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MRI: Essentials for Innovative Technologies
by Giuseppe PlacidiMRI: Essentials for Innovative Technologies describes novel methods to improve magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) beyond its current limitations. It proposes smart encoding methods and acquisition sequences to deal with frequency displacement due to residual static magnetic field inhomogeneity, motion, and undersampling. Requiring few or no hardware
MRI: Physics, Image Reconstruction, and Analysis (Devices, Circuits, and Systems)
by Krzysztof Iniewski Angshul Majumdar Rabab Kreidieh WardThe field of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has developed rapidly over the past decade, benefiting greatly from the newly developed framework of compressed sensing and its ability to drastically reduce MRI scan times. MRI: Physics, Image Reconstruction, and Analysis presents the latest research in MRI technology, emphasizing compressed sensing-based image reconstruction techniques. The book begins with a succinct introduction to the principles of MRI and then: Discusses the technology and applications of T1rho MRI Details the recovery of highly sampled functional MRIs Explains sparsity-based techniques for quantitative MRIs Describes multi-coil parallel MRI reconstruction techniques Examines off-line techniques in dynamic MRI reconstruction Explores advances in brain connectivity analysis using diffusion and functional MRIs Featuring chapters authored by field experts, MRI: Physics, Image Reconstruction, and Analysis delivers an authoritative and cutting-edge treatment of MRI reconstruction techniques. The book provides engineers, physicists, and graduate students with a comprehensive look at the state of the art of MRI.
MSP430 Microcontroller Lab Manual (Synthesis Lectures on Digital Circuits & Systems)
by Jeffrey Anderson Steven F. Barrett James KretzschmarThis book is a practical reference for using Texas Instruments MSP430 microcontrollers. It provides a series of hands-on laboratory exercises. The labs may be completed in a traditional laboratory setting or at home using the Digilent Analog Discovery 2 Test Instrument. This book can be used as a reference for planning future projects using the MSP430 microcontroller. The authors focus on applications of the main peripheral modules available on the MSP430 microcontroller – CPU clock, Basic Input/Output, Timer, Analog-to-Digital Converter. They also provide examples of how to develop Pulse Width Modulation signals, and how to use Interrupts.
MTS PYTHON-1 (SEC-101) First Semester FYBA, B.SC New NEP Syllabus - SPPU
by Hrishikesh V. Khaladkar Dr Nanasaheb M. Phatangare Dr Anil S. KhairnarThe comprehensive textbook titled “MTS: Python 1,” is tailored for first-year B.A./B.Sc. (Honours / Honours with Research) Mathematics students under the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 syllabus for the academic year 2024-2025. It covers Python programming fundamentals, including topics such as installation, syntax, data types, conditional structures, loops, strings, functions, and advanced topics like modular programming, recursion, and lambda functions. The text provides structured explanations, practical exercises, and examples designed to build Python programming skills progressively. Additionally, it outlines potential real-world applications and project-based tasks for enhanced learning.
MWH's Water Treatment
by Kerry Howe John C. Crittenden David W. Hand R. Rhodes Trussell George Tchobanoglousthe definitive guide to the theory and practice of water treatment engineering This newly revised edition of the classic reference provides complete, up-to-date coverage of both theory and practice of water treatment system design. The Third Edition brings the field up to date, addressing new regulatory requirements, ongoing environmental concerns, and the emergence of pharmacological agents and other new chemical constituents in water. Written by some of the foremost experts in the field of public water supply, Water Treatment, Third Edition maintains the book's broad scope and reach, while reorganizing the material for even greater clarity and readability. Topics span from the fundamentals of water chemistry and microbiology to the latest methods for detecting constituents in water, leading-edge technologies for implementing water treatment processes, and the increasingly important topic of managing residuals from water treatment plants. Along with hundreds of illustrations, photographs, and extensive tables listing chemical properties and design data, this volume: Introduces a number of new topics such as advanced oxidation and enhanced coagulation Discusses treatment strategies for removing pharmaceuticals and personal care products Examines advanced treatment technologies such as membrane filtration, reverse osmosis, and ozone addition Details reverse osmosis applications for brackish groundwater, wastewater, and other water sources Provides new case studies demonstrating the synthesis of full-scale treatment trains A must-have resource for engineers designing or operating water treatment plants, Water Treatment, Third Edition is also useful for students of civil, environmental, and water resources engineering. MWH is a global consulting firm with more than 7,000 professionals and 180 offices in thirty-five countries, that provides services to a full range of water-related projects and programs ranging from water supply, treatment and storage, dams, water management for the natural resources industry, and coastal restoration to renewable power and environmental service. MWH employees wrote the first edition of this book.
MXene Membranes for Separations
by Li Ding Haihui Wang Yanying WeiExplore critical and groundbreaking MXene applications and technologies In MXene Membranes for Separations, a team of distinguished researchers delivers a comprehensive and instructive summary of the latest research and techniques in the development of MXene. It offers an insightful view of MXene properties as a membrane in separation applications, including gas separation, ion sieving, solvent dehydration, nanofiltration, and ultrafiltration. Covering various aspects of two-dimensional membranes based on MXene materials, the book summarizes the separation mechanism, compares separation performances, and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of different approaches. It also considers the research and industrial prospects of current MXene membranes for separation applications on nanofiltration, gas separation, ion sieving, solvent dehydration, and water/oil separation. The book also includes: A thorough introduction to 2D membranes, including membrane development, separation mechanisms, and fabrication methods Comprehensive explorations of MXene nanosheets and membranes, including the preparation and characterization of MXene nanosheets and membranes Practical discussions of MXene membranes for the isolation of antibiotics, including explorations of physical adsorption and advanced oxidation In-depth examinations of MXene membranes for ion separation Perfect for membrane scientists, materials scientists, and inorganic chemists, MXene Membranes for Separations will also earn a place in the libraries of complex chemists and engineering scientists seeking a timely overview of critical MXene applications.
MXene Nanocomposites: Design, Fabrication, and Shielding Applications
by Poushali Das Sayan Ganguly Andreas RosenkranzMXenes offer single step processing, excellent electrical conductivity, easy heat dissipation behavior, and capacitor-like properties and are used in photodetectors, lithium-ion batteries, solar cells, photocatalysis, electrochemiluminescence sensors, and supercapacitors. Because of their superior electrical and thermal conductivities, these composites are an ideal choice in electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding. MXene Nanocomposites: Design, Fabrication, and Shielding Applications presents a comprehensive overview of these emerging materials, including their underlying chemistry, fabrication strategies, and cutting-edge applications in EMI shielding. • Covers modern fabrication technologies, processing, properties, nanostructure formation, and mechanisms of reinforcement. • Discuss biocompatibility, suitability, and toxic effects. • Details innovations, applications, opportunities, and future directions in EMI shielding applications. This book is aimed at researchers and advanced students in materials science and engineering and is unique in its detailed coverage of MXene-based polymer composites for EMI shielding.
MXene Reinforced Polymer Composites: Fabrication, Characterization and Applications
by Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain Kalim Deshmukh Mayank PandeyMXene Reinforced Polymer Composites This volume is the first book to comprehensively explore the various fabrication and processing strategies for MXene-reinforced polymer composites including detailed characterizations and their numerous applications. The book systematically provides a critical discussion on the synthesis and processing methods, structure, properties, characterizations, surface chemistry, and functionalization strategies of MXenes and their utilization as efficient nanofiller into various polymer matrices to form high-performance polymer composites. The book provides a deep insight into the recent state-of-the-art progress in MXene-reinforced polymer composites, discussing several critical issues and providing suggestions for future work. The key features of this book are: Providing fundamental information and a clear understanding of the synthesis, processing, compositions, structure, and physicochemical properties of MXenes; Presenting a comprehensive review of several recent accomplishments and key scientific and technological challenges in developing MXene-reinforced polymer composites; Exploring various processing and fabrication methods of MXene-reinforced polymer composites; Providing deep insight into fundamental properties and various emerging applications of MXene-reinforced polymer/composites. Audience Researchers, postgraduates, and industry engineers working in materials science, polymer science, materials engineering, and nanotechnology, as well as technologists in electronic, electrical, and biomedical industries.
MXene-Based Emerging 2D Materials for Biomedical Applications
by Sarika VermaThis book provides a well-focused and comprehensive overview of the history and background of MXene-based materials and their structure, synthesis, properties, and modifications for making various advanced materials. It covers in-depth processing parameters for making MXene-based materials for high-end applications, especially in the biomedical and pharmaceutical fields.MXene-Based Emerging 2D Materials for Biomedical Applications examines the use of MXenes in the healthcare sector as therapeutic agents in pharmaceuticals and medicine. The book examines MXene use in diagnosis and analysis as biosensors, disease detection, gene and drug delivery, cancer therapy, bioimaging, and graphen oxide (GO)-based antibacterial materials. It also discusses its potential as a promising antioxidant and GO-based scaffold for cell culture. It provides a comprehensive introduction of advanced MXene-based materials for the biomedical field/health sector through an interdisciplinary approach of research in science and biomedical engineering. The authors indicate possible areas wherein the advanced MXene-based emerging materials can benefit combining diagnostics and therapeutic possibilities and multiplex systems, and highlights the unique and novel approach to developing advanced medical applications platforms and state-of-the-art directions for future research.This book will guide bioengineering and material science students, scientists, and researchers to plan future research in this valuable field. It is a unique book that gives broad knowledge about MXene-based advanced materials under a single umbrella and demonstrates the usefulness of MXenes in the healthcare sector in multiple ways.
MXene-Based Photocatalysts: Fabrication and Applications (Emerging Materials and Technologies)
by Zuzeng QinMXene, a two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbide, nitride, and carbonitride, was discovered in 2011. MXene has great potential as a cocatalyst in the field of photocatalysis due to its unique properties and structure. MXene-Based Photocatalysts: Fabrication and Applications introduces readers to the fundamentals, preparation, microstructure characterization, and a variety of applications of MXene-based photocatalysts. The book is a comprehensive reference for MXene materials and provides an overview of the current literature on MXene-based photocatalysts. FEATURES Discusses preparation methods of MXenes Describes the morphology and microstructure of MXenes Offers strategies for fabricating MXene-based photocatalysts Details the reaction mechanism of MXene-based photocatalysts Covers applications in photocatalytic water-splitting, photocatalytic CO2 reduction, photocatalytic degradation, photocatalytic nitrogen fixation, and photocatalytic H2O2 production This book serves as an invaluable guide for advanced students, industry professionals, professors, and researchers in the field of materials science and engineering, photocatalysis, energy, and environmental applications.
MXene-Filled Polymer Nanocomposites (Emerging Materials and Technologies)
by Soney C. George Sharika T. Nair Joice Sophia PonrajMXenes are a new family of two-dimensional (2D) metal carbides, having properties such as metallic conductivity and hydrophilicity. Adding polymer binders/spacers between atomically thin MXene layers or reinforcing polymers with MXenes results in composite films that have excellent flexibility, good tensile and compressive strengths, and electrical conductivity. This book covers all advances in the field of MXene-filled polymer nanocomposites to date, illustrating fabrication and characterization, and specific properties like anti-healing, anti-friction, and microwave absorption. It further covers potential applications like energy conversion, storage systems, antibacterial, and drug delivery. The book features: exclusive material on MXene-based polymer nanocomposites; properties and potential applications of polymers upon addition of MXenes; the effect of MXenes on various thermoplastic and elastomer polymers; a focus on the properties, fabrications methods, and applications of relevant polymer matrices; and extensive coverage of the role of MXenes in polymers. This book is aimed at researchers, professionals, and graduate students in material science, polymer engineering, electronic materials, composites, chemical processing, chemical sciences, fire engineering, and biomedicine.
MXenes and MXenes-based Composites: Processing and Applications (Engineering Materials)
by Ling Bing Kong Tianshu Zhang Kun Zhou Zhuohao Xiao Shuangchen Ruan Wenxiu Que Yin LiuIn this book, the authors cover the recent progress in the synthesis, characterization and application of various multi-layered carbides, carbonitrides and nitrides. Moreover, the processing and development of MXene-based composites are elaborated, focusing on their applications and performances as transparent conductors in environmental remediation and energy storage systems.
MXenes for Energy Storage Applications: Emerging Characteristics, Compositions, and Synthesis Methods (Emerging Materials and Technologies)
by Muhammad Rafique M. Bilal Tahir Saira AnwarMXenes for Energy Storage Applications focuses on two-dimensional transition metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes), covering the structure, precursors, types of compositions, and unique properties of MXenes. It highlights various promising applications of MXenes-based materials across different energy fields, such as catalysis and energy conversion, including hydrogen evolution reaction, oxygen evolution reaction, oxygen reduction reaction, supercapacitors, batteries, and so forth.This book provides advanced solutions for all the issues and challenges related to energy storage and conversion: It covers a large range of MXenes from their basics to the advancements and their energy applications. It provides a detailed description of the structures, precursors, types of compositions, and unique properties of MXenes. It discusses synthesis techniques of MXenes along with their pros and cons. It summarizes the promising energy applications, including catalysis and electrochemical reactions for hydrogen production to batteries. It briefly explains recent progress, challenges, and practical limitations with proposed solutions. This book is aimed at researchers and graduate students in materials science, chemical engineering, and nanomaterials.
MXenes: Emerging 2D Materials
by Piyush Sharma Om Prakash PandeyThis book focuses on the expanding market for 2D MXenes and their increasing importance in future applications. It provides a thorough understanding of MXenes and their derivatives by exploring their complex composition and chemical diversity. The book provides a thorough examination of synthesis processes, characterization methodologies, and crucial attributes, which may give significant insights for both researchers and engineers. Furthermore, the book explores diverse applications of MXenes, spanning from energy storage and catalysis to electronics and beyond, thus highlighting their vast potential in driving technological innovation. Additionally, by elucidating the current state and challenges hindering the commercialization of 2D MXenes, this resource serves as a valuable guide for navigating the path towards widespread adoption. This book is an essential resource for scientists, engineers, research researchers, and students who want to delve into the captivating realm of 2D MXenes. Its interdisciplinary approach makes it a valuable tool.
MXenes: Expanding the Frontiers of Energy Applications (Clean Energy Production Technologies)
by Ravindra Pratap Singh Kshitij Rb Singh Jay Singh Ranjana VermaThe book covers fundamental aspects, explores the synthesis, composition, and various properties of this next-generation 2D material, and provides an account of the processing and development of MXenes and MXene-based composites. This book stands out as a unique contribution, focusing on two major aspects: fundamentals and energy storage applications. It thoroughly examines notable findings and technological challenges in detail. The aim is to bridge the knowledge gap in materials science, nanotechnology, and energy storage devices. The book discusses recent developments in MXenes and MXene-based composites for energy storage, including applications in supercapacitors, hybrid-ion capacitors, batteries, point-of-care devices, hydrogen storage, nanoelectronics, catalysis, electro/photocatalysis, and biofuel devices. This book provides a complete set of knowledge about 2D materials, specifically MXenes. The book serves as an excellent reference for researchers, scientists, and engineers. Moreover, it serves as a useful guide for undergraduate, postgraduate, and Ph.D. students, as well as academicians, scientists, researchers, and industry specialists working in advanced materials science, flexible electronics, nanoelectronics, and energy storage devices.
MXenes: From Research to Emerging Applications (Emerging Materials and Technologies)
by Subhendu ChakrobortyThis book introduces MXenes and provides a summary of current discoveries in their synthesis, properties, characterization techniques, and emerging applications in several fields. It explores MXenes' distinctive electrical, mechanical, and biological features, as well as their applications. It discusses the various emerging applications of MXenes in a variety of fields, including regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, separation membranes, photocatalytic hydrogen production, environmental applications, and so forth.Features: Provides comprehensive review of synthesis and application of MXenes in 2D materials Explores greener approaches that reduce the environmental impact and cost of the process Includes frameworks for assessing the balance between the synthesis and applications Discusses an overview of MXenes with a focus on energy, health, and medical applications that can be improved with new encapsulation Reviews the modern spectroscopic instruments that are utilized in sophisticated characterization methods This book is aimed at researchers and graduate students in materials engineering, nanomaterials, and 2D materials.
MXenes: Fundamentals and Applications
by Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji Ravindra Pratap Singh Kshitij Rb Singh Jay SinghMXenes One-stop reference explaining the manufacturing, design, and many applications of MXenes in an easy-to-understand linear format MXenes is a one-stop reference on MXenes, a promising new class of 2D materials, discussing the routes of functionalization and modifications towards high performance materials and providing broad coverage of lab synthesis methods. To aid in reader comprehension, this text presents the topic in a linear fashion, starting with an introduction to MXenes and ending with a comparison of MXenes to other similar 2D materials, discussing limitations, advantages, future perspectives, and challenges of both MXenes and MXene-based materials. The text covers up-to-date research in the field with a strong focus on novel findings in various devices along with core technological advancements that have been made in recent years. MXenes discusses sample topics such as: Properties of MXenes, including strong hydrophilicity, exceptional conductivity, high elastic mechanical strength, large surface-to-volume ratio, and chemical stability Applications of MXenes in energy storage, optoelectronics, spintronics, biomedicine, electro-catalysis, photocatalysis, membrane separation, supercapacitors, and batteries Performance factors that can hinder the efficacy of MXenes, including aggregation, difficulty obtaining a single layer, restacking, and oxidation of MXene nanosheets State-of-the-art progress in the field of gas sensors and electrochemical biosensors for the detection of various biomolecules, pharmaceutical drugs, and environmental pollutants Containing everything readers need to know about this exciting new class of 2D materials, MXenes is an essential reference for professionals working in advanced materials science, flexible electronics, nanoelectronics, and the energy industry, along with chemists, material scientists, and engineers in nanoscience and nanotechnology.
Ma Theory and the Creative Management of Innovation
by Mitsuru KodamaThis book focuses on the core theoretical concept of "Ma thinking" - an idea that serves as springboard for the thoughts and actions of distinguished practitioners, innovators, and researchers. The theoretical and practical importance of the Ma concept in new innovation activities lies in the thinking and activities of the leading practitioners. However, there is little academic research clarifying these characteristic dynamic transition mechanisms and the synthesis of diverse paradoxes through recursive activities between formal and informal organizations to achieve integration of dissimilar knowledge.
Mac Unlocked: Everything You Need to Know to Get Cracking in macOS Big Sur
by David PogueMake the most of your Mac with this witty, authoritative guide to macOS Big Sur.Apple updates its Mac operating system every year, adding new features with every revision. But after twenty years of this updating cycle without a printed user guide to help customers, feature bloat and complexity have begun to weigh down the works. For thirty years, the Mac faithful have turned to David Pogue&’s Mac books to guide them. With Mac Unlocked, New York Times bestselling author Pogue introduces readers to the most radical Mac software redesign in Apple history, macOS Big Sur. Beginning Mac users and Windows refugees will gain an understanding of the Mac philosophy; Mac veterans will find a concise guide to what&’s new in Big Sur, including its stunning visual and sonic redesign, the new Control Center for quick settings changes, and the built-in security auditing features. With a 300 annotated illustrations, sparkling humor, and crystal-clear prose, Mac Unlocked is the new gold-standard guide to the Mac.
Machinability of Advanced Materials (Wiley-iste Ser.)
by J. Paulo DavimMachinability of Advanced Materials addresses the level of difficulty involved in machining a material, or multiple materials, with the appropriate tooling and cutting parameters. A variety of factors determine a material’s machinability, including tool life rate, cutting forces and power consumption, surface integrity, limiting rate of metal removal, and chip shape. These topics, among others, and multiple examples comprise this research resource for engineering students, academics, and practitioners.
Machine Agency
by James Mattingly Beba CibralicAn engaging exploration of agency that provides students with the critical tools needed to understand and participate in debates about future machines.The great promise of artificial intelligence’s evolution lives alongside an equally great anxiety. As we develop increasingly autonomous machines that do things in the world, questions about agency—distinguishing machines that can act from those that cannot—are among the thorniest we face. A concise and probing exploration of agency, this accessible textbook provides the critical, technical, and conceptual tools needed to make sense of rapid changes in what machines can do and their role in our lives. James Mattingly and Beba Cibralic begin with an examination of foundational issues: What is agency? How does it differ from mindedness, consciousness, and intelligence? Can we attribute agency to certain machines, and if so, how and why? They then examine the social and ethical implications of building ever more complex machines, including those concerning moral status and responsibility. Drawing together ideas from philosophy and computer science as well as from information theory, literature, and the history of science, Machine Agency invites students to participate thoughtfully in critical debates about future machines.• Provides a roadmap for interrogating the concept of machine agency suitable for philosophy majors and non-majors alike• Investigates the connections between developments in AI and pressing issues in analytic philosophy• Explores the social and ethical impacts of computational systems with agency Features robust end-of-chapter exercises
Machine Analysis with Computer Applications for Mechanical Engineers
by James DoaneThe aim of this book is to motivate students into learning Machine Analysis by reinforcing theory and applications throughout the text. The author uses an enthusiastic hands-on approach by including photos of actual mechanisms in place of abstract line illustrations, and directs students towards developing their own software for mechanism analysis using Excel & Matlab. An accompanying website includes a detailed list of tips for learning machine analysis, including tips on working homework problems, note taking, preparing for tests, computer programming and other topics to aid in student success. Study guides for each chapter that focus on teaching the thought process needed to solve problems by presenting practice problems are included, as are computer animations for common mechanisms discussed in the text.
Machine Art in the Twentieth Century
by Andreas Broeckmann"Machine art" is neither a movement nor a genre, but encompasses diverse ways in which artists engage with technical systems. In this book, Andreas Broeckmann examines a variety of twentieth- and early twenty-first-century artworks that articulate people's relationships with machines. In the course of his investigation, Broeckmann traces historical lineages that connect art of different periods, looking for continuities that link works from the end of the century to developments in the 1950s and 1960s and to works by avant-garde artists in the 1910s and 1920s. An art historical perspective, he argues, might change our views of recent works that seem to be driven by new media technologies but that in fact continue a century-old artistic exploration.Broeckmann investigates critical aspects of machine aesthetics that characterized machine art until the 1960s and then turns to specific domains of artistic engagement with technology: algorithms and machine autonomy, looking in particular at the work of the Canadian artist David Rokeby; vision and image, and the advent of technical imaging; and the human body, using the work of the Australian artist Stelarc as an entry point to art that couples the machine to the body, mechanically or cybernetically. Finally, Broeckmann argues that systems thinking and ecology have brought about a fundamental shift in the meaning of technology, which has brought with it a rethinking of human subjectivity. He examines a range of artworks, including those by the Japanese artist Seiko Mikami, whose work exemplifies the shift.
Machine Art in the Twentieth Century (Leonardo)
by Andreas BroeckmannAn investigation of artists' engagement with technical systems, tracing art historical lineages that connect works of different periods.“Machine art” is neither a movement nor a genre, but encompasses diverse ways in which artists engage with technical systems. In this book, Andreas Broeckmann examines a variety of twentieth- and early twenty-first-century artworks that articulate people's relationships with machines. In the course of his investigation, Broeckmann traces historical lineages that connect art of different periods, looking for continuities that link works from the end of the century to developments in the 1950s and 1960s and to works by avant-garde artists in the 1910s and 1920s. An art historical perspective, he argues, might change our views of recent works that seem to be driven by new media technologies but that in fact continue a century-old artistic exploration.Broeckmann investigates critical aspects of machine aesthetics that characterized machine art until the 1960s and then turns to specific domains of artistic engagement with technology: algorithms and machine autonomy, looking in particular at the work of the Canadian artist David Rokeby; vision and image, and the advent of technical imaging; and the human body, using the work of the Australian artist Stelarc as an entry point to art that couples the machine to the body, mechanically or cybernetically. Finally, Broeckmann argues that systems thinking and ecology have brought about a fundamental shift in the meaning of technology, which has brought with it a rethinking of human subjectivity. He examines a range of artworks, including those by the Japanese artist Seiko Mikami, whose work exemplifies the shift.
Machine Behavior Design And Analysis: A Consensus Perspective
by Shuai Li Yinyan ZhangIn this book, we present our systematic investigations into consensus in multi-agent systems. We show the design and analysis of various types of consensus protocols from a multi-agent perspective with a focus on min-consensus and its variants. We also discuss second-order and high-order min-consensus. A very interesting topic regarding the link between consensus and path planning is also included. We show that a biased min-consensus protocol can lead to the path planning phenomenon, which means that the complexity of shortest path planning can emerge from a perturbed version of min-consensus protocol, which as a case study may encourage researchers in the field of distributed control to rethink the nature of complexity and the distance between control and intelligence. We also illustrate the design and analysis of consensus protocols for nonlinear multi-agent systems derived from an optimal control formulation, which do not require solving a Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation. The book was written in a self-contained format. For each consensus protocol, the performance is verified through simulative examples and analyzed via mathematical derivations, using tools like graph theory and modern control theory. The book’s goal is to provide not only theoretical contributions but also explore underlying intuitions from a methodological perspective.