOffice.
Ground Anchors: Tension Force—Vibratory Analysis
by Jean-Jacques Henri RincentThis open access book introduces a non-destructive vibration analysis method for calculating the internal tension force of tested tie rods. This method was formalized in 2003 and patented after two years of investigation, with the patent expiring in 2005. The objective of the book is to present this method through numerous concrete examples. It covers the theory and principles of instrumentation, explaining how vibratory responses are analyzed to calculate the free and total lengths of the tie rod, as well as its diameter, which includes the reinforcement and its grout. The data obtained from this method can be utilized to: Verify that tie rods adhere to drawings Resize tie rods A notable strength of this book lies in demonstrating the relationship between dynamic stiffness and the tension force of the tie rod, along with the calibration method using static tensile tests. However, performing static tensile tests at heights poses difficulties due to equipment weight, and there is a genuine risk of failure, especially for older tie rods. The book addresses important aspects such as the uncertainty of results and sampling. The examples provided in the book primarily stem from tests conducted in Brazil, where more than 2,000 tie rods were tested over a two-year period on motorway and railway retaining walls. In practical terms, this amounts to 16,000 non-destructive tests as each tie rod is tested eight times. These aging structures, in existence for several decades, exhibit load losses ranging from 1% to 5.5% per year during these periods. The book acknowledges the observation of cyclic load effects on these reinforcements, which warrant further investigation. In one of the tested walls, a limited number of tie rods were re-tensioned. Retaining wall managers increasingly employ this method for maintenance diagnostics. It allows for a representative sample to be taken, providing insight into the existing conditions.
Ground and Air Robotic Manipulation Systems in Agriculture (Intelligent Systems Reference Library #214)
by Andrey Ronzhin Tien Ngo Quyen Vu Vinh NguyenProblems of joint application of heterogeneous ground and air robotic means while performing the agricultural technological tasks that require physical interaction with agricultural products and the environment are discussed in the book. Proposed solutions for the exchange of energy and physical resources of unmanned aerial vehicles on ground service platforms, automation of the process of collecting agricultural products and ensuring the stability of the air manipulation system at physical interaction with a ground object are important for the transport and agricultural industry robotization.The book addresses the researchers investigating interdisciplinary issues of agricultural production robotization, problems of information, physical and energy interaction of ground and air robots; recommended to postgraduates and students studying "Mechatronics and robotics" and "Technologies, mechanization and power equipment in agriculture, forestry and fisheries."
Ground-Based Microwave Radiometry and Remote Sensing: Methods and Applications
by Pranab Kumar KarmakarThe ability to effectively monitor the atmosphere on a continuous basis requires remote sensing in microwave. Written for physicists and engineers working in the area of microwave sensing of the atmosphere, Ground-Based Microwave Radiometry and Remote Sensing: Methods and Applications is completely devoted to ground-based remote sensing. This text
Ground-Based Radar in Structural Design, Optimization, and Health Monitoring of Stationary and Rotating Structures
by Francis Xavier OchiengThis book provides a practical application for using ground-based radar (GBR) as a remote (non-contact) sensor for structural health monitoring (SHM) in the development of sustainable and robust stationary and rotating structures, such as beam-like bridges, towers, wind turbines, and hydropower turbines. It integrates cutting-edge research into an easy-to-understand approach for non-radar and monitoring specialists, building on the methods and theory of working with radar systems, SHM frameworks, GBR signal processing, and validation techniques. All aspects of in-field monitoring and use during the design and testing of structures are covered, including data acquisition and processing, damage detection techniques, and damage prognostic techniques. The book is a hands-on reference that provides critical information on GBR for practitioners, university instructors, and students involved in structural design, optimization, and health monitoring of stationary and rotating structures.
Ground Based Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR Remote Sensing)
by Motoyuki Sato Weike Feng Yuta Izumi Amila KarunathilakeGround based synthetic aperture radar (GB-SAR) is used to effectively mitigate natural disasters and monitor social infrastructure such as bridges, dams, and airport pavement surfaces. This book explains the fundamentals of radar technology, the principles of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image generation, and interferometric SAR (InSAR) processing for observing small ground surface deformation less than 1 mm. More advanced multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar for ground surface observation is introduced. The authors also provide examples of GB-SAR used for monitoring landslide and vegetation to show its potential and limitations. Understanding this advanced technology and its applications will help readers plan and install GB-SAR systems in real-life projects.Features: Introduces GB-SAR, an advanced tool that measures in-millimeter ground surface displacement. Explains how the GB-SAR system can be installed for landslide monitoring. Provides a new radar technology that monitors vibrations of infrastructure remotely. Discusses the advanced radar technology related to polarimetry and interferometry. Includes several case studies applying the tools and techniques discussed to natural disasters, such as landslides, volcanoes, glaciers, and so on. This book is intended for civil professionals who deal with disaster mitigation and infrastructure monitoring and those in electrical engineering, including radar technology. It is also an excellent resource for upper-level undergraduate and graduate students taking courses in remote sensing and photogrammetry, geography, geodesy, information science, engineering, and geology, as well as researchers and scientists interested in learning the techniques and technologies for collecting, analyzing, managing, and visualizing geospatial data sets.
Ground Characterization and Foundations: Proceedings of Indian Geotechnical Conference 2020 Volume 1 (Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering #167)
by C. N. V. Satyanarayana Reddy K. Muthukkumaran Neelima Satyam Ravikiran VaidyaThis book comprises the select proceedings of the Indian Geotechnical Conference (IGC) 2020. The contents focus on recent developments in geotechnical engineering for a sustainable tomorrow. The book covers the topics related to traditional and latest methods in characterisation of ground at construction sites, recent technological developments/ advances in design of shallow and deep foundations in different subsoil conditions.