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Managing Construction Logistics
by Gary Sullivan Stephen Barthorpe Stephen RobbinsEvery major industry except construction uses logistics to improve its bottom line… Poor logistics is costing the construction industry at least £3 billion a year according to a report – ‘Improving Construction Logistics’ – published by the Strategic Forum for Construction. Additional costs arise as a result of operatives waiting for materials, and skilled craftsmen being used for unskilled jobs. Inadequate management of logistics also has an adverse effect on quality, causes delays to projects, and adds to the health and safety risks on site. This practical book highlights the benefits of good logistics as well as the use of consolidation centres on projects. It shows how reduction in transport movements, less money tied up in stock, less waste, and the more efficient use of skilled craftsmen will reduce the cost of projects, reduce construction time, improve quality, reduce risks to health and safety, improve environmental performance and generally improve the image of the industry. The authors offer practical ways of achieving these benefits through integrated project teams and supply chains and the increased adoption of information technology including electronic communications, bar coding, and electronic tagging for tracing products. They also show how specific roles for each part of the industry can help to improve logistics. • Practical, clear and accessible • First book to address logistics in construction • Written by the industry-recognized logistics experts • Tackles issues of key concern: efficient use of labour; sustainability; waste and supply chain management
Managing Cooperation in Supply Network Structures and Small or Medium-sized Enterprises
by Agostino VillaManaging Cooperation in Supply Network Structures and Small- or Medium-sized Enterprises outlines different approaches to the analysis of the organisation of small- or medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Owing to the increased competition in the worldwide market, several SMEs operating in the same industrial sectors have agreed collaborative market strategies, both for raw material procurement and for final product delivery. The resulting networks, however, have a tendency to suffer from a lack of organization, which minimizes their impact on the product and labour markets, and causes a weak negotiation capacity within their supply chain. Managing Cooperation in Supply Network Structures and Small- or Medium-sized Enterprises aims to give managers of SMEs a simple methodology that helps them to understand when and why becoming a partner in an SME network can be profitable for their enterprise. It discusses the most critical organizational problems and identifies which procedures must be known to become a collaborative member of the network. Policy-makers, as well as managers and executives, will be able to appreciate the key issues in creating and managing healthy networks that serve global market requirements in the major industrial sectors. Managing Cooperation in Supply Network Structures and Small- or Medium-sized Enterprises enables them to evaluate the efficiency of their organization, and to estimate both the network performance and the opportunity for further development.
Managing Crises: Responses to Large-Scale Emergencies
by Arnold M. Howitt Herman B. LeonardFrom floods to fires, tornadoes to terrorist attacks, governments must respond to a variety of crises and meet reasonable standards of performance. What accounts for governments’ effective responses to unfolding disasters? How should they organize and plan for significant emergencies? With fifteen adapted Kennedy School cases, students experience first-hand a series of large-scale emergencies and come away with a clear sense of the different types of disaster situations governments confront, with each type requiring different planning, resourcing, skill-building, leadership, and execution. Grappling with the details of flawed responses to the LA Riots or Hurricane Katrina, or with the success of the Incident Management System during the Pentagon fire on 9/11, students start to see the ways in which responders can improve capabilities and more adeptly navigate between technical or operational needs and political considerations.
Managing Crises: Responses to Large-Scale Emergencies
by Herman B. Leonard Arnold M. HowittFrom floods to fires, tornadoes to terrorist attacks, governments must respond to a variety of crises and meet reasonable standards of performance. What accounts for governments’ effective responses to unfolding disasters? How should they organize and plan for significant emergencies? With fifteen adapted Kennedy School cases, students experience first-hand a series of large-scale emergencies and come away with a clear sense of the different types of disaster situations governments confront, with each type requiring different planning, resourcing, skill-building, leadership, and execution. Grappling with the details of flawed responses to the LA Riots or Hurricane Katrina, or with the success of the Incident Management System during the Pentagon fire on 9/11, students start to see the ways in which responders can improve capabilities and more adeptly navigate between technical or operational needs and political considerations.
Managing Cyber Attacks in International Law, Business, and Relations
by Scott J. Shackelford JdThis book presents a framework to reconceptualize internet governance and better manage cyber attacks. It examines the potential of polycentric regulation to increase accountability through bottom-up action. It also provides a synthesis of the current state of cybersecurity research, bringing features of cyber attacks to light and comparing and contrasting the threat to all relevant stakeholders. Throughout the book, cybersecurity is treated holistically, covering issues in law, science, economics and politics. This interdisciplinary approach is an exemplar of how strategies from different disciplines as well as the private and public sectors may cross-pollinate to enhance cybersecurity. Case studies and examples illustrate what is at stake and identify best practices. The book discusses technical issues of Internet governance and cybersecurity while presenting the material in an informal, straightforward manner. The book is designed to inform readers about the interplay of Internet governance and cybersecurity and the potential of polycentric regulation to help foster cyber peace.
Managing Cybersecurity in the Process Industries: A Risk-based Approach
by CCPS (Center for Chemical Process Safety)The chemical process industry is a rich target for cyber attackers who are intent on causing harm. Current risk management techniques are based on the premise that events are initiated by a single failure and the succeeding sequence of events is predictable. A cyberattack on the Safety, Controls, Alarms, and Interlocks (SCAI) undermines this basic assumption. Each facility should have a Cybersecurity Policy, Implementation Plan and Threat Response Plan in place. The response plan should address how to bring the process to a safe state when controls and safety systems are compromised. The emergency response plan should be updated to reflect different actions that may be appropriate in a sabotage situation. IT professionals, even those working at chemical facilities are primarily focused on the risk to business systems. This book contains guidelines for companies on how to improve their process safety performance by applying Risk Based Process Safety (RBPS) concepts and techniques to the problem of cybersecurity.
Managing Design: Conversations, Project Controls, and Best Practices for Commercial Design and Construction Projects
by Michael LeFevreOffers state-of-the-art principles and strategies gleaned from high-profile projects to help readers manage design This guide to managing design process within the commercial design and construction industry addresses a growing pain point in an industry where collaborative approaches to project delivery are outpacing the way professionals work. It synthesizes issues by investigating the “why,” “how,” and “who” of the discipline of managing design, and gives the “what” and “when” to apply the solutions given various project delivery and contracting methods. The book features candid interviews with over 40 industry leaders—architects, engineers, contractors, owners, educators, technology evangelists, and authors—which present a broad look at current issues and offer paths to future collaboration and change. Managing Design: Conversations, Project Controls and Best Practices for Commercial Design and Construction Projects is a self-help book for design and construction that provides aninsider’s look at the mysteries of managing design for yourself, team, firm and future. It tackles client empathy; firm culture; owner leadership; design and budgets; dealing with engineers, consultants, and contractors; contracts; team assembly; and much more. Features eye-opening interviews with 40 industry luminaries Exposes issues and poses solutions to longstanding industry ills Offers a project design controls framework and toolset for immediate application and action Includes best practice tips, process diagrams, and comparative analytical tables to support the text Written in a relatable style, Managing Design: Conversations, Project Controls and Best Practices for Commercial Design and Construction Projects is a welcome resource for owners, contractors, and designers in search of better ways to work together. “Managing Design blends practical advice from the author's five decades in architecture and construction with wisdom from more than three dozen luminaries in the design, delivery, ownership and operation of the built environment. The result is an extraordinary guide to integrating practice across disciplines.” —Bob Fisher, Editor-In-Chief, Design Intelligence “Managing Design peers into the soul of a contentious industry as it grapples with change—a deep dive into the design and construction process in the words of those doing the work. I enjoyed the engineers and contractors’ pleas to be made parties to design process early on. The questions—as interesting as the answers—are both here in this book.” —Richard Korman, Deputy Editor, Engineering News Record “Managing Design hits many of the design and construction industry’s ills head-on with insightful interviews by new and established leaders and real-world tactics on creating better teams, better communications between players, and—most vitally—better project results.” —Rebecca W. E. Edmunds, AIA, Editor, Author and President, r4 llc
Managing Difficult Projects
by Andre CostinManaging Difficult Projects pulls together the principles and practice of project management and presents useful diagnostic approaches, tools and structures in a clear and practical way. The book focuses on the diagnosis and resolution of “difficult” problems whether in large or small complex projects. The intent is to help corporate executives and project management practitioners apply proven processes, methodologies, systems, structures and tools to rally the information and the resources required for better decisions, faster delivery and improved results.This essential book shows how to plan effectively and to reduce risk at every step of project delivery, particulary vital during project implementation when 90% of project funding is spent.It covers new ground by proposing the use of the project management process as an integral part of setting and updating corporate strategy. In projects, context is everything! The text is amply illustrated with international case studies, charts, photos, graphs and data tables.
Managing Digital Transformation: Understanding the Strategic Process
by Andreas HinterhuberThis book provides practising executives and academics with the theories and best practices to plan and implement the digital transformation successfully. Key benefits: an overview on how leading companies plan and implement digital transformation interviews with chief executive officers and chief digital officers of leading companies – Bulgari, Deutsche Bahn, Henkel, Lanxess, L’Oréal, Unilever, Thales and others – explore lessons learnt and roadmaps to successful implementation research and case studies on the digitalization of small and medium-sized companies cutting-edge academic research on business models, organizational capabilities and performance implications of the digital transformation tools and insights into how to overcome internal resistance, build digital capabilities, align the organization, develop the ecosystem and create customer value to implement digital strategies that increase profits Managing Digital Transformation is unique in its approach, combining rigorous academic theory with practical insights and contributions from companies that are, according to leading academic thinkers, at the forefront of global best practice in the digital transformation. It is a recommended reading both for practitioners looking to implement digital strategies within their own organisations, as well as for academics and postgraduate students studying digital transformation, strategy and marketing.
Managing Diversity and Equality in Construction: Initiatives and Practice
by Andrew W. Gale Marilyn J. DavidsonWith women in the UK construction industry constituting just thirteen per cent of the workforce and black and Asian workers numbering less that two per cent, despite representing more than six per cent of the working population, diversity is a problem that the construction industry needs to tackle directly. In this title, diversity management is presented as an opportunity for the construction industry. Work is presented from several different countries and regions, in North America, Australia and Europe to provide a comprehensive picture of this complex and often sensitive issue. Going beyond the traditional topics of gender and racial discrimination contributions encompass a wide range of diversity issues facing the construction industry, including sexual orientation, disability and the work-life balance. Essential reading for construction managers and a valuable resource for post-graduate researchers, this key title provides not only a thorough exposition of contemporary research but also supplies the practical diagnostic tools, and techniques to successfully manage diversity in construction and the information to adhere to the law.
Managing Diversity and Inclusion in the Real Estate Sector
by Amanda Clack Judith GablerResearch shows that high-performing organisations focus on diversity and inclusion (D&I). In any workplace, it is important to both understand and recognise the benefits that having a D&I workforce provides. It is integral to developing people within an organisation, serving clients as best we can, and playing an important leadership role in communities. This book is the first to place D&I at the centre of successful real estate and construction organisations. It provides guidance to, and most importantly, actions for professionals in the sector who want to make D&I an inherent part of the culture of their organisation. This book has been written to bring the sector up to speed with what D&I is all about and how a D&I strategy can be implemented to secure future success. It presents a practical and easy-to-read guide that can help organisations and their leaders engage with and apply this agenda to win the war for talent in real estate and construction. This book is essential reading for all property leaders and professionals working in the real estate and construction sectors. Readers will gain especially from personal reflections on all aspects of diversity by a broad range of people working in the property industry.
Managing Educational Technology: School Partnerships and Technology Integration
by Sandra Schamroth Abrams Xiaojun June Chen Michael P. DowntonManaging Educational Technology: School Partnerships and Technology Integration by Sandra Schamroth Abrams, Xiaojun June Chen, and Michael P. Downton. Sandra Schamroth Abrams is an associate professor in the Department of Curriculum and Instruction at St. John’s University, USA. Xiaojun Chen is an associate professor of educational technologies in the Department of Curriculum and Instruction at St. John’s University, USA. Michael P. Downton is an assistant professor in the Department of Curriculum and Instruction at St. John’s University, USA.
Managing Emotion in Design Innovation
by Amitoj SinghThis book presents an emotion centered research framework titled "emoha" for design innovation. It defines emoha and underlines the importance of the developed framework in culturalization of technology and thereby design innovation. The book explains the detailed research on product styling which leads to the creation of "Emoha" and how to use it in product design.
Managing Energy Security: An All Hazards Approach to Critical Infrastructure
by Maria G. BurnsThis interdisciplinary book is written for government and industry professionals who need a comprehensive, accessible guide to modern energy security. Introducing the ten predominant energy types, both renewable and non-renewable, the book illustrates the modern energy landscape from a geopolitical, commercial, economic and technological perspective. Energy is presented as the powerhouse of global economic activities. To ensure the uninterrupted supply of energy, nations, industries and consumers need to have options. Efficient energy security planning ensures that when a primary energy source is depleted, compromised or interrupted, an alternative energy source must be readily available. For this reason, the foundations of energy security are built upon the five pillars of Sustainability, Independence, Efficiency, Affordability and Accessibility. The numerous case studies presented in this book demonstrate that energy security may be compromised in the absence of one out of these five ingredients. The book also entertains the Triple-E notion of Energy Efficiency, Environmental integrity and Economies of scale, used by governments and corporations for energy optimization. One of the key strengths of the book is its ability effectively to cover various scientific disciplines, and several energy types, while remaining comprehensible. This book will be of much interest to security or logistics professionals, economists and engineers, as well as policymakers.
Managing Engineered Assets: Principles and Practical Concepts
by Joe E. Amadi-EchenduThis textbook deals with engineering, science, technical, legal, financial, ICT, logistics and people management topics necessary for managing engineered assets such as all man-made tools, gadgets, buildings, equipment, machines, infrastructure, large-scale physical and industrial facilities and systems which pervade all sectors of industry. By coalescing concepts, principles, practices, and practical issues from the relevant multi-disciplines, the book addresses the body of knowledge required for managing engineered assets in the 4IR and Society 5.0 era and beyond.The book is written for:Scholars and students who intend to strengthen or acquire knowledge about the concepts, principles, and practice of managing engineered assets;Managers of engineered assets in both the public and private sectors who aim to improve asset management practice for their organisational purposes and missions;Policymakers and regulators in order to improve policymaking, governance, assessment and evaluation frameworks on the management of engineered assets;The broader audience concerned about the sustainable management of engineered assets that constitute our built environment and provide the means for industry and livelihood.
Managing Engineering, Procurement, Construction, and Commissioning Projects: A Chemical Engineer's Guide
by Avinashkumar V. KarreManaging Engineering, Procurement, Construction, and Commissioning Projects An invaluable real-world guide to managing large-scale and complex Engineering, Procurement, Construction and Commissioning (EPCC) projects Engineering, Procurement, Construction and Commissioning (EPCC) infrastructure projects require engineers from several disciplines to adhere to strict budgetary, scheduling, and performance parameters. Chemical engineers involved in EPCC projects are involved primarily in ensuring that the process plant is designed correctly and safely—interacting with the client, contributing to feasibility studies, selecting specific technologies, developing process flow diagrams, and other key tasks. Managing Engineering, Procurement, Construction, and Commissioning Projects: A Chemical Engineer’s Guide clearly defines the role of a chemical engineer in the EPCC industry and provides detailed and systematic coverage of each phase of an EPCC project. Drawing from their extensive experience in process design, optimization, and analysis, the author identifies and discuss each key task and consideration from a chemical engineer’s perspective. Topics include scope and process planning, construction support, operator training, safety and viability evaluation, and detail engineering. Provides a structured overview of the various challenges chemical engineers face in each project phase Introduces the essential aspects of the Engineering, Procurement, Construction and Commissioning industry Describes the roles of chemical process engineers in each phase of EPCC projects and in different EPCC industry positions Discusses the interaction of process engineers with other disciplines and clients Managing Engineering, Procurement, Construction, and Commissioning Projects: A Chemical Engineer’s Guide is a must-have resource for chemists in industry, process engineers, chemical Engineers, engineering consultants, and project managers and planners working on EPCC projects across the chemical Industry.
Managing Environments for Leisure and Recreation
by Richard BroadhurstCan we balance the needs of the host, the environment and the visitor?Most people live for their leisure, recreation and travel opportunities. Managing Environments for Leisure and Recreation seeks to bring together the different strands of thought that inform the management of settings, for leisure and recreation. The text shows how a positive difference can be made to such activities, by taking a balanced approach in managing for the environment and for people, both now, and into the future.Managing Environments for Leisure and Recreation urges managers to balance the need for a systematic approach, with the need for a systemic development of an environmental management ethic. It is highly illustrated with over 50 line drawings and includes many case studies from around the world.
Managing Flood Risk: Innovative Approaches From Big Floodplain Rivers And Urban Streams
by Anna Serra-Llobet G. Mathias Kondolf Kathleen Schaefer Scott NicholsonThe past half century has seen an evolution in thinking from ‘flood control’ to ‘flood risk management’, recognizing that risk results from both hazard and vulnerability. Rather than rely only on engineering structures to reduce flood magnitude or extent, recent policies emphasize avoiding construction in flood-prone areas (or moving people from floodplains), reducing impacts on exposed populations through early warning systems, and insurance to aid in recovery. Implementing this new approach faces many challenges but also offers opportunities for synergies, as described in this book for a range of large floodplain rivers and smaller urban streams across North America and Europe. This book is unique in presenting the voices of those on the front lines of implementing a new paradigm in flood risk management, each river with a unique set of challenges and opportunities derived from its specific geography as well as differences in governance between the American and European contexts.
Managing for High-Quality Science and Engineering at the NNSA National Security Laboratories
by Division On Engineering Physical SciencesThe three National Security Laboratories--Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL)--are managed by private-sector entities under contract to the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA). The FY2010 Defense Authorization Act mandated that NNSA task the National Research Council (NRC) to study the quality and management of Science and Engineering (S&E) at these Laboratories. This study (addressing a total of 5 tasks) is being conducted in two phases. This report covers the first phase, which addresses the relationship between the quality of the science and engineering at the Laboratory and the contract for managing and operating the Laboratory (task 4), and also addresses the management of work conducted by the Laboratory for entities other than the Department of Energy (task 5). The study's second phase will evaluate the actual quality of S&E in key subject areas. Managing for High-Quality Science and Engineering at the NNSA National Security Laboratories presents assessments of the evolution of the mission of the NNSA Labs and the management and performance of research in support of the missions, and the relationship between the Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) program and the ability of the Labs to fulfill their mission. The report examines the framework for managing science and engineering research at the Labs and provides an analysis of the relationships among the several players in the management of the Labs--the NNSA, the site offices, the contractors, and the Lab managers--and the effect of that relationship on the Laboratories' ability to carry out science and engineering research.
Managing for Quality and Performance Excellence
by James R. Evans William M. LindsayPacked with current examples, cases, and illustrations, market-leading MANAGING FOR QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE EXCELLENCE, 10e focuses on the fundamental principles of total quality and emphasizes high-performance management practices, such as those reflected in the Baldrige Criteria. Written by experienced leaders in the fields of performance management and quality, the text delivers the definitive resource for coverage of ISO 9000 certification, Six Sigma, and the U.S. Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award standards. A wealth of current examples from leading organizations throughout the world reflects quality as they emphasize the practical aspects of the book's managerial focus and pertinent technical topics. You can efficiently prepare to become an ASQ Certified Quality Manager, as this edition covers most of the Body of Knowledge required for ASQ certification. It's everything you need -- now and throughout your career -- to ensure quality management success.
Managing for World Class Safety
by James Melville StewartDespite the extensive literature on safety, few tools have been available to help managers quantitatively assess the level of safety management and the quality of the safety practices in organizations. In his consulting practice, Dr. Jim Stewart, a former executive at DuPont, developed such a method, crafting a safety survey centering on a comprehensive questionnaire for employees at all levels, that reveals the true level of corporate commitment to safety. Managing for World Class Safety first describes the model of safety management that underpins the questionnaire and then demonstrates how this innovative procedure illuminates critical intangibles like management commitment, the enforcement of rules, worker involvement, and injury investigation. The central part of this book is the description of research at the University of Toronto that applies the questionnaire in comprehensive research at five of the world’s safest companies and five with very poor safety. The questionnaire polled 700 people in the ten companies, "measuring" the level of more than twenty key elements such as: The workers’ perception of the priority given to safety The belief that all injuries can be prevented The extent to which line management takes responsibility/accountability for safety How well safety rules are followed and enforced The frequency and quality of safety meetings The level of recognition to reinforce safety excellence In every element, the contrast between the responses from the very safe companies and those from the companies with poor safety was dramatic, clearly depicting where the former succeed and the latter fail By developing quantitative benchmark data, Stewart reasons that it will be easier to convince reluctant management to undertake the fundamental change necessary for a "step change" in their company performance. Managing for World Class Safety promises a revolutionary new approach to workplace safety improvement for corporate leaders, safety professionals, and regulators.
Managing Forest Carbon in a Changing Climate
by Mark S. Ashton Mary L. Tyrrell Bradford Gentry Deborah SpaldingThe aim of this book is to provide an accessible overview for advanced students, resource professionals such as land managers, and policy makers to acquaint themselves with the established science, management practices and policies that facilitate sequestration and allow for the storage of carbon in forests. The book has value to the reader to better understand: a) carbon science and management of forests and wood products; b) the underlying social mechanisms of deforestation; and c) the policy options in order to formulate a cohesive strategy for implementing forest carbon projects and ultimately reducing emissions from forest land use.
Managing Forest Ecosystems: The Challenge of Climate Change
by Felipe Bravo Valerie Lemay Robert JandlClimate change shaped the political agenda during the last decade with three issues as hot topics: commonly making the headlines: carbon budgets, impact and mitigation of climate change. Given the significant role that forests play in the climate system - as sources, sinks, and through carbon trading - this book update the current scientific evidences on the relationships between climate, forest resources and forest management practices around the world. By including the forest scientists' expertise from around the world, the book presents and updates a depth analysis of the current knowledge, and a series of case studies focused on the biological and the economic impacts of climate change in forest ecosystems in Africa, Asia, Europe and North and South America. The book will form a valuable resource for researchers and advanced students dealing with sustainable forestry, climate change issues and the effects of climate change on natural resource management.
Managing Forests as Complex Adaptive Systems: Building Resilience to the Challenge of Global Change (The Earthscan Forest Library)
by Christian Messier Klaus J. Puettmann K. David CoatesThis book links the emerging concepts of complexity, complex adaptive system (CAS) and resilience to forest ecology and management. It explores how these concepts can be applied in various forest biomes of the world with their different ecological, economic and social settings, and history. Individual chapters stress different elements of these concepts based on the specific setting and expertise of the authors. Regions and authors have been selected to cover a diversity of viewpoints and emphases, from silviculture and natural forests to forest restoration, and from boreal to tropical forests. The chapters show that there is no single generally applicable approach to forest management that applies to all settings. The first set of chapters provides a global overview of how complexity, CAS and resilience theory can benefit researchers who study forest ecosystems. A second set of chapters provides guidance for managers in understanding how these concepts can help them to facilitate forest ecosystem change and renewal (adapt or self-organize) in the face of global change while still delivering the goods and services desired by humans. The book takes a broad approach by covering a variety of forest biomes and the full range of management goals from timber production to forest restoration to promote the maintenance of biodiversity, quality of water, or carbon storage.
Managing Global Resources and Universal Processes (Routledge Studies in Environmental Migration, Displacement and Resettlement)
by Brian D. Fath Sven E. Jørgensen Megan ColeBringing together a wealth of knowledge, Environmental Management Handbook, Second Edition, gives a comprehensive overview of environmental problems, their sources, their assessment, and their solutions. Through in-depth entries and a topical table of contents, readers will quickly find answers to questions about environmental problems and their corresponding management issues. This six-volume set is a reimagining of the award-winning Encyclopedia of Environmental Management, published in 2013, and features insights from more than 500 contributors, all experts in their field. The experience, evidence, methods, and models used in studying environmental management are presented here in six stand-alone volumes, arranged along the major environmental systems. Features The first handbook that demonstrates the key processes and provisions for enhancing environmental management Addresses new and cutting-edge topics on ecosystem services, resilience, sustainability, food–energy–water nexus, socio-ecological systems, and more Provides an excellent basic knowledge on environmental systems, explains how these systems function, and offers strategies on how to best manage them Includes the most important problems and solutions facing environmental management today In this first volume, Managing Global Resources and Universal Processes, the reader is introduced to the general concepts and processes used in environmental management. As an excellent resource for finding basic knowledge on environmental systems, it reflects an extensive coverage of the field and includes the most important problems and solutions facing environmental management today. This book practically demonstrates the key processes, methods, and models used in studying environmental management.