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Hesitant Fuzzy Set: Theory and Extension (Computational Intelligence Methods and Applications)
by Bahram FarhadiniaCovering a wide range of notions concerning hesitant fuzzy set and its extensions, this book provides a comprehensive reference to the topic. In the case where different sources of vagueness appear simultaneously, the concept of fuzzy set is not able to properly model the uncertainty, imprecise and vague information. In order to overcome such a limitation, different types of fuzzy extension have been introduced so far. Among them, hesitant fuzzy set was first introduced in 2010, and the existing extensions of hesitant fuzzy set have been encountering an increasing interest and attracting more and more attentions up to now. It is not an exaggeration to say that the recent decade has seen the blossoming of a larger set of techniques and theoretical outcomes for hesitant fuzzy set together with its extensions as well as applications.As the research has moved beyond its infancy, and now it is entering a maturing phase with increased numbers and types of extensions, this book aims to give a comprehensive review of such researches. Presenting the review of many and important types of hesitant fuzzy extensions, and including references to a large number of related publications, this book will serve as a useful reference book for researchers in this field.
A Hetero-functional Graph Theory for Modeling Interdependent Smart City Infrastructure
by Wester C. Schoonenberg Inas S. Khayal Amro M. FaridCities have always played a prominent role in the prosperity of civilization. Indeed, every great civilization we can think of is associated with the prominence of one or more thriving cities. And so understanding cities -- their inhabitants, their institutions, their infrastructure -- what they are and how they work independently and together -- is of fundamental importance to our collective growth as a human civilization. Furthermore, the 21st century “smart” city, as a result global climate change and large-scale urbanization, will emerge as a societal grand challenge. This book focuses on the role of interdependent infrastructure systems in such smart cities especially as it relates to timely and poignant questions about resilience and sustainability. In particular, the goal of this book is to present, in one volume, a consistent Hetero-Functional Graph Theoretic (HFGT) treatment of interdependent smart city infrastructures as an overarching application domain of engineering systems. This work may be contrasted to the growing literature on multi-layer networks, which despite significant theoretical advances in recent years, has modeling limitations that prevent their real-world application to interdependent smart city infrastructures of arbitrary topology. In contrast, this book demonstrates that HFGT can be applied extensibly to an arbitrary number of arbitrarily connected topologies of interdependent smart city infrastructures. It also integrates, for the first time, all six matrices of HFGT in a single system adjacency matrix. The book makes every effort to be accessible to a broad audience of infrastructure system practitioners and researchers (e.g. electric power system planners, transportation engineers, and hydrologists, etc.). Consequently, the book has extensively visualized the graph theoretic concepts for greater intuition and clarity. Nevertheless, the book does require a common methodological base of its readers and directs itself to the Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) community and the Network Science Community (NSC). To the MBSE community, we hope that HFGT will be accepted as a quantification of many of the structural concepts found in model-based systems engineering languages like SysML. To the NSC, we hope to present a new view as how to construct graphs with fundamentally different meaning and insight. Finally, it is our hope that HFGT serves to overcome many of the theoretical and modeling limitations that have hindered our ability to systematically understand the structure and function of smart cities.
Heterocycles: Synthesis, Catalysis, Sustainability, and Characterization
by Teresa M.V.D. Pinho e Melo Marta PineiroA must-read handbook on heterocycle chemistry with a focus on sustainability Heterocycles feature prominently in our daily life—they are essential for pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and fine chemicals. More, numerous natural, bioactive products contain heterocyclic compounds. As a result, heterocyclic chemistry continues to be one of the most important areas of study in organic chemistry. Heterocycles provides an important reference on a wide range of topics relating to heterocyclic chemistry, with a heavy emphasis on sustainable methods and greener syntheses. The book describes state-of-the-art synthetic methods, such as photochemical reactions, dearomatization reactions, organocatalysis, transition metal catalysis, and biocatalysis. It also covers: Sustainable methods, like flow chemistry, mechanochemistry, and multicomponent synthesis Strategies for the synthesis of heterocyclic macrocycles and medium-sized rings Characterization of heterocyclic compounds Heterocycles is a useful reference for organic chemists, natural products chemists, catalytic chemists, and medicinal chemists in academia and industry.
Heterocycles from Carbenes and Nitrenes: Methods, Reactions and Synthetic Applications (Topics in Heterocyclic Chemistry #59)
by Michael P. Doyle Xinfang XuThis book provides researchers in the fields of organic chemistry, organometallic chemistry and homogeneous catalysis with an overview of recent developments in the applications of reactions involving carbene and nitrene intermediates directed to the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds. Multiple pathways through which diverse heterocyclic compounds are accessed occur from a variety of carbene and nitrene precursors through C-H/X-H insertions, cycloadditions, ylide transformations, rearrangements, and cascade reactions. Catalytic processes that form metallo-carbenes and nitrenes offer unparalleled chemo-, regio-, and stereo-selectivities. Insights are provided into the scope of these methodologies and the inherent control of catalyst ligands on reaction selectivities.
Heteroepitaxy of Semiconductors: Theory, Growth, and Characterization, Second Edition
by John E. Ayers Tedi Kujofsa Paul Rago Johanna RaphaelIn the past ten years, heteroepitaxy has continued to increase in importance with the explosive growth of the electronics industry and the development of a myriad of heteroepitaxial devices for solid state lighting, green energy, displays, communications, and digital computing. Our ever-growing understanding of the basic physics and chemistry underlying heteroepitaxy, especially lattice relaxation and dislocation dynamic, has enabled an ever-increasing emphasis on metamorphic devices. To reflect this focus, two all-new chapters have been included in this new edition. One chapter addresses metamorphic buffer layers, and the other covers metamorphic devices. The remaining seven chapters have been revised extensively with new material on crystal symmetry and relationships, III-nitride materials, lattice relaxation physics and models, in-situ characterization, and reciprocal space maps.
Heterogeneous Catalysis at Nanoscale for Energy Applications
by Franklin Feng Tao Prashant V. Kamat William F. SchneiderThis book presents both the fundamentals concepts and latest achievements of a field that is growing in importance since it represents a possible solution for global energy problems. It focuses on an atomic-level understanding of heterogeneous catalysis involved in important energy conversion processes. It presents a concise picture for the entire area of heterogeneous catalysis with vision at the atomic- and nano- scales, from synthesis, ex-situ and in-situ characterization, catalytic activity and selectivity, to mechanistic understanding based on experimental exploration and theoretical simulation.The book:Addresses heterogeneous catalysis, one of the crucial technologies employed within the chemical and energy industriesPresents the recent advances in the synthesis and characterization of nanocatalysts as well as a mechanistic understanding of catalysis at atomic level for important processes of energy conversionProvides a foundation for the potential design of revolutionarily new technical catalysts and thus the further development of efficient technologies for the global energy economyIncludes both theoretical studies and experimental explorationIs useful as both a textbook for graduate and undergraduate students and a reference book for scientists and engineers in chemistry, materials science, and chemical engineering
Heterogeneous Catalysis in Organic Transformations (Emerging Materials and Technologies)
by Varun Rawat Anirban Das Chandra Mohan SrivastavaAs the broad challenges around energy and the environment have become the focus of much research, scientists and experts have dedicated their efforts to developing more active and selective catalytic systems for key chemical transformations. For many decades environmentally viable protocols for the synthesis of fine chemicals have been the crux of academic and industrial research. Heterogeneous Catalysis in Organic Transformations serves as an overview of this work, providing a complete description of role of heterogeneous catalysis in organic transformations and offering a review of the current and near future technologies and applications. Discusses the fundamentals of catalysis and compares the advantages and disadvantages of different types of catalyst systems Examines oxide nanoparticles and noble metal nanoparticles Consider organometallic compounds, solid-supported catalysts, and mesoporous materials Describes recent advances in metal-based heterogeneous catalysts and new reactions with possible mechanistic pathways Providing a comprehensive review of heterogeneous catalysis from the basics through recent advances, this book will be of keen interest to undergraduates, graduates, and researchers in chemistry, chemical engineering, and associated fields.
Heterogeneous Catalysts: Advanced Design, Characterization, and Applications
by Wey Yang TeohPresents state-of-the-art knowledge of heterogeneous catalysts including new applications in energy and environmental fields This book focuses on emerging techniques in heterogeneous catalysis, from new methodology for catalysts design and synthesis, surface studies and operando spectroscopies, ab initio techniques, to critical catalytic systems as relevant to energy and the environment. It provides the vision of addressing the foreseeable knowledge gap unfilled by classical knowledge in the field. Heterogeneous Catalysts: Advanced Design, Characterization and Applications begins with an overview on the evolution in catalysts synthesis and introduces readers to facets engineering on catalysts; electrochemical synthesis of nanostructured catalytic thin films; and bandgap engineering of semiconductor photocatalysts. Next, it examines how we are gaining a more precise understanding of catalytic events and materials under working conditions. It covers bridging pressure gap in surface catalytic studies; tomography in catalysts design; and resolving catalyst performance at nanoscale via fluorescence microscopy. Quantum approaches to predicting molecular reactions on catalytic surfaces follows that, along with chapters on Density Functional Theory in heterogeneous catalysis; first principles simulation of electrified interfaces in electrochemistry; and high-throughput computational design of novel catalytic materials. The book also discusses embracing the energy and environmental challenges of the 21st century through heterogeneous catalysis and much more. Presents recent developments in heterogeneous catalysis with emphasis on new fundamentals and emerging techniques Offers a comprehensive look at the important aspects of heterogeneous catalysis Provides an applications-oriented, bottoms-up approach to a high-interest subject that plays a vital role in industry and is widely applied in areas related to energy and environment Heterogeneous Catalysts: Advanced Design, Characterization and Applications is an important book for catalytic chemists, materials scientists, surface chemists, physical chemists, inorganic chemists, chemical engineers, and other professionals working in the chemical industry.
Heterogeneous Cellular Networks
by Xiaoli Chu David López-Pérez Yang Yang Fredrik GunnarssonThis detailed, up-to-date introduction to heterogeneous cellular networking introduces its characteristic features, the technology underpinning it and the issues surrounding its use. Comprehensive and in-depth coverage of core topics catalogue the most advanced, innovative technologies used in designing and deploying heterogeneous cellular networks, including system-level simulation and evaluation, self-organisation, range expansion, cooperative relaying, network MIMO, network coding and cognitive radio. Practical design considerations and engineering tradeoffs are also discussed in detail, including handover management, energy efficiency and interference management techniques. A range of real-world case studies, provided by industrial partners, illustrate the latest trends in heterogeneous cellular networks development. Written by leading figures from industry and academia, this is an invaluable resource for all researchers and practitioners working in the field of mobile communications.
Heterogeneous Cellular Networks
by Yi Qian Rose Qingyang HuA timely publication providing coverage of radio resource management, mobility management and standardization in heterogeneous cellular networksThe topic of heterogeneous cellular networks has gained momentum in industry and the research community, attracting the attention of standardization bodies such as 3GPP LTE and IEEE 802.16j, whose objectives are looking into increasing the capacity and coverage of the cellular networks. This book focuses on recent progresses, covering the related topics including scenarios of heterogeneous network deployment, interference management in the heterogeneous network deployment, carrier aggregation in a heterogeneous network, cognitive radio, cell selection/reselection and load balancing, mobility and handover management, capacity and coverage optimization for heterogeneous networks, traffic management and congestion control.This book enables readers to better understand the technical details and performance gains that are made possible by this state-of-the-art technology. It contains the information necessary for researchers and engineers wishing to build and deploy highly efficient wireless networks themselves. To enhance this practical understanding, the book is structured to systematically lead the reader through a series of case-studies of real world scenarios.Key features:Presents this new paradigm in cellular network domain: a heterogeneous network containing network nodes with different characteristics such as transmission power and RF coverage areaProvides a clear approach by containing tables, illustrations, industry case studies, tutorials and examples to cover the related topicsIncludes new research results and state-of-the-art technological developments and implementation issues
Heterogeneous Computing Architectures: Challenges and Vision
by Olivier Terzo, Karim Djemame, Alberto Scionti and Clara PezuelaHeterogeneous Computing Architectures: Challenges and Vision provides an updated vision of the state-of-the-art of heterogeneous computing systems, covering all the aspects related to their design: from the architecture and programming models to hardware/software integration and orchestration to real-time and security requirements. The transitions from multicore processors, GPU computing, and Cloud computing are not separate trends, but aspects of a single trend-mainstream; computers from desktop to smartphones are being permanently transformed into heterogeneous supercomputer clusters. The reader will get an organic perspective of modern heterogeneous systems and their future evolution.
Heterogeneous Ferroelectric Solid Solutions: Phases And Domain States (Springer Series in Materials Science #151)
by Vitaly Yu. TopolovThis book systematizes data on the heterophase states and their evolution in perovskite-type ferroelectric solid solutions. It also provides a general interpretation of heterophase and domain structures on changing temperature, composition or electric field, as well as the complete analysis of interconnections domain structures, unit-cell parameters changes, heterophase structures and stress relief. The description of numerous examples of heterophase states in lead-free ferroelectric solid solutions is also included. Domain state–interface diagrams contribute to the interpretation of heterophase states in perovskite-type ferroelectric solid solutions and describe the stress relief in the presence of polydomain phases, the behavior of unit-cell parameters of coexisting phases, the effect of external electric field etc. This 2nd edition generalizes the results on the heterophase ferroelectric solid solutions and the stress relief and presents new results on heterophase/domain structures and phase contents in lead-free ferroelectric solid solutions.
Heterogeneous Memory Organizations in Embedded Systems: Placement of Dynamic Data Objects
by Francky Catthoor Miguel Peón Quirós José Manuel Mendías CuadrosThis book defines and explores the problem of placing the instances of dynamic data types on the components of the heterogeneous memory organization of an embedded system, with the final goal of reducing energy consumption and improving performance. It is one of the first to cover the problem of placement for dynamic data objects on embedded systems with heterogeneous memory architectures, presenting a complete methodology that can be easily adapted to real cases and work flows. The authors discuss how to improve system performance and energy consumption simultaneously.Discusses the problem of placement for dynamic data objects on embedded systems with heterogeneous memory architectures;Presents a complete methodology that can be adapted easily to real cases and work flows;Offers hints on how to improve system performance and energy consumption simultaneously.
Heterogeneous Multicore Processor Technologies for Embedded Systems
by Tohru Nojiri Kenichi Iwata Fumio Arakawa Yasuhiro Tawara Kunio Uchiyama Hironori Kasahara Hiroaki Shikano Hideyuki Noda Akio IdeharaTo satisfy the higher requirements of digitally converged embedded systems, this book describes heterogeneous multicore technology that uses various kinds of low-power embedded processor cores on a single chip. With this technology, heterogeneous parallelism can be implemented on an SoC, and greater flexibility and superior performance per watt can then be achieved. This book defines the heterogeneous multicore architecture and explains in detail several embedded processor cores including CPU cores and special-purpose processor cores that achieve highly arithmetic-level parallelism. The authors developed three multicore chips (called RP-1, RP-2, and RP-X) according to the defined architecture with the introduced processor cores. The chip implementations, software environments, and applications running on the chips are also explained in the book. Provides readers an overview and practical discussion of heterogeneous multicore technologies from both a hardware and software point of view;Discusses a new, high-performance and energy efficient approach to designing SoCs for digitally converged, embedded systems;Covers hardware issues such as architecture and chip implementation, as well as software issues such as compilers, operating systems, and application programs;Describes three chips developed according to the defined heterogeneous multicore architecture, including chip implementations, software environments, and working applications.
Heterogeneous Nanocatalysis for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Volume 1: Energy Applications
by Putla Sudarsanam Yusuke Yamauchi Pankaj BharaliAn essential companion for catalysis researchers and professionals studying economically viable and eco-friendly catalytic strategies for energy conversion In the two-volume Heterogeneous Nanocatalysis for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, a team of distinguished researchers deliver a comprehensive discussion of fundamental concepts in, and practical applications of, heterogeneous nanocatalysis for alternative energy production, biomass conversion, solar energy, green fuels, H2 production, fuel cells, electrochemical energy conversion processes, CO2 conversion, clean water, and environmental protection. The volumes cover the design and catalytic performance of various nanocatalysts, including nanosized metals and metal oxides, supported metal nanoparticles, inverse oxide-metal nanocatalysts, core-shell nanocatalysts, nanoporous zeolites, nanocarbon composites, and metal oxides in confined spaces. Each chapter contains a critical discussion of the opportunities and challenges posed by the use of nanosized catalysts for practical applications. Volume 1 – Energy Applications focuses on the conversion of renewable energy (biomass/solar) into green fuels and chemicals, ammonia synthesis, clean hydrogen production, and electrochemical energy conversion processes using a variety of nanosized catalysts. It also offers: A thorough introduction to heterogeneous catalysis and nanocatalysis, as well as a discussion of catalytic active sites at nano-scale range Comprehensive explorations of the methods for control and activation of nanosized catalysts Practical discussions of C3N4-based nanohybrid catalysts for solar hydrogen production via water splitting Nanosized catalysts in visible light photocatalysis for sustainable organic synthesis Applications of MXenes in electrocatalysisPerfect for researchers, postgraduate students, chemists, and engineers interested in heterogeneous catalysis and nanocatalysis, Heterogeneous Nanocatalysis for Energy and Environmental Sustainability will also earn a place in the libraries of professionals working in alternative energy production, biomass conversion, solar energy, green fuels, H2 production, fuel cells, electrochemical energy conversion processes, CO2 conversion, clean water, and environmental protection.
Heterogeneous Nanocatalysis for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Volume 2: Environmental Applications
by Putla Sudarsanam Yusuke Yamauchi Pankaj BharaliExplore the environmental applications of heterogeneous nanocatalysis in the field of alternative energy production In Volume 2: Environmental Applications of Heterogeneous Nanocatalysis for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, a team of distinguished researchers discusses the foundational concepts and practical applications of heterogeneous nanocatalysis for alternative energy production. Volume 2 focuses on the purification of auto exhaust pollutants and volatile organic compounds, as well as CO2 conversion and wastewater treatment over a range of nano-sized catalysts.
Heterogeneous Networks in LTE-Advanced
by Joydeep Acharya Long Gao Sudhanshu GaurA comprehensive summary of theoretical and practical developments in LTE Heterogeneous Networks The last decade has witnessed the proliferation of mobile broadband data and the trend is likely to increase in the coming years. Current cellular networks are ill equipped to deal with this surge in demand. To satisfy user demand and maximize profits, a new paradigm to operate networks is needed. Heterogeneous networks, that deploy an overlay of small cells with limited coverage and transmit power, over a macro coverage area is the solution by providing capacity and coverage where it is needed. This book presents a comprehensive overview of small cell based heterogeneous networks within the framework of 3GPP LTE-Advanced which is the major enabler of current and future heterogeneous networks. The book first establishes the basics of LTE standards 8 -10. Wherever relevant, the underlying theory of wireless communications is explained and the signaling and protocol aspects of LTE Releases 8-10 are presented. Next the book presents a systematic study of the inter cell interference (eICIC and FeICIC) mechanisms that have been standardized in LTE releases 10 and 11 to mitigate the interference arising in heterogeneous networks. From simple blank subframe design and implementation, the book discusses more advanced transceiver signal processing and carrier aggregation (CA) based mechanisms to improve performance. Besides data, control channel enhancements such as enhanced PDCCH (ePDCCH) are also discussed. Subsequently the book discusses the possibility of base stations being allowed to coordinate to manage interference. This technique, called CoMP, has the potential of vastly improving network performance. However several practical challenges first have to be overcome before this potential can be realized. The book presents the different CoMP categories introduced in LTE release 11, the required signal processing and the changes that were introduced in Release-11 for supporting CoMP. The book then presents the state of the art developments in heterogeneous networks that are currently taking place in 3GPP with the initiation of Release 12. A whole array of new technologies have been introduced such as dynamic switching of small cells, new carrier types with reduced control signaling, dynamic reconfiguration of TDD-LTE, joint configuration of TDD and FDD via carrier aggregation and lastly advanced MIMO signal processing with three dimensional beamforming. All these technologies will work in unison leading to efficient operations of small cells. The authors thus comprehensively summarize the advances in heterogeneous networks over the last couple of years as reflected in various LTE releases and then look ahead at what to expect in the future. Fully illustrated throughout and with an accompanying website including Matlab code for simulating heterogeneous networks, LTE channel models, and References to 3GPP specifications, contributions, and updates on recent standardization activities. The authors, being involved in LTE standardization, are well placed to give an excellent view on this topic, including valuable background and design rationale. A comprehensive summary of wireless communications theory and practical developments in LTE heterogeneous networks. Authors are experts in this field and are active members in standardization proceedings, enabling up-to-date coverage of current developments Multiple case studies explain network design optimization of various heterogeneous network deployments. Accompanying website includes Matlab code for simulating heterogeneous networks, LTE channel models, and References to 3GPP specifications, contributions, and updates on recent standardization activities Essential reading for Engineers and practitioners in wireless industry.
Heterogeneous Photocatalysis
by Juan Carlos Colmenares Yi-Jun XuThe book explains the principles and fundamentals of photocatalysis and highlights the current developments and future potential of the green-chemistry-oriented applications of various inorganic, organic, and hybrid photocatalysts. The book consists of eleven chapters, including the principles and fundamentals of heterogeneous photocatalysis; the mechanisms and dynamics of surface photocatalysis; research on TiO2-based composites with unique nanostructures; the latest developments and advances in exploiting photocatalyst alternatives to TiO2; and photocatalytic materials for applications other than the traditional degradation of pollutants, such as carbon dioxide reduction, water oxidation, a complete spectrum of selective organic transformations and water splitting by photocatalytic reduction. In addition, heterogeneized polyoxometalate materials for photocatalytic purposes and the proper design of photocatalytic reactors and modeling of light are also discussed. This book appeals to a wide readership of the academic and industrial researchers and it can also be used in the classroom for undergraduate and graduate students focusing on heterogeneous photocatalysis, sustainable chemistry, energy conversion and storage, nanotechnology, chemical engineering, environmental protection, optoelectronics, sensors, and surface and interface science. Juan Carlos Colmenares is a Professor at the Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland. Yi-Jun Xu is a Professor at the State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, China.
Heterogeneous Photocatalysis Using Inorganic Semiconductor Solids
by Umar Ibrahim GayaThis book underscores the essential principles of photocatalysis and provides an update on its scientific foundations, research advances, and current opinions, and interpretations. It consists of an introduction to the concepts that form the backbone of photocatalysis, from the principles of solid-state chemistry and physics to the role of reactive oxidizing species. Having recognised the organic link with chemical kinetics, part of the book describes kinetic concepts as they apply to photocatalysis. The dependence of rate on the reaction conditions and parameters is detailed, the retrospective and prospective aspects of the mechanism of photocatalysis are highlighted, and the adsorption models, photocatalytic rate expressions, and kinetic disguises are examined. This book also discusses the structure, property, and activity relationship of prototypical semiconductor photocatalysts and reviews how to extend their spectral absorption to the visible region to enable the effective use of visible solar spectrum. Lastly, it presents strategies for deriving substantially improved photoactivity from semiconductor materials to support the latest applications and potential trends.
Heterogeneous Reconfigurable Processors for Real-Time Baseband Processing
by Chenxin Zhang Liang Liu Viktor ÖwallThis book focuses on domain-specific heterogeneous reconfigurable architectures, demonstrating for readers a computing platform which is flexible enough to support multiple standards, multiple modes, and multiple algorithms. The content is multi-disciplinary, covering areas of wireless communication, computing architecture, and circuit design. The platform described provides real-time processing capability with reasonable implementation cost, achieving balanced trade-offs among flexibility, performance, and hardware costs. The authors discuss efficient design methods for wireless communication processing platforms, from both an algorithm and architecture design perspective. Coverage also includes computing platforms for different wireless technologies and standards, including MIMO, OFDM, Massive MIMO, DVB, WLAN, LTE/LTE-A, and 5G.
Heterogeneous SoC Design and Verification: HW/SW Co-Exploration, Co-Design, Co-Verification and Co-Debugging (Synthesis Lectures on Digital Circuits & Systems)
by Khaled Salah MohamedThis book covers the foundations of hardware/software codesign, on-chip communication, debugging, and verification, for heterogenous SoCs. Its primary objective is to empower designers in making informed decisions, guiding them to strike the perfect balance between flexibility and performance for their SoC designs. Readers will benefit from a detailed exploration of the essential elements of the hardware and software codesign framework, accompanied by a discussion of the driving motivations behind this approach. The author also provides an in-depth review of various hardware design architectures, shedding light on different design possibilities. Furthermore, the book presents key concepts concerning hardware and software communication, unraveling the intricate interactions within an SoC. This book provides a holistic introduction to the methodologies underpinning SoC design and verification, making it an indispensable companion for both novice and experienced designers navigating the ever-evolving landscape of hardware/software codesign.
Heterogenous Photochemical Electron Transfer
by Michael GratzelThe present monograph attempts to unify these diverse and exciting new developments within a common framework. First, the physical principles underlying heterogenous electron-transfer processes are outlined in a concise way and are compared to the homogeneous counterpart. This analysis includes the notion of the Fermi level in liquids and solids as well as the distribution of electronic energy levels in solids and liquids. A comparison is made between the salient kinetic features of homogeneous and heterogeneous electron transfer reactions. This establishes the basis for the subsequent treatment of the transduction of excitation energy and photo-initiated electron transfer in organized molecular assemblies, such as micelles, vesicles and monolayers. Transmembrane redox processes are critically reviewed. Particular attention is given to semiconductor electrodes and particles. This includes a discussion of quantum size effects, the nature of space charge layers as well as surface states and the dynamics of charge carrier-induced redox reactions at the semiconductor solution interface. These processes are of fundamental importance in such diverse fields as photochromism, electrochromic displays, electroreprography and photography, information storage, photocatalysis, photodegradation of paints, and solar energy conversion.
Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors for Circuit Design: Microwave Modeling and Parameter Extraction
by Jianjun GaoA highly comprehensive summary on circuit related modeling techniques and parameter extraction methods for heterojunction bipolar transistors Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor (HBT) is one of the most important devices for microwave applications. The book details the accurate device modeling for HBTs and high level IC design using HBTs Provides a valuable reference to basic modeling issues and specific semiconductor device models encountered in circuit simulators, with a thorough reference list at the end of each chapter for onward learning Offers an overview on modeling techniques and parameter extraction methods for heterojunction bipolar transistors focusing on circuit simulation and design Presents electrical/RF engineering-related theory and tools and include equivalent circuits and their matrix descriptions, noise, small and large signal analysis methods
Heteromagnetic Microelectronics
by Alexander V. Lyashenko Alexander A. IgnatievThe book is devoted to a new direction - heteromagnetic microelectronics, microsystems of active type, research and development which will lead to the creation of new types of devices, CHIP'S, including intellectual. Polyvalent, multiple parameter magnetosemiconductor microsystems are described; extensive experimental and theoretical results of researches in a range of frequencies up to 1000GHz of such microsystems in active modes - generation, amplification, parametrical multiplication and division, direct multipurpose synthesis of signals on a crystal, generation equidistant grids of frequencies, reduction of noise are resulted, and applications of the above are discussed. The book is also based on original material from the author's programs of designing heteromagnetic microsystems of various types. For the first time the direction of satisfying criteria, burst technologies which can make a subject of discovery, are discussed in great volume. The book demonstrates a direction of development heteromagnetic technologies, including dimensional nanotechnologies, opportunities of new development in some new directions including heteromagnetic lasers, heteromagnetic diodes, uniform metrological element base, uniform sensors base and intellectual sensors, microsystems, etc.
Heterophase Network Polymers: Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties (Polymer Chemistry And Physics Ser.)
by Boris A. Rozenberg; Grigori M. SigalovThis volume explains the theory and experimental investigations in the preparation of heterophase polymer network materials through cure reaction-induced microphase separation (CRIMPS). It describes the synthesis of a new family of block- and graft-copolymers with controlled solubility in epoxies and characterizes CRIMPS processes using novel applications of known methods such as nuclear magnetic resonance, electron spin resonance and photochemistry. The text develops a new method for characterizing the molecular mass distribution (MMD) of linear and network polymers using thermomechanical analysis data, as well as new methods for determining internal stresses and flaw formation during thermoset curing. The CRIMPS theory will be helpful for researchers and engineers designing and improving toughened plastics and other smart heterophase network materials for different applications. The new method for MMD characterization of polymers in bulk will be very useful to quickly analyze a polymer's MMD and to design new polymers. This book will provide a useful reference for graduates, researchers and working professionals in polymer chemistry and physics and materials science.