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Interaction and Fate of Pharmaceuticals in Soil-Crop Systems: The Impact of Reclaimed Wastewater (The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry #103)
by Sandra Pérez Solsona Nicola Montemurro Serge Chiron Damià BarcelóThis book provides a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on the fate and interaction of pharmaceuticals in soil-crop systems. It addresses the principles of their transport, uptake and metabolism and reviews methodologies for their analytical determination. It also discusses ecotoxicological effects arising from their presence and highlights bioremediation approaches for their removal. The use of treated wastewater to irrigate crops is becoming more widespread in regions where freshwater is limited. This practice conserves freshwater resources and contributes to nutrient recycling. However, concerns remain regarding the safety of irrigation with treated wastewater since it contains residues of pharmaceuticals that have survived treatment, which means that soil and fauna are potentially exposed to these xenobiotics. Various pathways govern the fate of pharmaceuticals in crop-soil systems, including soil degradation; formation of non-extractable residues; uptake by soil-dwelling organisms (e.g. earthworms); and uptake, transport, and metabolism in agricultural crops. Investigations into these aspects have only recently been initiated, and there is still a long way to go before a meaningful assessment of the impact of wastewater has been completed.
Interaction Between Soil Foundation and Subway Shield Tunnel
by Zhen-Dong CuiThis book addresses the interaction between the soil foundation and the subway shield tunnels under the vibration loading, including the dynamic response of the track inside the shield tunnel, the dynamic properties of soil around the subway shield tunnel, the mechanical properties of subway tunnel, and the long-term settlement of the subway tunnel. Given its scope, it offers a valuable reference guide for designers and construction researchers alike, as well as senior undergraduates and graduate students at colleges and universities.
Interaction Modeling in Mechanized Tunneling
by Günther Meschke Rolf Breitenbücher Steffen Freitag Markus König Markus ThewesThis open access book compiles the research results of the Collaborative Research Center SFB 837, which has been running since 2010 and will end in 2022, with the topic "Interaction Modeling in Mechanized Tunneling". The Collaborative Research Center is funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) and is currently the world's largest research facility in the field of tunneling. The aim of the publication is to make our scientific findings accessible to the international professional community. The individual chapters deal with all subsystems relevant in mechanized tunneling and their interaction. The latest results of digital planning and real-time tunneling support have been included.
Interaction of Nanomaterials With Living Cells
by Faheem Arjamend Sheikh Shafquat Majeed Mushtaq A. BeighThis book examines the interactions of nanomaterials with the biological system. The chapters of the book explore the natural and synthetic biomaterials that modulate immune responses for their applications in drug delivery and tissue engineering. Further, the book discusses the implications of the physiochemical properties of nanoparticles and their microenvironment on their interactions with biological systems. The chapters also present the recognitive capabilities of biomaterials for the development of novel strategies for the detection and treatment of autoimmune disorders. The book also introduces nanotechnology platforms for drug delivery and highlights current and emerging nanotechnologies that could enable novel classes of therapeutics. Towards the end, the book reviews the efficiency of drug-loaded nanoparticles in modulating the functioning of the biological milieu for improved disease treatment. Lastly, the book outlines the ethical issues regarding the use of nanoparticles for in vitro and in vivo applications. Given its scope, it is a valuable resource for graduate students and researchers interested in understanding the biomedical applications of nanoparticles and their interactions with the biological milieu.
Interaction of Nanomaterials with the Immune System (Molecular and Integrative Toxicology)
by Jared M. Brown James C. BonnerThis book covers the latest information related to understanding immune responses to engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). Many ENMs used in both the consumer and biomedical fields have been reported to elicit adverse immune responses ranging from innate immune responses such as complement activation to changes in adaptive immunity that influence pathogen responses and promote disease states such as asthma. Interaction of Nanomaterials with the Immune System covers the most up to date information on our understanding of immune responses to ENMs across a wide range of topics including innate immunity, allergic immune responses, adaptive provides the reader with (1) up to date understanding of immune responses to ENMs; (2) current testing methods; and (3) appropriate models including alternative testing strategies for evaluating immunotoxicity of ENMs.
Interaction of Railway Vehicles with the Track and Its Substructure
by Kl. Knothe St. L. Grassie J. A. ElkinsFirst published in 1995. CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis.
Interaction of Ultrashort Electromagnetic Pulses with Matter
by Valeriy AstapenkoThe book is devoted to the theory describing the interaction of ultra-short electromagnetic pulses (USP) with matter, including both classical and quantum cases. This theme is a hot topic in modern physics because of the great achievements in generating USP. Special attention is given to the peculiarities of UPS-matter interaction. One of the important items of this book is the derivation and applications of a new formula which describes the total photo-process probability under the action of USP in the framework of perturbation theory. Strong field-matter interaction is also considered with the use of the Bloch formalism in a two-level approximation for UPS with variable characteristics.
Interaction Techniques and Technologies in Human-Computer Interaction
by Gavriel Salvendy Constantine StephanidisThis book offers a thorough exploration of interaction design by examining various technologies,interaction techniques, styles, and devices.This book• Assists readers in acquiring a deep understanding of diverse ways humans interact withcomputer technologies and in selecting the most suitable approach for various interactivescenarios.• Introduces cutting‑edge interaction techniques, including multimodal and gesture‑basedinteraction, wearables, haptic, speech and sound‑based interaction, embodied interaction,and more.• Advances beyond traditional interfaces to large and multiscreen interactions, proxemics,brain‑computer interfaces, affective computing and Extended Reality.This book will appeal to individuals interested in Human-Computer Interaction research andapplications.
Interactions Between Electromagnetic Field and Moving Conducting Strip (Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering #1111)
by Ihor Kondratenko Yuriy Vasetsky Artur ZaporozhetsThe book combines two interrelated lines of research. One of them is devoted to the development of the theory for solving a certain class of three-dimensional electromagnetic field problems of the three-dimensional electromagnetic field, taking into account eddy currents in a moving conducting magnetizing body. Preference is given to the development of the analytical solution methods of the three-dimensional quasi-stationary problem of field conjugation in the system: “a contour of an arbitrary spatial configuration with an alternating current is conducting body with a flat boundary surface”. The second direction refers to the development of mathematical models for solving applied problems, which involve the use of developed methods for calculating the electromagnetic field and their characteristics. The main application of calculation methods is aimed at solving problems of heat treatment non-ferrous and ferrous metal products using the induction method of heating in a transverse magnetic field. The inverse problems are solved to determine the inductor configuration as flat and spatial current contours for providing the necessary temperature distribution of moving metal strips. To achieve uniform heating of strips across the width using inductors in the form of flat current contours parallel to the strip surface, it is advisable to use combinations of current contours, where the geometric dimensions are determined by the size and electro-physical parameters of the metal strips. A more uniform temperature distribution during high-frequency induction heating is achieved by using inductors in the form of current contours of the required spatial configuration.The book is intended for researchers, postgraduate students, and students specialized in theory and calculations of electromagnetic fields and induction heating installations.
Interactions in Online Education: Implications for Theory and Practice (Open and Flexible Learning Series)
by Charles JuwahInteractivity is at the very heart of learning and is evident at all levels of engagement, whether between fellow students, students and tutors, online learning materials or interfacing with the learning environment. Covering both theory and the practical implications of the issues discussed, this book provides international perspectives on key topics including: analysing and designing e-learning interactions, social and conceptual dimensions of learning, interactions in online discussions, interactions in peer learning and professional development of online facilitators. It is essential reading for all those involved in the design, implementation, management and use of open and flexible learning.
Interactions in Soil: Promoting Plant Growth
by John Dighton Jennifer Adams KruminsThis book investigates soil ecology and biodiversity for its ability to maintain a balance of beneficial organisms to support plant growth. This subject is discussed by a group of international authors in natural, agricultural and urban systems. The importance of biodiversity per se and, specifically, the feedbacks between the plant and soil biota in mediating soil function are emphasized. Examples are selected from allelopathy and invasive plant species along with the, hitherto overlooked, role of viruses in soil. The book is intended to provide a framework for a holistic understanding of the essential role of soil organisms in promoting plant growth.
Interactions of Polymers with Bioactive and Corrosive Media
by A.L. Lordanskii Gennady Zaikov T.E. RudakovaNatural polymers have always been used in medicine. However, the development of synthetic polymers for use in medicine has occurred only in the last few decades. The successful applications of these synthetic polymers in medicine depend mainly on their physico-chemical and special characteristics such as biological compatibility with tissues, stability, durability and elasticity. This book deals mainly with the kinetic and structural aspects which are essential for the realization of these characteristics. The authors have examined in detail the processes of diffusion, chemical and biological diintegration, changes in various structural levels induced by chemical and biological media, and the problems of simultaneous influence of these media and mechanical strains on polymers used in medicine. Researchers in the field of polymer physics and chemistry, as well as those who are working with applications of polymers in medicine and biology should find this book useful.
Interactions of Surfactants with Polymers and Proteins
by E. Desmond GoddardInteractions of Surfactants with Polymers and Proteins covers work done in this area over the last 30 years and examines in detail the physico-chemical, microstructural, and applications aspects of interactions of surfactants with polymers and proteins in bulk surfaces and at interfaces. The physical chemistry of individual components (surfactants, polymers, and proteins) is discussed, and extensive coverage of interactions of surfactants with uncharged, oppositely charged, and hydrophobe modified polymers is provided. Other topics addressed include water soluble and insoluble keratinous proteins, the principles and applications of fluorescence spectroscopy, the physical properties and microstructural aspects of polymer/protein-surfactant complexes, and implications of surfactant interactions with polymers and proteins in practical systems. Interactions of Surfactants with Polymers and Proteins provides a wealth of information for chemists involved in a number of different research areas, including cosmetics, pharmaceutics, foods, paints, pigments, lubrication, ceramics, minerals/materials processing, and biological systems.
Interactive Approaches to Water Governance in Asia
by Kenji OtsukaThis book applies interactive perspectives, which have historically mainly been discussed in the context of Western European countries, to case studies on water governance in Asia. It examines how these perspectives can be used to reveal complex and dynamic interactions in water governance in Asia, and how interactions between policies and practices, as well as those between formal institutes and emerging informal institutes, come to pass. In two introductory chapters and seven case studies in Asia (two from China, and each one from Japan, Thailand, the Philippines, Indonesia, and India), the book reveals the interactive forms currently emerging in Asia under hierarchical but often fragmented administrative systems. In addition, it explores emerging hybrid forms of interactive governance, which bring together governmental and non-governmental actors, and discusses how the expected role of government and roles of non-governmental actors could be changed to solve problems in a more cooperative manner. In this context, researchers from outside the locality could play an important role, helping facilitate such forms of interactive governance. The book offers extensive information on the essential features of interactive forms, and on the role of such transdisciplinary approaches, making it a valuable resource not only for scholars and university students, but also for policymakers and grass-roots practitioners directly involved in the interactive process of water governance.
Interactive Displays: Natural Human-Interface Technologies (Wiley Series in Display Technology)
by Achintya K. BhowmikHow we interface and interact with computing, communications and entertainment devices is going through revolutionary changes, with natural user inputs based on touch, voice, and vision replacing or augmenting the use of traditional interfaces based on the keyboard, mouse, joysticks, etc. As a result, displays are morphing from one-way interface devices that merely show visual content to two-way interaction devices that provide more engaging and immersive experiences. This book provides an in-depth coverage of the technologies, applications, and trends in the rapidly emerging field of interactive displays enabled by natural human-interfaces. Key features: Provides a definitive reference reading on all the touch technologies used in interactive displays, including their advantages, limitations, and future trends. Covers the fundamentals and applications of speech input, processing and recognition techniques enabling voice-based interactions. Offers a detailed review of the emerging vision-based sensing technologies, and user interactions using gestures of hands, body, face, and eye gazes. Discusses multi-modal natural user interface schemes which intuitively combine touch, voice, and vision for life-like interactions. Examines the requirements and technology status towards realizing “true” 3D immersive and interactive displays.
Interactive Granular Computations in Networks and Systems Engineering: A Practical Perspective
by Andrzej JankowskiThe book outlines selected projects conducted under the supervision of the author. Moreover, it discusses significant relations between Interactive Granular Computing (IGrC) and numerous dynamically developing scientific domains worldwide, along with features characteristic of the author's approach to IGrC. The results presented are a continuation and elaboration of various aspects of Wisdom Technology, initiated and developed in cooperation with Professor Andrzej Skowron. Based on the empirical findings from these projects, the author explores the following areas: (a) understanding the causes of the theory and practice gap problem (TPGP) in complex systems engineering (CSE); (b) generalizing computing models of complex adaptive systems (CAS) (in particular, natural computing models) by constructing an interactive granular computing (IGrC) model of networks of interrelated interacting complex granules (c-granules), belonging to a single agent and/or to a group of agents; (c) developing methodologies based on the IGrC model to minimize the negative consequences of the TPGP. The book introduces approaches to the above issues, using the proposed IGrC model. In particular, the IGrC model refers to the key mechanisms used to control the processes related to the implementation of CSE projects. One of the main aims was to develop a mechanism of IGrC control over computations that model a project's implementation processes to maximize the chances of its success, while at the same time minimizing the emerging risks. In this regard, the IGrC control is usually performed by means of properly selected and enforced (among project participants) project principles. These principles constitute examples of c-granules, expressed by complex vague concepts (represented by c-granules too). The c-granules evolve with time (in particular, the meaning of the concepts is also subject of change). This methodology is illustrated using project principles applied by the author during the implementation of the POLTAX, AlgoTradix, Merix, and Excavio projects outlined in the book.
Interactive Literacy Education: Facilitating Literacy Environments Through Technology
by Charles Kinzer Ludo VerhoevenInteractive Literacy Education combines the latest research and theory related to technology-based instructional design for children’s literacy development. It shows how technology can be used to build literacy learning environments that are compatible with students’ cognitive and social processes. Topics addressed throughout this enlightening work include:*technology environments and applications that preservice teachers can use with young children;*detailed information regarding the development and implementation of specific technological programs; and*various technologies, from interactive reading and spelling programs to speech recognition to multimedia, that teachers can use to enhance their literacy learning environments. Interactive Literacy Education is intended for graduate courses in methods of literacy instruction; educational technology; curriculum/curriculum design; general preservice education; special education; and applied psychology/cognitive studies. It is also appropriate for use as a supplement in undergraduate courses in methods of literacy instruction and educational technology.
Interactive Mobile Communication Technologies and Learning
by Michael E. Auer Thrasyvoulos TsiatsosInteractive mobile technologies have now become the core of many—if not all—fields of society. Not only do the younger generation of students expect a mobile working and learning environment, but also the new ideas, technologies and solutions introduced on a nearly daily basis also boost this trend.Discussing and assessing key trends in the mobile field were the primary aims of the 11th International Conference on Interactive Mobile Communication, Technologies and Learning (IMCL2017), which was held in Thessaloniki from 30 November to 01 December 2017.Since being founded in 2006, the conference has been devoted to new approaches in interactive mobile technologies, with a focus on learning. The IMCL conferences have in the meanwhile become a central forum of the exchange of new research results and relevant trends, as well as best practices.This book contains papers in the fields of:Future Trends and Emerging Mobile TechnologiesDesign and Development of Mobile Learning Apps and ContentMobile Games—Gamification and Mobile LearningAdaptive Mobile EnvironmentsAugmented Reality and Immersive ApplicationsTangible, Embedded and Embodied InteractionInteractive Collaborative and Blended LearningDigital Technology in SportsMobile Health Care and TrainingMultimedia Learning in Music Education5G Network InfrastructureCase StudiesReal-World ExperiencesThe content will appeal to a broad readership, including policymakers, academics, educators, researchers in pedagogy and learning theory, school teachers, the learning industry, further education lecturers, etc.
Interactive Multiobjective Decision Making Under Uncertainty
by Hitoshi YanoRecently, many books on multiobjective programming have been published. However, only a few books have been published, in which multiobjective programming under the randomness and the fuzziness are investigated. On the other hand, several books on multilevel programming have been published, in which multiple decision makers are involved in hierarchical decision situations. In this book, we introduce the latest advances in the field of multiobjective programming and multilevel programming under uncertainty. The reader can immediately use proposed methods to solve multiobjective programming and multilevel programming, which are based on linear programming or convex programming technique. Organization of each capter is summarized as follows. In Chapter 2, multiobjective programming problems with random variables are formulated, and the corresponding interactive algorithms are developed to obtain a satisfactory solution, in which the fuzziness of human's subjective judgment for permission levels are considered. In Chapter 3, multiobjective programming problems with fuzzy random variables are formulated, and the corresponding interactive algorithms are developed to obtain a satisfactory solution, in which not only the uncertainty of fuzzy random variables but also the fuzziness of human's subjective judgment for permission levels are considered. In Chapter 4, multiobjective multilevel programming is discussed, and the interactive algorithms are developed to obtain a satisfactory solution, in which the hierarchical decision structure of multiple decision makers is reflected. In Chapter 5, two kinds of farm planning problems are solved by applying the proposed method, in which cost coefficients of crops are expressed by random variables.
Interactive Robotics: Selected Contributions to the INBOTS Conference 2021, 18-20 May, 2021 (Biosystems & Biorobotics #30)
by María Amparo Grau RuizThis book reports on cutting-edge legal, ethical, social and economic issues relating to robotics and automation, human-machine interaction and artificial intelligence, in different application areas. It discusses important problems such as robotic taxation, social inequality, protection of neuro-human and children rights, among others. It describes current advances and challenges in robotic regulation and governance, as well as findings relating to sustainability of robotic industries, thus filling an important gap in the robotic and AI literature. Chapters consists of revised and extended contributions to the workshop session “Debate on legal, ethical & socio-economic aspects of interactive robotics” of INBOTS 2021, held virtually on May 18-20, 2021.
Interactive Segmentation Techniques: Algorithms and Performance Evaluation
by Jia He C.-C. Jay Kuo Chang-Su KimThis book focuses on interactive segmentation techniques, which have been extensively studied in recent decades. Interactive segmentation emphasizes clear extraction of objects of interest, whose locations are roughly indicated by human interactions based on high level perception. This book will first introduce classic graph-cut segmentation algorithms and then discuss state-of-the-art techniques, including graph matching methods, region merging and label propagation, clustering methods, and segmentation methods based on edge detection. A comparative analysis of these methods will be provided with quantitative and qualitative performance evaluation, which will be illustrated using natural and synthetic images. Also, extensive statistical performance comparisons will be made. Pros and cons of these interactive segmentation methods will be pointed out, and their applications will be discussed. There have been only a few surveys on interactive segmentation techniques, and those surveys do not cover recent state-of-the art techniques. By providing comprehensive up-to-date survey on the fast developing topic and the performance evaluation, this book can help readers learn interactive segmentation techniques quickly and thoroughly.
Interactive Sketch-based Interfaces and Modelling for Design
by Alexandra Bonnici Kenneth P. CamilleriSketching is a natural and intuitive communication tool used for expressing concepts and ideas that are difficult to communicate through text or speech alone. In design applications, drawings are used at various stages of the design process: from the early concept drawings scribbled on a piece of paper to immersive interactions in which users manipulate and adjust the 3D form of an object in virtual or augmented reality environments. This variety in drawing activities brings about the need for different interpretation strategies that support not only the sketching activity itself, but also allow sketch-based interactions, such as sketch-based queries, to take place. In this book, we explore the different drawing approaches used in design and the algorithms required for processing and interpreting the different sketches and drawings in design. The book is divided into two parts. The first part focuses on sketching in the 2D domain. This includes the digitization of offline and paperbased sketches, techniques for online sketch recognition, observations of user drawing habits, algorithms for inferring depth from 2D drawings, as well as non-photorealistic rendering techniques that are then applied to sketch-based queries. The second part of the book focuses on 3D sketching in virtual or augmented reality spaces. Here, we present the processing and rendering of the 3D strokes, the different interaction devices available for 3D sketching, and look at different applications where immersive 3D sketching has been applied with success.
Interactive Sports Technologies: Performance, Participation, Safety (Routledge Research in Sports Technology and Engineering)
by Veronika TzankovaBuilding on the unfolding and expanding embeddedness of digital technologies in all aspects of life, Interactive Sports Technologies: Performance, Participation, Safety focuses on the intersection of body movement, physical awareness, engineering, design, software, and hardware to capture emerging trends for enhancing sports and athletic activities. The accessible and inspiring compilation of theoretical, critical, and phenomenological approaches utilizes the domain of sports to extend our understanding of the nexus between somatic knowledge and human-computer interaction in general. Within this framework, the chapters in this volume draw upon a variety of concepts, processes, practices, and elucidative examples to bring together a timely assessment of interactive technologies’ potential to facilitate increased performance, participation, and safety in sports. This collection of chapters from international authors presents diverse perspectives from a wide range of academic and practice-based researchers within a comprehensive coverage of sport disciplines.
Interactive Storytelling: 11th International Conference on Interactive Digital Storytelling, ICIDS 2018, Dublin, Ireland, December 5–8, 2018, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science #11318)
by Rebecca Rouse Hartmut Koenitz Mads HaahrThis book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Interactive Digital Storytelling, ICIDS 2018, held in Dublin, Ireland, in December 2018. The 20 revised full papers and 16 short papers presented together with 17 posters, 11 demos, and 4 workshops were carefully reviewed and selected from 56, respectively 29, submissions. The papers are organized in the following topical sections: the future of the discipline; theory and analysis; practices and games; virtual reality; theater and performance; generative and assistive tools and techniques; development and analysis of authoring tools; and impact in culture and society.
Interactive Technologies and Music Making: Transmutable Music
by Tracy RedheadChallenging current music making approaches which have traditionally relied on the repetition of fixed forms when played, this book provides a new framework for musicians, composers, and producers wanting to explore working with music that can be represented by data and transformed by interactive technologies.Beginning with an exploration into how current interactive technologies, including VR and AR, are affecting music, the book goes on to create an accessible compositional model which articulates the emerging field of ‘transmutable music.’ It then shows how to compose and produce transmutable music for platforms like video games, apps and interactive works, employing tutorials which use a range of inputs from sensors, data, and compositional approaches. The book also offers technical exercises on how to transform data into usable forms (including machine learning techniques) for mapping musical parameters, and discussion points to support learning.This book is a valuable resource for industry professionals wanting to gain an insight into cutting edge new practice, as well as for assisting musicians, composers, and producers with professional development. It is also suitable for students and researchers in the fields of music/audio composition and music/audio production, computer game design, and interactive media.