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Handbook of IPv4 to IPv6 Transition: Methodologies for Institutional and Corporate Networks
by John J. Amoss Daniel MinoliThe implementation of IPv6 is essential to the continued growth of the Internet and the development of new applications. The Handbook of IPv4 to IPv6 Transition Methodologies provides a wealth of best practices and procedures that will help corporations plan and implement a smooth transition to IPv6.A blueprint for successful transition, the Handbo
Handbook of Irrigation Hydrology and Management: Irrigation Fundamentals
by Saeid Eslamian Faezeh EslamianEver-increasing population growth has caused a proportional increased demand for water, and existing water sources are depleting day by day. Moreover, with the impact of climate change, the rates of rainfall in many regions have experienced a higher degree of variability. In many cities, government utilities have been struggling to maintain sufficient water for the residents and other users. The Handbook of Irrigation Hydrology and Management examines and analyzes irrigated ecosystems in which water storage, applications, or drainage volumes are artificially controlled in the landscape and the spatial domain of processes varies from micrometers to tens of kilometers, while the temporal domain spans from seconds to centuries. The continuum science of irrigation hydrology includes the surface, subsurface (unsaturated and groundwater systems), atmospheric, and plant subsystems. Further, the book includes coverage of environmental and economic impacts, water quality issues, water harvesting, satellite measurements for irrigation, and more. Features: Offers water-saving strategies to increase the judicious use of scarce water resources Presents strategies to maximize agricultural yield per unit of water used for different regions Compares irrigation methods to offset changing weather patterns and impacts of climate change
Handbook of Irrigation Hydrology and Management: Irrigation Methods
by Saeid Eslamian Faezeh EslamianEver-increasing population growth has caused a proportional increased demand for water, and existing water sources are depleting day by day. Moreover, with the impact of climate change, the rates of rainfall in many regions have experienced a higher degree of variability. In many cities, government utilities have been struggling to maintain sufficient water for the residents and other users. The Handbook of Irrigation Hydrology and Management: Irrigation Methods examines and analyzes irrigated ecosystems in which water storage, applications, or drainage volumes are artificially controlled in the landscape and the spatial domain of processes varies from micrometers to tens of kilometers, while the temporal domain spans from seconds to centuries. The continuum science of irrigation hydrology includes the surface, subsurface (unsaturated and groundwater systems), atmospheric, and plant subsystems. Further, the book addresses the best practices for various types of irrigation methods including pressure, smart, surface, and subsurface, and presents solutions for water scarcity and soil salinity in irrigation.Features: Offers water-saving strategies to increase the judicious use of scarce water resources Presents strategies to maximize agricultural yield per unit of water used for different regions Compares irrigation methods to offset changing weather patterns and impacts of climate change
Handbook of Irrigation System Selection for Semi-Arid Regions
by Saeid Eslamian Faezeh Eslamian Mohammad Albaji Abd Ali NaseriThe Handbook of Irrigation System Selection for Semi-Arid Regions compares the various types of available irrigation systems for different regions and conditions, and explains how to analyze field data to determine the suitability of the land for surface, sprinkle, or drip irrigation systems. The book focuses on strategies for irrigation development and management and examines deficit irrigation and partial root-zone drying systems. Also, solute leaching modeling under different irrigation systems, soil moisture conditions, and organic fertilizer application in arid areas are discussed. Further, it examines multi-criteria decision making for irrigation management and the appraisal of agricultural lands for irrigation in hot, sub-humid regions. Features: Presents comparative analysis to aid in the selection of the most appropriate types of irrigation systems according to land characteristics. Includes numerous practical case studies. Offers parametric evaluation systems for irrigation purposes. Considers data from semi-arid zones, each with different sub-climates. Focusing on semi-arid land, the book highlights parametric evaluation systems for irrigation purposes, along with the use of analytical hierarchy processes integrated with GIS to determine which systems are best suited. This comprehensive and well-illustrated handbook will be of great interest to students, professionals, and researchers involved with all aspects of irrigation in semi-arid regions.
Handbook of Irrigation Technology: Volume 2
by herman J. FinkelThis book was first published in 1983. It provides a comprehensive overview of irrigation technologies, techniques and economics, tailored to a multitude of different crops.
Handbook of Irrigation Technology: Volume 1
by Herman J. FinkelThis title was first published in 1982: Overview of Irrigation
Handbook of Knowledge Management for Sustainable Water Systems (Challenges in Water Management Series)
by Meir RussA comprehensive synthesis of the best practices for management in the vital and rapidly growing field of sustainable water systems Handbook of Knowledge Management for Sustainable Water Systems offers an authoritative resource that goes beyond the current literature to provide an interdisciplinary approach to the topic. The text explores the concept of knowledge management as a key asset and a crucial component of organizational strategy as applied to the sustainability of water systems. Using the knowledge management framework, the authors discuss socio-hydrology sustainable water systems that reflect the present political, economic and technological reality. The book draws on contributors from a number of disciplines including: economic development, financial, systems-networks, IT/IS data/analytics, behavioral, social, water systems, governance systems and related ecosystems. This vital resource: Contains a multifaceted approach that draws on a number of disciplines and contains contributions from experts in their various fields Offers a coherent approach that discusses the dynamic concept of sustainability drawing on data from people, systems and processes of diverse water systems Includes a comprehensive review of the topic and offers a platform for dialog between theory and empirical analysis Explores opportunities for multi-constituent synthesis This book is written for regulators, water utility practitioners, researchers and students interested in the fledgling field of knowledge management and sustainable water systems and those who want to improve the effective and efficient management of a complex water system.
Handbook of Lapping and Polishing (Manufacturing Engineering and Materials Processing)
by Ioan D. Marinescu Eckart Uhlmann Toshiro K. DoiLapping and polishing are currently the most precise surface finishing processes for mechanical and electronic components. Unfortunately, most improvements in either methods or understanding of the physical processes involved are closely guarded as proprietary information. The Handbook of Lapping and Polishing is the first source in English to brin
Handbook of Large Hydro Generators: Operation and Maintenance (IEEE Press Series on Power and Energy Systems #66)
by Isidor Kerszenbaum Geoff Klempner Glenn Mottershead Stefano BombenThis book offers comprehensive coverage of the operation and maintenance of large hydro generators This book is a practical handbook for engineers and maintenance staff responsible for the upkeep of large salient-pole hydro generators used in electric power plants. Focusing on the physics and maintenance of large vertical salient pole generators, it offers readers real-world experience, problem description, and solutions, while teaching them about the design, modernization, inspections, maintenance, and operation of salient pole machines. Handbook of Large Hydro Generators: Operation and Maintenance provides an introduction to the principles of operation of synchronous machines. It then covers design and construction, auxiliary systems, operation and control, and monitoring and diagnostics of generators. Generator protection, inspection practices and methodology and auxiliaries inspections are also examined. The final two chapters are dedicated to maintenance and testing, and maintenance philosophies, upgrades, and uprates. The handbook includes over 420 color photos and 180 illustrations, forms, and tables to complement the topics covered in the chapters. Written with a machine operator and inspector in mind, Handbook of Large Hydro Generators: Operation and Maintenance: Instructs readers how to perform complete machine inspections, understand what they are doing, and find solutions for any problems encountered Includes real-life, practical, field experiences so that readers can familiarize themselves with aspects of machine operation, maintenance, and solutions to common problems Benefits experienced and new power plant operators, generator design engineers and operations engineers. Is authored by industry experts who participated in the writing and maintenance of IEEE standards (IEEE C50.12 and C50.13) on the subject Handbook of Large Hydro Generators: Operation and Maintenance is an ideal resource for scientists and engineers whose research interest is in electromagnetic and energy conversion. It is also an excellent book for senior undergraduate and graduate students majoring in energy generation, and generator operation and maintenance.
Handbook of Large Turbo-Generator Operation and Maintenance (IEEE Press Series on Power Engineering #38)
by Geoff Klempner Isidor KerszenbaumThe comprehensive guide for large turbo-generator operation and maintenance The Handbook of Large Turbo-Generator Operation and Maintenance is an expanded 3rd edition of the authors’ second edition of the same book. This updated revision covers additional topics on generators and provides more depth on existing topics. It is the ultimate resource for operators and inspectors of large utility and industrial generating facilities who deal with multiple units of disparate size, origin, and vintage. The book is also an excellent learning tool for students, consulting and design engineers. It offers the complete scope of information regarding operation and maintenance of all types of turbine-driven generators found in the world. Based on the authors’ over eighty combined years of generating station and design work experience, the information presented in the book is designed to inform the reader about actual machine operational problems and failure modes that occur in generating stations and other types of facilities. Readers will find very detailed coverage of: Design and construction of generators and auxiliary systems Generator operation and control, including interaction with the grid Monitoring, diagnostics, and protection of turbo-generators Inspection practices for the stator, rotor, and auxiliary systems Maintenance testing, including electrical and non-destructive examination Ideas on maintenance strategies and life cycle management Additional topics on uprating of generators and long term storage are also included The Handbook of Large Turbo-Generator Operation and Maintenance comes packed with photos and graphs, commonly used inspection forms, and extensive references for each topic. It is an indispensable reference for anyone involved in the design, construction, operation, protection, maintenance, and troubleshooting of large generators in generating stations and industrial power facilities.
Handbook of Laser-Based Sustainable Surface Modification and Manufacturing Techniques (Sustainable Manufacturing Technologies)
by Hitesh Vasudev Chander PrakashThis handbook provides an insight into the advancements in surface engineering methods, addressing the microstructural features, properties, mechanisms of surface degradation failures, and tribological performance of the components. Emphasis is placed on the use of laser cladding methods because they make it simple to deposit new classes of materials such nano-composites, nanotubes, and smart materials. Handbook of Laser-Based Sustainable Surface Modification and Manufacturing Techniques discusses the main mechanism behind the surface degradation of structural components in strenuous environments. It highlights the capacity of laser cladding to operate on a wide range of substrate materials and shapes as well as presents how laser cladding can offer new possibilities in the reconditioning of components and how, in many cases, these approaches are the only solution for economic efficiency. The handbook illustrates how the type of laser, laser optics, and the parameters of the process can be efficiently selected, and thus the number of applications of laser cladding and its applications can be increased. The standard methods of testing used for various types of biomedical devices and tools, as well as the advantages of combining laser cladding with simultaneous induction heating, are described as well within this handbook. Features: Discusses the role of claddings fabricated with laser technique to withstand wear and corrosion Highlights the role of laser in the manufacturing of alloys and recent advancements in laser based additive manufacturing processes Presents the possibilities, applications and challenges in laser surfacing Illustrates the post-treatments of powders and coatings and case studies related to laser surface technology Offers the standard methods of testing applied to various types of biomedical devices and tools Goes over the advantages of combining laser cladding with simultaneous induction heating The technical outcomes of these surface engineering methods are helpful for academics, students, and professionals who are working in this field, as this enlightens their understanding of the performance of these latest processes. The audience is broad and multidisciplinary.
Handbook of Laser Micro- and Nano-Engineering
by Koji SugiokaThis handbook provides a comprehensive review of the entire field of laser micro and nano processing, including not only a detailed introduction to individual laser processing techniques but also the fundamentals of laser-matter interaction and lasers, optics, equipment, diagnostics, as well as monitoring and measurement techniques for laser processing. Consisting of 11 sections, each composed of 4 to 6 chapters written by leading experts in the relevant field. Each main part of the handbook is supervised by its own part editor(s) so that high-quality content as well as completeness are assured. The book provides essential scientific and technical information to researchers and engineers already working in the field as well as students and young scientists planning to work in the area in the future. Lasers found application in materials processing practically since their invention in 1960, and are currently used widely in manufacturing. The main driving force behind this fact is that the lasers can provide unique solutions in material processing with high quality, high efficiency, high flexibility, high resolution, versatility and low environmental load. Macro-processing based on thermal process using infrared lasers such as CO2 lasers has been the mainstream in the early stages, while research and development of micro- and nano-processing are becoming increasingly more active as short wavelength and/or short pulse width lasers have been developed. In particular, recent advances in ultrafast lasers have opened up a new avenue to laser material processing due to the capabilities of ultrahigh precision micro- and nanofabrication of diverse materials. This handbook is the first book covering the basics, the state-of-the-art and important applications of the dynamic and rapidly expanding discipline of laser micro- and nanoengineering. This comprehensive source makes readers familiar with a broad spectrum of approaches to solve all relevant problems in science and technology. This handbook is the ultimate desk reference for all people working in the field.
Handbook of Laser Technology and Applications: Lasers: Principles and Operations (Volume One) (Handbook of Laser Technology and Applications #1)
by Chunlei Guo Subhash Chandra SinghThis comprehensive handbook gives a fully updated guide to lasers and laser technologies, including the complete range of their technical applications. The first volume outlines the fundamental components of lasers, their properties, and working principles. Key Features: • Offers a complete update of the original, bestselling work, including many brand-new chapters. • Deepens the introduction to fundamentals, from laser design and fabrication to host matrices for solid-state lasers, energy level diagrams, hosting materials, dopant energy levels, and lasers based on nonlinear effects. • Covers new laser types, including quantum cascade lasers, silicon-based lasers, titanium sapphire lasers, terahertz lasers, bismuth-doped fiber lasers, and diode-pumped alkali lasers. • Discusses the latest applications, e.g., lasers in microscopy, high-speed imaging, attosecond metrology, 3D printing, optical atomic clocks, time-resolved spectroscopy, polarization and profile measurements, pulse measurements, and laser-induced fluorescence detection. • Adds new sections on laser materials processing, laser spectroscopy, lasers in imaging, lasers in environmental sciences, and lasers in communications. This handbook is the ideal companion for scientists, engineers, and students working with lasers, including those in optics, electrical engineering, physics, chemistry, biomedicine, and other relevant areas.
Handbook of Laser Technology and Applications: Lasers Applications: Materials Processing and Spectroscopy (Volume Three) (Handbook of Laser Technology and Applications #3)
by Chunlei Guo Subhash Chandra SinghThis comprehensive handbook gives a fully updated guide to lasers and laser technologies, including the complete range of their technical applications. This third volume covers modern applications in engineering and technology, including all new and updated case studies spanning telecommunications and data storage to medicine, optical measurement, defense and security, nanomaterials processing and characterization. Key Features: • Offers a complete update of the original, bestselling work, including many brand-new chapters. • Deepens the introduction to fundamentals, from laser design and fabrication to host matrices for solid-state lasers, energy level diagrams, hosting materials, dopant energy levels, and lasers based on nonlinear effects. • Covers new laser types, including quantum cascade lasers, silicon-based lasers, titanium sapphire lasers, terahertz lasers, bismuth-doped fiber lasers, and diode-pumped alkali lasers. • Discusses the latest applications, e.g., lasers in microscopy, high-speed imaging, attosecond metrology, 3D printing, optical atomic clocks, time-resolved spectroscopy, polarization and profile measurements, pulse measurements, and laser-induced fluorescence detection. • Adds new sections on laser materials processing, laser spectroscopy, lasers in imaging, lasers in environmental sciences, and lasers in communications. This handbook is the ideal companion for scientists, engineers, and students working with lasers, including those in optics, electrical engineering, physics, chemistry, biomedicine, and other relevant areas.
Handbook of Laser Technology and Applications: Laser Design and Laser Systems (Volume Two) (Handbook of Laser Technology and Applications #2)
by Chunlei Guo Subhash Chandra SinghThis comprehensive handbook gives a fully updated guide to lasers and laser systems, including the complete range of their technical applications. The first volume outlines the fundamental components of lasers, their properties and working principles. The second volume gives exhaustive coverage of all major categories of lasers, from solid-state and semiconductor diode to fiber, waveguide, gas, chemical, and dye lasers. The third volume covers modern applications in engineering and technology, including all new and updated case studies spanning telecommunications and data storage to medicine, optical measurement, defense and security, nanomaterials processing and characterization.
Handbook of Lasers: Theory, Methods, And Applications (Laser & Optical Science & Technology #18)
by Marvin J. WeberLasers continue to be an amazingly robust field of activity. Anyone seeking a photon source is now confronted with an enormous number of possible lasers and laser wavelengths to choose from, but no single, comprehensive source to help them make that choice.The Handbook of Lasers provides an authoritative compilation of lasers, their properties, and original references in a readily accessible form. Organized by lasing media-solids, liquids, and gases-each section is subdivided into distinct laser types. Each type carries a brief description, followed by tables listing the lasing element or medium, host, lasing transition and wavelength, operating properties, primary literature citations, and, for broadband lasers, reported tuning ranges.The importance and value of the Handbook of Lasers cannot be overstated. Serving as both an archive and as an indicator of emerging trends, it reflects the state of knowledge and development in the field, provides a rapid means of obtaining reference data, and offers a pathway to the literature. It contains data useful for comparison with predictions and for developing models of processes, and may reveal fundamental inconsistencies or conflicts in the data.
Handbook of Layered Materials
by Scott M. Auerbach Kathleen A. Carrado Prabir K. DuttaFocusing on layered compounds at the core of materials intercalation chemistry, this reference comprehensively explores clays and other classes of materials exhibiting the ability to pillar, or establish permanent intracrystalline porosity within layers. It offers an authoritative presentation of their fundamental properties as well as summaries of
Handbook of Lead-Free Solder Technology for Microelectronic Assemblies (Mechanical Engineering)
by Karl J. Puttlitz Kathleen A. StalterThis reference provides a complete discussion of the conversion from standard lead-tin to lead-free solder microelectronic assemblies for low-end and high-end applications. Written by more than 45 world-class researchers and practitioners, the book discusses general reliability issues concerning microelectronic assemblies, as well as factors specif
Handbook of Lean Manufacturing in the Food Industry
by Michael DudbridgeThe principles of lean manufacturing – increasing efficiency, reducing waste, lowering costs and improving control – may be applied to any industry. However, the food industry is unique, and creates unique demands. The political, social and economic importance of food is unrivalled by any other form of produce, as is the scrutiny to which the manufacture of food is subjected. For the food industry, lean manufacturing is not simply a cost-saving strategy, but is directly linked to issues of sustainability, the environment, ethics and public accountability. Handbook of Lean Manufacturing in the Food Industry is a major new source of information and ideas for those working in food manufacturing. Offering a fresh and modern perspective on best practice, it points the way to fewer breakdowns, reduced quality faults, improved teamwork and increased profits. With a focus on operations management and new process development, the book is accessible and easy to read, and is complemented by a wealth of practical examples drawn from industry. The author’s conversational style and questioning approach will be invaluable to food manufacturers who are seeking solutions to fundamental issues. The book is directed at those who are working in food manufacturing or the wider food industry, particularly factory operations managers and training teams who are looking for resources to help with lean manufacturing implementations. Others in the supply chain, from producers to retailers, will also find it invaluable. The book is a clear and timely introduction for students and lecturers in food science and technology who want to access the reality of lean manufacturing as well as the theory.
Handbook of Less-Common Nanostructures
by Boris I. Kharisov Oxana Vasilievna Kharissova Ubaldo Ortiz-MendezAs nanotechnology has developed over the last two decades, some nanostructures, such as nanotubes, nanowires, and nanoparticles, have become very popular. However, recent research has led to the discovery of other, less-common nanoforms, which often serve as building blocks for more complex structures.In an effort to organize the field, the Handbook of Less-Common Nanostructures presents an informal classification based mainly on the less-common nanostructures. A small nanotechnological encyclopedia, this book: Describes a range of little-known nanostructures Offers a unifying vision of the synthesis of nanostructures and the generalization of rare nanoforms Includes downloadable resources with color versions of more than 100 nanostructures Explores the fabrication of rare nanostructures, including modern physical, chemical, and biological synthesis techniques The Handbook of Less-Common Nanostructures discusses a classification system not directly related to the dimensionality and chemical composition of nanostructure-forming compounds or composite. Instead, it is based mainly on the less-common nanostructures. Possessing unusual shapes and high surface areas, these structures are potentially very useful for catalytic, medical, electronic, and many other applications.
Handbook of Lipid Membranes: Molecular, Functional, and Materials Aspects
by Cyrus R. Safinya Joachim O. RädlerThis handbook provides a unique overview of lipid membrane fundamentals and applications. The fascinating world of lipids that harbor and govern so many biological functionalities are discussed within the context of membrane structures, interactions, and shape evolution. Beyond the fundamentals in lipid science, this handbook focuses on how scientists are building bioinspired biomimetic systems for applications in medicine, cosmetics, and nanotechnology. Key Features: Includes experimental and theoretical overviews on the role of lipids, with or without associated biomolecules, as structural components imparting distinct membrane shapes and intermembrane interactions Covers the mechanisms of lipid-membrane curvature, by peptide and protein binding, and the roles of signalling lipids and the cytoskeleton in plasma membrane shape evolution Covers advanced X-ray and force measurement techniques Discusses applications in biomedicine, cosmetics, and nanotechnology, including lipid vectors in nucleic acid, drug delivery in dermal applications, and lipid-based sensors and artificial biointerfaces Covers artificial membranes from block copolymers, synthetic copolypeptides, and recombinant proteins Includes an exciting section that explores the role of lipids in the origin of life in hydrothermal conditions This book is a highly informative companion for professionals in biophysics, biochemistry, physical chemistry, and material and pharmaceutical sciences and bioengineering.
Handbook of Lipids in Human Nutrition
by Gene A. SpillerThe Handbook of Lipids in Human Nutrition is a concise reference for professionals and students interested in the role of lipids in nutrition. Over 100 tables and illustrations provide quick access to the most current data available.
Handbook of Liquid Crystals—Volume I: Foundations and Fundamental Aspects
by Shri SinghThis expert and self-contained authored handbook provides comprehensive coverage of liquid crystals from the fundamental materials science, physics, and modeling through cutting-edge applications. Written by an author with over 40 years of active experience in this growing field, it offers an unprecedented self-contained treatment of this key research area.Liquid Crystals are a state of matter sharing properties that are usually associated with both solids and liquids. Their study belongs to wider field of soft condensed matter physics, an area growing in importance because of the new physics being discovered and the possibilities of various technological applications being developed. Liquid crystals continue to have a revolutionary technological impact and consistently pose new challenges of basic understanding. While the experimental side of liquid crystal research is very well developed, theoretical understanding has lagged, and this volume fills a gap in thepublished literature in terms of rigorous treatment of mathematical and computer modeling approaches.Volume I of this handbook deals with the physical foundations and fundamental aspects of liquid crystals, addressing their physical properties, measurement techniques, and various types. Overall, this handbook serves as the ultimate scholarly guide for researchers, scientists, and engineers seeking to unlock the full potential of liquid crystals. It offers a comprehensive understanding of these materials and their diverse applications, empowering readers to navigate the complex intricacies of liquid crystal science and technology.
Handbook of Liquid Crystals—Volume II: Advanced Aspects and Applications
by Shri SinghThis expert and self-contained authored handbook provides comprehensive coverage of liquid crystals from the fundamental materials science, physics, and modeling through cutting-edge applications. Written by an author with over 40 years of active experience in this growing field, it offers an unprecedented self-contained treatment of this key research area.Liquid Crystals are a state of matter sharing properties that are usually associated with both solids and liquids. Their study belongs to wider field of soft condensed matter physics, an area growing in importance because of the new physics being discovered and the possibilities of various technological applications being developed. Liquid crystals continue to have a revolutionary technological impact and consistently pose new challenges of basic understanding. While the experimental side of liquid crystal research is very well developed, theoretical understanding has lagged, and this volume fills a gap in the published literature in terms of rigorous treatment of mathematical and computer modeling approaches.Volume II of this handbook deals with advanced aspects of liquid crystals and their applications, covering computer simulations of phase transitions in liquid crystals, liquid crystals of biomolecules, and defect textures in liquid crystals. Overall, this handbook serves as the ultimate scholarly guide for researchers, scientists, and engineers seeking to unlock the full potential of liquid crystals. It offers a comprehensive understanding of these materials and their diverse applications, empowering readers to navigate the complex intricacies of liquid crystal science and technology.
Handbook of Liquid Metals
by Jing Liu Wei RaoThis handbook systematically collects the latest scientific and technological knowledge on liquid metals obtained so far in this cutting edge frontier. Conventional materials such as metals, polymers, composites, ceramics and naturally derived matters, may not perform well when facing certain technological challenges. At around room temperature, most of such materials mainly stay at solid state and are often difficult to shape due to their high melting point. Meanwhile, although classical soft matters own good flexibility, their electrical conductivities including more behaviours appear not good enough which generally limited their utilizations. As a game-changing alternative, the room temperature liquid metal materials are quickly emerging as a new generation functional material which displayed many unconventional properties superior to traditional materials. Their outstanding versatile feature as “One material, diverse capabilities” is rather unique among existing materials and thus opens many exciting opportunities for scientific, technological and industrial developments. This handbook presents comprehensive reference information on liquid metal science and technology that are currently available. The major advancements as made before are collected and summarized. Representative liquid metal applications are illustrated. It helps readers obtain a comprehensive understanding of the technical progresses and fundamental discoveries in the frontier, and thus better explore and utilize liquid metal materials to address various challenging needs.