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Lignin and Lignans: Advances in Chemistry
by Cyril Heitner Donald R. Dimmel John A. SchmidtOver the past four decades, there has been immense progress in every area of lignin science, ranging from the enzymology of lignin biodegradation, to the delignification of wood fiber during pulping and bleaching, to advances in spectroscopy. Lignin and Lignans: Advances in Chemistry captures the developments that have been achieved by world-class
Lignin: Biosynthesis and Transformation for Industrial Applications (Springer Series on Polymer and Composite Materials)
by Ashok Kumar Swati SharmaThis book presents a comprehensive overview on origin, structure, properties, modification strategies and applications of the biopolymer lignin. It is organized into four themed parts. The first part focuses on the analysis and characterization of the second most abundant biopolymer. The following part is devoted to the biological aspects of lignin such as biosynthesis and degradation. In the third part, chemical modification strategies and the preparation of composites as well as nano- and microparticles are discussed.The final part addresses the industrial application of lignin and its derivatives, as well as lignin materials. The usage for synthesis of biofuels, fine chemicals and in agriculture and food industry is covered.This book is a comprehensive source for researchers, scientists and engineers working in the field of biopolymers as well as renewable materials and sources.
Lignin: Isolation, Characterization, and Value Addition
by Himadri Roy GhatakThis book covers the current know-how on lignin, its sustainable isolation from lignocellulose, characterization of the isolated lignin, and transforming it to add value. The book is divided into three sections. A section on lignin isolation elaborates the well-established commercial delignification methods, including recent developments. The lignin characterization section includes traditional methods based on wet chemistry and advanced characterization techniques. It covers lignin value addition with the possibility of transforming lignin into functional materials, backed by figures and graphical presentations.Features: Provides exclusive information on lignin isolation, including conventional processes as well as recent advances, Covers reaction mechanisms, kinetics, mass transfer, and unit operations, including all aspects of laboratory-based lignin characterization, Focuses on lignin as a starting material for obtaining functional materials, Discusses the current state of advancement of lignin value addition. This book is aimed at researchers, professionals, and graduate students in chemical engineering and industrial chemistry.
Lignocellulose-Based Bioproducts
by Keikhosro KarimiThis volume provides the technical information required for the production of biofuels and chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass. It starts with a brief overview of the importance, applications, and production processes of different lignocellulosic products. Further chapters review the perspectives of waste-based biofuels and biochemicals; the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for biofuel production; cellulolytic enzyme systems for the hydrolysis of lignocelluloses; and basic and applied aspects of the production of bioethanol, biogas, biohydrogen, and biobutanol from lignocelluloses. This book is recommended for researchers and engineers and particularly students taking biofuel courses at graduate level.
Lignocellulosic Biomass Refining for Second Generation Biofuel Production (Novel Biotechnological Applications for Waste to Value Conversion)
by Ponnusami V.This book compiles research aspects of second generation (2G) biofuel production specifically sourced from lignocellulose biomass with the direction of biorefinery means. It focusses on the valorization of different sources of 2G biofuels and their relative importance. The constituents of lignocelluloses and their potential characteristics, end utilization of biofuel from production are discussed. Different means of treatments of lignocellulose through physical, physio-chemical, microbial, and enzymatic approaches are also included. Features: Describes technological advancements for bioethanol production from lignocellulosic waste. Provides the roadmap for the production and utilization of 2G Biofuels. Introduces the strategic role of metabolic engineering in the development of 2G biofuels. Discusses technological advancements, life cycle assessment, and prospects. Explores the novel potential lignocellulosic biomass for 2G biofuels. This book is aimed at researchers and professionals in renewable energy, biofuel, bioethanol, lignocellulose conversion, fermentation, and chemical engineering.
Lignocellulosic Biomass and Enzymes: Fundamentals, Emerging Technologies and Applications
by Rajeev Kumar Kapoor Kalavathy RajanThis book aims to offer comprehensive insights into biomass pretreatment and utilization for recovering value-added products. The book focuses on various topics including lignocellulosic biorefinery challenges, lignolytic enzymes, bioprocess advancements, and emerging industrial applications. It also serves as a knowledge repository on the use of lignocellulosic biomass and enzymes in biotechnological processes, bio-composites development, pulp and paper processing, bio-energy production, biomass detoxification, and more. Chapters of this book cover a broad focus on enzyme technologies, treatment strategies, and the application of industrially important enzymes. Chapters cover the unique features, like the focus on economically feasible treatment strategies, and highlight the book's emphasis on practicality. The book includes aspects of microbial enzymes and biomass overview, advancements in biomass pretreatment, metabolic and genetic engineering approaches, improved process and recovery strategies, eco-friendly bio bleaching in the pulp and paper industry, bioethanol production, and lignocellulose biorefinery. This book is targeted towards a diverse audience including undergraduates, postgraduates, and researchers in academia and industries.
Lignocellulosic Ethanol Production from a Biorefinery Perspective: Sustainable Valorization of Waste
by Deepansh Sharma Anita SainiThis book provides an overview of the multi-dimensional approach for the production of ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass. The sustainability of this biofuel, the current and future status of the technology and its role in waste valorization are also addressed.Bioethanol from lignocellulosic material has emerged as an alternative to the traditional first-generation bioethanol. The book also discusses various pretreatment methods for effective separation of the various components of lignocellulosic feedstock as well as their advantages, and limitations. It describes the valorization of lignocellulosic waste through the production of bioethanol and emphasizes the significance of waste utilization in managing the production cost of the fuel. Finally, the utilization of genetically engineered plants and microorganisms to increase the conversion efficiency is reviewed.
Lignocellulosic Fibers: Sustainable Biomaterials for Green Composites (SpringerBriefs in Materials)
by Yasir Nawab Khubab ShakerThe book is primarily focused on natural plant (lignocellulosic) fibers as sustainable reinforcement material for green composites. It begins with a brief introduction to common plant-based reinforcements, their extraction techniques, the structure of plant fibers, and describes novel fibers extracted from fruit, seeds, leaf, bast, and agricultural waste. The book then focuses on the application of these fibers as reinforcements for composite materials, covering reinforcement and composite fabrication techniques, as well as their performance evaluation. Overall, the book provides a unique and comprehensive look at lignocellulosic fibers for use in green composites, appealing to both researchers in the area of sustainable materials and industry professionals and entrepreneurs interested in their utilization in value-added composite products.
Lignocellulosic Materials and Their Use in Bio-based Packaging (SpringerBriefs in Molecular Science)
by Lina Fernanda Ballesteros Michele Michelin António Augusto Vicente José António Teixeira Miguel Ângelo CerqueiraThis brief provides a comprehensive review of lignocellulosic materials and their primary role in the future development of bio-based packaging. Topics such as: sources and extraction methods of lignocellulosic materials; main constituents of lignocellulosic materials; functionality of lignocellulosic materials; the development of bio-based and biodegradable packaging; incorporation of lignocellulosic materials in bio-based packaging materials; properties and functionality of bio-based packaging, are discussed by authors who are experts in the field.
Lignocellulosic Polymer Composites
by Vijay Kumar ThakurThe book presents emerging economic and environmentally friendly lignocellulosic polymer composites materials that are free from side effects studied in the traditional synthetic materials. This book brings together panels of highly-accomplished leading experts in the field of lignocellulosic polymers & composites from academia, government, as well as research institutions across the globe and encompasses basic studies including preparation, characterization, properties and theory of polymers along with applications addressing new emerging topics of novel issues. Provide basic information and clear understanding of the present state and the growing utility of lignocellulosic materials from different natural resourcesIncludes contributions from world-renowned experts on lignocellulosic polymer composites and discusses the combination of different kinds of lignocellulosic materials from natural resourcesDiscusses the fundamental properties and applications of lignocellulosic polymers in comparison to traditional synthetic materialsExplores various processing/ mechanical/ physic-chemical aspects of lignocellulosic polymer composites
Like a Thief in Broad Daylight: Power in the Era of Post-Human Capitalism
by Slavoj ZizekThe latest book from "the most despicable philosopher in the West" (New Republic) considers the new dangers and radical possibilities set in motion by advances in Big Tech.In recent years, techno-scientific progress has started to utterly transform our world--changing it almost beyond recognition. In this extraordinary new book, renowned philosopher Slavoj Žižek turns to look at the brave new world of Big Tech, revealing how, with each new wave of innovation, we find ourselves moving closer and closer to a bizarrely literal realization of Marx's prediction that "all that is solid melts into air." With the automation of work, the virtualization of money, the dissipation of class communities, and the rise of immaterial, intellectual labor, the global capitalist edifice is beginning to crumble, more quickly than ever before--and it is now on the verge of vanishing entirely.But what will come next? Against a backdrop of constant socio-technological upheaval, how could any kind of authentic change take place? In such a context, Žižek argues, there can be no great social triumph--because lasting revolution has already come into the scene, like a thief in broad daylight, stealing into sight right before our very eyes. What we must do now is wake up and see it. Urgent as ever, Like a Thief in Broad Daylight illuminates the new dangers as well as the radical possibilities thrown up by today's technological and scientific advances, and their electrifying implications for us all.
Like, Comment, Subscribe: Inside YouTube's Chaotic Rise to World Domination
by Mark BergenThe gripping inside story of YouTube, the company that upended media, culture, industry, and democracy—by a leading tech journalistAcross the world, people watch more than a billion hours of video on YouTube every day. Every minute, more than five hundred additional hours of footage are uploaded to the site, a technical feat unmatched in the history of computing. YouTube invented the attention economy we all live in today, forever changing how people are entertained, informed, and paid online. Everyone knows YouTube. And yet virtually no one knows how it works.Like, Comment, Subscribe is the first book to reveal the riveting, behind-the-scenes account of YouTube&’s technology and business, detailing how it helped Google, its parent company, achieve unimaginable power, a narrative told through the people who run YouTube and the famous stars born on its stage. It&’s the story of a revolution in media and an industry run amok, how a devotion to a simple idea—let everyone broadcast online and make money doing so—unleashed an outrage and addiction machine that spun out of the company&’s control and forever changed the world.Mark Bergen, a top technology reporter at Bloomberg, might know Google better than any other reporter in Silicon Valley, having broken numerous stories about its successes and scandals. As compelling as the very platform it investigates, Like, Comment, Subscribe is a thrilling, character-driven story of technological and creative ingenuity and the hubris that undermined it.
LikeWar: The Weaponization of Social Media
by P. W. Singer Emerson T. BrookingTwo defense experts explore the collision of war, politics, and social media, where the most important battles are now only a click away. Through the weaponization of social media, the internet is changing war and politics, just as war and politics are changing the internet. <P><P>Terrorists livestream their attacks, “Twitter wars” produce real‑world casualties, and viral misinformation alters not just the result of battles, but the very fate of nations. The result is that war, tech, and politics have blurred into a new kind of battlespace that plays out on our smartphones. <P><P>P. W. Singer and Emerson Brooking tackle the mind‑bending questions that arise when war goes online and the online world goes to war. They explore how ISIS copies the Instagram tactics of Taylor Swift, a former World of Warcraft addict foils war crimes thousands of miles away, internet trolls shape elections, and China uses a smartphone app to police the thoughts of 1.4 billion citizens. <P><P>What can be kept secret in a world of networks? Does social media expose the truth or bury it? And what role do ordinary people now play in international conflicts? <P><P>Delving into the web’s darkest corners, we meet the unexpected warriors of social media, such as the rapper turned jihadist PR czar and the Russian hipsters who wage unceasing infowars against the West. Finally, looking to the crucial years ahead, LikeWar outlines a radical new paradigm for understanding and defending against the unprecedented threats of our networked world.
Lillian Gilbreth
by Julie Des JardinsLillian Gilbreth is a stunning example of female ingenuity in the early twentieth century. At a time when women were standard fixtures in the home and barely accepted in many professions, Gilbreth excelled in both spheres, concurrently winning honors as "Engineer of the Year” and "Mother of the Year. ” This accessible, engaging introduction to the life of Lillian Gilbreth examines her pivotal role in establishing the discipline of industrial psychology, her work as an engineer of domestic management and home economics, and her role as mother of twelve children--made famous by the book, and later movie, Cheaper by the Dozen. This book examines the life of an exceptional woman who was able to negotiate the divide between the public and domestic spheres and define it on her terms. About the Lives of American Women series: Selected and edited by renowned women’s historian Carol Berkin, these brief biographies are designed for use in undergraduate courses. Rather than a comprehensive approach, each biography focuses instead on a particular aspect of a women’s life that is emblematic of her time, or which made her a pivotal figure in the era. The emphasis is on a "good read,” featuring accessible writing and compelling narratives, without sacrificing sound scholarship and academic integrity. Primary sources at the end of each biography reveal the subject’s perspective in her own words. Study questions and an annotated bibliography support the student reader.
Lime-Trees and Basswoods
by Donald PigottLime trees (Tilia spp. ) are widely distributed and locally important members of northern temperate broad-leaved forests. In marked contrast to the largely uniform morphology of the genus its taxonomic treatment has become increasingly confused and controversial, with over one hundred species and numerous subspecies described. Using extensive data from field studies of natural populations around the world, this book clarifies the situation, proposing a revised taxonomy of 23 species and 14 subspecies. Detailed descriptions are provided for all recognised taxa and are accompanied by illustrations. Data from herbaria and cultivated trees are used to extend the analyses where appropriate and type specimens are included to stabilise nomenclature. Lime tree ecology is also considered, with an exploration of experimental and analytical data on regeneration, growth and reproduction in relation to climate and soils. Additional material includes a glossary of botanical terms and appendices of herbarium codes and relevant physical concepts.
Limestone Mining in India (Materials Horizons: From Nature to Nanomaterials)
by A. K. Soni P. NemaThis book brings together a comprehensive and up-to-date presentation of the main scientific and technological aspects of limestone mining. The book discusses how to excavate limestone from surface mines including the nuances of production and commercial aspects.It addresses topical issues related with the quarrying of limestone and environmental protection measures adopted in mining and manufacturing. The chapters in this book describe planning and designing of mining processes to produce limestone that meets with market requirements and customer specifications. The book also discusses the environmental stresses caused by mining as an industrial activity and their ramifications and remedies. The book includes case studies from different geo-mining environments. The contents of this book will be useful to professionals, researchers, and policy makers alike.
Liminal Lives: Imagining the Human at the Frontiers of Biomedicine
by Susan Merrill SquierEmbryo adoptions, stem cells capable of transforming into any cell in the human body, intra- and inter-species organ transplantation--these and other biomedical advances have unsettled ideas of what it means to be human, of when life begins and ends. In the first study to consider the cultural impact of the medical transformation of the entire human life span, Susan Merrill Squier argues that fiction--particularly science fiction--serves as a space where worries about ethically and socially charged scientific procedures are worked through. Indeed, she demonstrates that in many instances fiction has anticipated and paved the way for far-reaching biomedical changes. Squier uses the anthropological concept of liminality--the state of being on the threshold of change, no longer one thing yet not quite another--to explore how, from the early twentieth century forward, fiction and science together have altered not only the concept of the human being but the contours of human life. Drawing on archival materials of twentieth-century biology; little-known works of fiction and science fiction; and twentieth- and twenty-first century U. S. and U. K. government reports by the National Institutes of Health, the Parliamentary Advisory Group on the Ethics of Xenotransplantation, and the President's Council on Bioethics, she examines a number of biomedical changes as each was portrayed by scientists, social scientists, and authors of fiction and poetry. Among the scientific developments she considers are the cultured cell, the hybrid embryo, the engineered intrauterine fetus, the child treated with human growth hormone, the process of organ transplantation, and the elderly person rejuvenated by hormone replacement therapy or other artificial means. Squier shows that in the midst of new phenomena such as these, literature helps us imagine new ways of living. It allows us to reflect on the possibilities and perils of our liminal lives.
Limit Analysis and Concrete Plasticity
by M.P. Nielsen L.C. HoangLimit Analysis and Concrete Plasticity, Second Edition explains the basic principles of plasticity theory and its application to the design of reinforced and prestressed concrete structures, providing a thorough understanding of the subject, rather than simply applying current design codes. This understanding enables the design student or engineer to solve problems more effectively and safely. Fully updated, the second edition includes new treatments in a variety of areas and includes numerical methods and computer code for solving problems, incorporating methods into Eurocode 2-the common concrete standard for all of Europe.
Limit States Design of Structural Steelwork
by David NethercotThis textbook is a comprehensive introduction to structural steelwork design based on the limit states approach to BS 5950, for use by undergraduates in civil and structural engineering. It will also serve as a reference for practising engineers unfamiliar with new parts of BS 5950.The text introduces basic properties of steel, types of steel struc
Limit States of Compressed Concrete Elements by Transverse Deformations
by Yuri Ribakov Iakov Iskhakov Ilya FrolovThe theoretical stress-strain model for compressed concrete (Iskhakov and Ribakov, 2018), is based on the structural phenomenon and requires no empirical coefficients. It includes such main parameters of concrete behavior as stresses and strains at the border between the elastic and non-elastic behavior, ultimate elastic strains and stresses and strains at the end of the post-peak region. Particular attention was focused on the descending branch of the stress-strain diagram and on concrete elastic and plastic potentials that are important for dynamic response of concrete element section and for concrete creep.The book presents experimental and numerical results confirming this model. It deals with experimental verification of theoretical models of cracking and failure scheme for cylindrical specimens. The importance of using transverse deformations for analysis of initiation and development of inelastic deformations under high loading rates is verified. The experimental and numerical results are in good agreement with the theoretical ones, which significantly reduces the number of empirical coefficients in compressed concrete elements design.
Limited Affordable Low-Volume Manufacturing: Summary of a Workshop
by Maureen Mellody"Limited Affordable Low-Volume Manufacturing" is the summary of a workshop convened by the National Materials and Manufacturing Board of the National Research Council in August 2013 to discuss affordable, low-volume manufacturing. The workshop focused on four critical issues relevant to manufacturing: low-volume manufacturing; use of commercial off-the-shelf equipment; short production runs; and commercial manufacturing services. The workshop discussion also considered variable-rate manufacturing and high-mix manufacturing, both aspects of low-volume manufacturing. This report examines the characteristics of low-volume manufacturing and considers future advances in limited affordable low-volume manufacturing in the United States.
Limited Boxed Set: Bill Gates, Big Pharma, and the Global War on Democracy and Public Health (Children’s Health Defense)
by Robert F. Kennedy Jr.#1 on AMAZON, and a NEW YORK TIMES, WALL STREET JOURNAL, USA TODAY and PUBLISHERS WEEKLY NATIONAL BESTSELLERPharma-funded mainstream media has convinced millions of Americans that Dr. Anthony Fauci is a hero. He is anything but.As director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Dr. Anthony Fauci dispenses $6.1 billion in annual taxpayer-provided funding for scientific research, allowing him to dictate the subject, content, and outcome of scientific health research across the globe. Fauci uses the financial clout at his disposal to wield extraordinary influence over hospitals, universities, journals, and thousands of influential doctors and scientists—whose careers and institutions he has the power to ruin, advance, or reward. During more than a year of painstaking and meticulous research, Robert F. Kennedy Jr. unearthed a shocking story that obliterates media spin on Dr. Fauci . . . and that will alarm every American—Democrat or Republican—who cares about democracy, our Constitution, and the future of our children&’s health. The Real Anthony Fauci reveals how &“America&’s Doctor&” launched his career during the early AIDS crisis by partnering with pharmaceutical companies to sabotage safe and effective off-patent therapeutic treatments for AIDS. Fauci orchestrated fraudulent studies, and then pressured US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulators into approving a deadly chemotherapy treatment he had good reason to know was worthless against AIDS. Fauci repeatedly violated federal laws to allow his Pharma partners to use impoverished and dark-skinned children as lab rats in deadly experiments with toxic AIDS and cancer chemotherapies. In early 2000, Fauci shook hands with Bill Gates in the library of Gates&’ $147 million Seattle mansion, cementing a partnership that would aim to control an increasingly profitable $60 billion global vaccine enterprise with unlimited growth potential. Through funding leverage and carefully cultivated personal relationships with heads of state and leading media and social media institutions, the Pharma-Fauci-Gates alliance exercises dominion over global health policy. The Real Anthony Fauci details how Fauci, Gates, and their cohorts use their control of media outlets, scientific journals, key government and quasi-governmental agencies, global intelligence agencies, and influential scientists and physicians to flood the public with fearful propaganda about COVID-19 virulence and pathogenesis, and to muzzle debate and ruthlessly censor dissent.
Limiting Future Collision Risk to Spacecraft: An Assessment of NASA's Meteoroid and Orbital Debris Programs
by Aeronautics Space Engineering BoardDerelict satellites, equipment and other debris orbiting Earth (aka space junk) have been accumulating for many decades and could damage or even possibly destroy satellites and human spacecraft if they collide. During the past 50 years, various National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) communities have contributed significantly to maturing meteoroid and orbital debris (MMOD) programs to their current state. Satellites have been redesigned to protect critical components from MMOD damage by moving critical components from exterior surfaces to deep inside a satellite's structure. Orbits are monitored and altered to minimize the risk of collision with tracked orbital debris. MMOD shielding added to the International Space Station (ISS) protects critical components and astronauts from potentially catastrophic damage that might result from smaller, untracked debris and meteoroid impacts. Limiting Future Collision Risk to Spacecraft: An Assessment of NASA's Meteoroid and Orbital Debris Program examines NASA's efforts to understand the meteoroid and orbital debris environment, identifies what NASA is and is not doing to mitigate the risks posed by this threat, and makes recommendations as to how they can improve their programs. While the report identified many positive aspects of NASA's MMOD programs and efforts including responsible use of resources, it recommends that the agency develop a formal strategic plan that provides the basis for prioritizing the allocation of funds and effort over various MMOD program needs. Other necessary steps include improvements in long-term modeling, better measurements, more regular updates of the debris environmental models, and other actions to better characterize the long-term evolution of the debris environment.
Limiting Future Collision Risk to Spacecraft: An Assessment of NASA's Meteoroid and Orbital Debris Programs
by Aeronautics Space Engineering BoardDerelict satellites, equipment and other debris orbiting Earth (aka space junk) have been accumulating for many decades and could damage or even possibly destroy satellites and human spacecraft if they collide. During the past 50 years, various National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) communities have contributed significantly to maturing meteoroid and orbital debris (MMOD) programs to their current state. Satellites have been redesigned to protect critical components from MMOD damage by moving critical components from exterior surfaces to deep inside a satellite's structure. Orbits are monitored and altered to minimize the risk of collision with tracked orbital debris. MMOD shielding added to the International Space Station (ISS) protects critical components and astronauts from potentially catastrophic damage that might result from smaller, untracked debris and meteoroid impacts. Limiting Future Collision Risk to Spacecraft: An Assessment of NASA's Meteoroid and Orbital Debris Program examines NASA's efforts to understand the meteoroid and orbital debris environment, identifies what NASA is and is not doing to mitigate the risks posed by this threat, and makes recommendations as to how they can improve their programs. While the report identified many positive aspects of NASA's MMOD programs and efforts including responsible use of resources, it recommends that the agency develop a formal strategic plan that provides the basis for prioritizing the allocation of funds and effort over various MMOD program needs. Other necessary steps include improvements in long-term modeling, better measurements, more regular updates of the debris environmental models, and other actions to better characterize the long-term evolution of the debris environment.
Limiting Global Warming to Well Below 2 °C: Energy System Modelling and Policy Development (Lecture Notes In Energy #64)
by George Giannakidis Maryse Labriet Kenneth Karlsson B. Ó GallachóirThis book presents the energy system roadmaps necessary to limit global temperature increase to below 2°C, in order to avoid the catastrophic impacts of climate change. It provides a unique perspective on and critical understanding of the feasibility of a well-below-2°C world by exploring energy system pathways, technology innovations, behaviour change and the macro-economic impacts of achieving carbon neutrality by mid-century. The transformative changes in the energy transition are explored using energy systems models and scenario analyses that are applied to various cities, countries and at a global scale to offer scientific evidence to underpin complex policy decisions relating to climate change mitigation and interrelated issues like energy security and the energy–water nexus. It includes several chapters directly related to the Nationally Determined Contributions proposed in the context of the recent Paris Agreement on Climate Change. In summary, the book collates a range of concrete analyses at different scales from around the globe, revisiting the roles of countries, cities and local communities in pathways to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and make a well-below-2°C world a reality. A valuable source of information for energy modellers in both the industry and public sectors, it provides a critical understanding of both the feasibility of roadmaps to achieve a well-below-2°C world, and the diversity and wide applications of energy systems models. Encompassing behaviour changes; technology innovations; macro-economic impacts; and other environmental challenges, such as water, it is also of interest to energy economists and engineers, as well as economic modellers working in the field of climate change mitigation.