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Low-Cost Solar Electric Power
by Lewis M. Fraas Mark J. O’NeillThis book describes recent breakthroughs that promise major cost reductions in solar energy production in a clear and highly accessible manner. The authors address the three key areas that have commonly resulted in criticism of solar energy in the past: cost, availability, and variability. Coverage includes cutting-edge information on recently developed 40 efficient solar cells, which can produce double the power of currently available commercial cells. The discussion also highlights the potentially transformative emergence of opportunities for integration of solar energy storage and natural gas combined heat and power systems. Solar energy production in the evening hours is also given fresh consideration via the convergence of low cost access to space and the growing number of large terrestrial solar electric power fields around the world.Dr. Fraas has been active in the development of Solar Cells and Solar Electric Power Systems for space and terrestrial applications since 1975. His research team at Boeing demonstrated the first GaAs/GaSb tandem concentrator solar cell in 1989 with a world record energy conversion efficiency of 35 , garnering awards from Boeing and NASA. He has over 30 years of experience at Hughes Research Labs, Chevron Research Co, and the Boeing High Technology Center working with advanced semiconductor devices. In a pioneering paper, he proposed the InGaP/GaInAs/Ge triple junction solar cell predicting a cell terrestrial conversion efficiency of 40 at 300 suns concentration. Having become today’s predominant cell for space satellites, that cell is now entering high volume production for terrestrial Concentrated Photovoltaic (CPV) systems. Since joining JX Crystals, Dr. Fraas has pioneered the development of various thermophotovoltaic (TPV) systems based on the new GaSb infrared sensitive PV cell. Dr. Fraas holds degrees from Caltech (B.Sc. Physics), Harvard (M. A. Applied Physics), and USC (Ph.D. EE).
The Low-Density University: 15 Scenarios for Higher Education
by Edward J. Maloney Joshua KimCOVID-19 has placed American higher education at a crossroads. This book is the roadmap.COVID-19 triggered an existential crisis for American higher education. Faced with few safe choices, most colleges and universities switched to remote learning during the 2020 spring semester. The future, however, provides more choices about how institutions can fulfill their mission of teaching and research. But how do we begin to make decisions in an uncertain and shifting environment? In this concise guide, authors Edward J. Maloney and Joshua Kim lay out clear ways colleges and universities can move forward in safe and effective ways.The Low-Density University presents fifteen scenarios for how colleges and universities can address the current crisis from a fully online semester to others with students in residence and in the classroom. How can changing the calendar or shifting to hybrid models of blended classrooms impact teaching, learning, and the college experience? Could we emerge from this crisis with new models that are better and more adapted to today's world? The Low-Density University focuses primarily on teaching and learning, but student life (housing, athletics, health, etc.) are core to the college experience. Can we devise safe and effective ways to preserve the best of that experience? The lessons here extend beyond the classroom. Just as the pandemic will change American higher education, the choices we make now will change what college looks like for generations to come.
Low-Dimensional and Nanostructured Materials and Devices: Properties, Synthesis, Characterization, Modelling and Applications (NanoScience and Technology)
by Hilmi Ünlü Norman J. M. Horing Jaroslaw DabowskiThis book focuses on the fundamental phenomena at nanoscale. It covers synthesis, properties, characterization and computer modelling of nanomaterials, nanotechnologies, bionanotechnology, involving nanodevices. Further topics are imaging, measuring, modeling and manipulating of low dimensional matter at nanoscale. The topics covered in the book are of vital importance in a wide range of modern and emerging technologies employed or to be employed in most industries, communication, healthcare, energy, conservation , biology, medical science, food, environment, and education, and consequently have great impact on our society.
Low-Dimensional Chalcohalide Nanomaterials: Energy Conversion and Sensor-Based Technologies (NanoScience and Technology)
by Krystian MistewiczThis book provides a deep insight into recent achievements in synthesis, investigation, and applications of the low-dimensional chalcohalide nanomaterials. The large number of interesting phenomena occur in these compounds, including ferroelectric, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, electrocaloric, Seebeck, photovoltaic, and ferroelectric-photovoltaic effects. Furthermore, the outstanding photoelectrochemical, photocatalytic, and piezocatalytic properties of the chalcohalide nanomaterials have been revealed. Since many chalcohalide semiconductors possess both photoactive and ferroelectric properties, they are recognized as photoferroelectrics. It presents an overview of fabrication of chalcohalide nanomaterials using different methods: mechanical milling of bulk crystals, liquid-phase exfoliation, vapor phase growth, hydro/solvothermal methods, synthesis under ultrasonic irradiation, microwave synthesis, laser/heat-induced crystallization, electrospinning, successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction. The strategies of the chalcohalide nanomaterials processing for construction of functional devices are presented.The book describes solution processing for thin films preparation, spin-coating deposition of polymer composites, solution casting, films deposition via drop-casting, high pressure compression of nanowires into the bulk samples, pressure assisted sintering, and electric field assisted alignment of nanowires. The applications of the chalcohalide nanomaterials for mechanical/thermal energy harvesting and energy storage are presented. Major challenges and emerging trends in fabrication, characterization, and future applications of low-dimensional chalcohalide nanomaterials are discussed. A wealth of information for scholars, graduate students, and engineers involved in research of nanomaterials.
Low-Dimensional Functional Materials
by Davron Matrasulov Reinhold Egger Khamdam RakhimovMaintaining and improving energy security is one of the biggest challenges worldwide. The NATO ARW conference in Tashkent, October 2012, was devoted to discussing visions and concepts that are currently discussed in different research fields. Leading scientists have written concise contributions to introduce the reader to this exciting topic. The present volume summarizes the discussions at the conference.
Low-Dimensional Magnetism
by A. N. Vasiliev O. S. Volkova E. A. Zvereva M. M. MarkinaLow-dimensional magnetism physics involves the search for new magnetic compounds and improving their characteristics to meet the needs of innovative technologies. A comprehensive overview of key materials, their formulation data and characteristics are detailed by the author. <P><P>Key selling features: Explores dominant mechanisms of magnetic interaction to determine the parameters of exchange interactions in new magnetic materials. Describes how magnetism and superconductivity not only compete, but also "help" each other. Details characteristics of key materials in the magnetic subsystem. Results of several internationally renowned research groups are included and cited. Suitable for a wide range of readers in physics, materials science, and chemistry interested in the problems of the structure of matter.
Low Dimensional Semiconductor Structures
by Norman J. Horing Hilmi ÜnlüStarting with the first transistor in 1949, the world has experienced a technological revolution which has permeated most aspects of modern life, particularly over the last generation. Yet another such revolution looms up before us with the newly developed capability to control matter on the nanometer scale. A truly extraordinary research effort, by scientists, engineers, technologists of all disciplines, in nations large and small throughout the world, is directed and vigorously pressed to develop a full understanding of the properties of matter at the nanoscale and its possible applications, to bring to fruition the promise of nanostructures to introduce a new generation of electronic and optical devices. The physics of low dimensional semiconductor structures, including heterostructures, superlattices, quantum wells, wires and dots is reviewed and their modeling is discussed in detail. The truly exceptional material, Graphene, is reviewed; its functionalization and Van der Waals interactions are included here. Recent research on optical studies of quantum dots and on the physical properties of one-dimensional quantum wires is also reported. Chapters on fabrication of nanowire - based nanogap devices by the dielectrophoretic assembly approach. The broad spectrum of research reported here incorporates chapters on nanoengineering and nanophysics. In its presentation of tutorial chapters as well as advanced research on nanostructures, this book is ideally suited to meet the needs of newcomers to the field as well as experienced researchers interested in viewing colleagues' recent advances.
Low-Dimensional Solids
by Richard I. Walton Dermot O'Hare Duncan W. BruceWith physical properties that often may not be described by the transposition of physical laws from 3D space across to 2D or even 1D space, low-dimensional solids exhibit a high degree of anisotropy in the spatial distribution of their chemical bonds. This means that they can demonstrate new phenomena such as charge-density waves and can display nanoparticulate (0D), fibrous (1D) and lamellar (2D) morphologies.This text presents some of the most recent research into the synthesis and properties of these solids and covers:Metal Oxide NanoparticlesInorganic Nanotubes and NanowiresBiomedical Applications of Layered Double HydroxidesCarbon Nanotubes and Related StructuresSuperconducting BoridesIntroducing topics such as novel layered superconductors, inorganic-DNA delivery systems and the chemistry and physics of inorganic nanotubes and nanosheets, this book discusses some of the most exciting concepts in this developing field.Additional volumes in the Inorganic Materials Book Series:Molecular MaterialsFunctional OxidesPorous MaterialsEnergy MaterialsAll volumes are sold individually or as comprehensive 5 Volume Set.
Low-Dose Radiation Effects on Animals and Ecosystems: Long-Term Study on the Fukushima Nuclear Accident
by Manabu FukumotoThis open access book summarizes the latest scientific findings regarding the biological effects of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FNPP) accident in 2011.Various cases of changes in animals and organisms have been reported since the FNPP accident. However, it is often unknown whether they are actually due to radiation, since the dose or dose-rate are not necessarily associated with the changes observed. This book brings together the works of radiation biologists and ecologists to provide reliable radioecology data and gives insight into future radioprotection.The book examines the environmental pollution and radiation exposure, and contains valuable data from abandoned livestock in the ex-evacuation zone and from wild animals including invertebrates and vertebrates, aqueous and terrestrial animals, and plants that are subjected to long-term exposure in the area still affected by radiation. It also analyzes dose evaluation, and offers new perspectives gained from the accident, as well as an overview for future studies to promote radioprotection of humans and the ecosystem.Since the biological impact of radiation is influenced by various factors, it is difficult to scientifically define the effects of low-dose/low-dose-rate radiation. However, the detailed research data presented can be combined with the latest scientific and technological advances, such as artificial intelligence, to provide new insights in the future.This book is a unique and valuable resource for researchers, professionals and anyone interested in the impact of exposure to radiation or contamination with radioactive materials.
Low Earth Orbit Satellite Design
by George Sebestyen Steve Fujikawa Nicholas Galassi Alex ChuchraIn recent decades, the number of satellites being built and launched into Earth’s orbit has grown immensely, alongside the field of space engineering itself. This book offers an in-depth guide to engineers and professionals seeking to understand the technologies behind Low Earth Orbit satellites.With access to special spreadsheets that provide the key equations and relationships needed for mastering spacecraft design, this book gives the growing crop of space engineers and professionals the tools and resources they need to prepare their own LEO satellite designs, which is especially useful for designers of small satellites such as those launched by universities. Each chapter breaks down the various mathematics and principles underlying current spacecraft software and hardware designs.
Low Electromagnetic Field Exposure Wireless Devices: Fundamentals and Recent Advances
by Masood Ur Rehman Muhammad Ali JamshedLOW ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD EXPOSURE WIRELESS DEVICES Comprehensive resource covering methods of designing energy efficient and low EMF wireless device techniques Supported with real case studies and recent advancements and laying the foundation for future advancements in the field, Low Electromagnetic Field Exposure Wireless Devices: Fundamentals and Recent Advances describes both ways, i.e. hardware and software, in which the user-centric wireless communication devices can be designed to reduce the levels of EMF to limit the potential long-term effects of EMF on human health. The text covers state-of-the-art and advanced topics such as EMF exposure standards and rationale, EMF evaluation tools, radio resource allocation, energy conservation, energy harvesting, EMF-aware antenna designs, and MIMO, and highlights advancements in this exciting field to date. To aid reader comprehension, the text contains numerous tables, illustrations, and photographs. In Low Electromagnetic Field Exposure Wireless Devices: Fundamentals and Recent Advances, readers can expect to find information on: Fundamentals and key practices, and mechanisms and assessment methods, of exposure to electromagnetic fields The role of the smartphone on the assessment of exposure from 5G and antenna design considerations and techniques for low SAR mobile handsets Numerical exposure assessments of communication systems at higher frequencies and age-dependent exposure estimation using numerical methods Reinforcement learning and device-to-device communication in minimizing EMF exposure and emission-aware uplink resource allocation scheme for non-orthogonal multiple access systems For wireless user equipment designers and hardware engineers, teachers in wireless communications, and postgraduate students in antennas for communication systems, Low Electromagnetic Field Exposure Wireless Devices: Fundamentals and Recent Advances is a must-have resource, covering an important topic that is expected to only grow in significance as future technological developments are made.
Low Emission Power Generation Technologies and Energy Management
by Jean-Claude SabonnadiéreThis title is dedicated to energy storage, low emission technologies and energy management, with discussions on the future of nuclear energy, combined heat and power, using hydrogen as an energy vector and fuel cells, as well as chapters on energy saving and control of the demand for power.
Low-Energy Ion Irradiation of Materials: Fundamentals and Application (Springer Series in Materials Science #324)
by Bernd RauschenbachThis book provides a comprehensive introduction to all aspects of low-energy ion–solid interaction from basic principles to advanced applications in materials science. It features a balanced and insightful approach to the fundamentals of the low-energy ion–solid surface interaction, focusing on relevant topics such as interaction potentials, kinetics of binary collisions, ion range, radiation damages, and sputtering. Additionally, the book incorporates key updates reflecting the latest relevant results of modern research on topics such as topography evolution and thin-film deposition under ion bombardment, ion beam figuring and smoothing, generation of nanostructures, and ion beam-controlled glancing angle deposition. Filling a gap of almost 20 years of relevant research activity, this book offers a wealth of information and up-to-date results for graduate students, academic researchers, and industrial scientists working in these areas.
Low Energy Low Carbon Architecture: Recent Advances & Future Directions (ISSN)
by KhaledA. Al-SallalProviding a complete and in-depth overview of the available knowledge in the area of low energy and low carbon architecture. The scope of this edited book includes several important topics ranging from chapters giving a broad view of the progressing models in ecologically responsible environments to other chapters focussing on recent advances in design strategies and building technologies in low energy heating, cooling, daylighting, materials, and building sustainable systems. The book will give the readers insight to the future of low energy and low carbon architecture in the beyond-green era and discussed in the broader context of the progressing theories of regenerative design.
Low-Energy Lunar Trajectory Design (JPL Deep-Space Communications and Navigation Series #12)
by Jeffrey S. Parker Rodney L. AndersonBased on years of research conducted at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Low-Energy Lunar Trajectory Design provides high-level information to mission managers and detailed information to mission designers about low-energy transfers between Earth and the moon. The book answers high-level questions about the availability and performance of such transfers in any given month and year. Low-energy lunar transfers are compared with various other types of transfers, and placed within the context of historical missions. Using this book, designers may reconstruct any transfer described therein, as well as design similar transfers with particular design parameters. An Appendix, “Locating the Lagrange Points,” and a useful list of terms and constants completes this technical reference. Surveys thousands of possible trajectories that may be used to transfer spacecraft between Earth and the moon, including transfers to lunar libration orbits, low lunar orbits, and the lunar surface Provides information about the methods, models, and tools used to design low-energy lunar transfers Includes discussion about the variations of these transfers from one month to the next, and the important operational aspects of implementing a low-energy lunar transfer Additional discussions address navigation, station-keeping, and spacecraft systems issues
Low Energy Neutrino-Nucleus Interactions at the Spallation Neutron Source (Springer Theses)
by Samuel HedgesThis thesis highlights the development and analysis of multiple neutrino detectors deployed to the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory as part of the COHERENT experiment. It includes a preliminary measurement of the neutrino-induced neutron cross section on lead, and analysis that led to the first inclusive electron-neutrino charged-current measurement on iodine. These results add to the small number of inelastic neutrino-nucleus cross sections measured in this energy range, which are useful for understanding supernova and solar neutrino detection sensitivity. Additionally, it discusses preliminary work for and design of COHERENT’s ton-scale NaI coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering (CEvNS) detector, currently being deployed to the SNS. Finally, it includes information on a campaign to measure the nuclear recoil quenching factor of NaI using multiple crystals, attempting to resolve inconsistencies with existing measurements.
Low Energy Photon Detection (Springer Theses)
by Tianyi GuoThis thesis showcases innovative new approaches aimed at advancing the next generation of long wave infrared (LWIR) light detectors and cameras. Detecting LWIR light at room temperature has posed a persistent challenge due to the low energy of photons. The pursuit of an affordable, high-performance LWIR camera capable of room temperature detection has spanned several decades. The two approaches detailed within are designed to offer high detectivity, swift response times, and room temperature operation. The first involves harnessing the Dirac plasmon and the Seebeck effect in graphene to create a photo-thermoelectric detector. The second entails the use of an oscillating circuit integrated with phase change materials and the modulation of frequency induced by infrared illumination to achieve LWIR detection. Finally, the graphene-based detectors are integrated with readout circuits to enable the development of a dense pixel focal plane which has strong potential for commercialization. The journey from novel material to device to functional camera presented here is essential reading for researchers in the field of photon detection.
Low-Enthalpy Geothermal Resources for Power Generation
by D. Chandrasekharam Jochen BundschuhIn many developing countries the exponentially growing electricity demand can be covered by using locally available, sustainable low-enthalpy geothermal resources (80-150 °C). Such low-enthalpy sources can make electricity generation more independent from oil imports or from the over-dependence on hydropower. Until now this huge energy resource has only been used by some developed countries like the USA, Iceland and New Zealand. The reason why low-enthalpy geothermal resources are not used for electricity generation is that there is still a misconception that low-enthalpy thermal fluids are fit only for direct application. The advancement of drilling technology, development of efficient heat exchangers and deployment of high sensitive binary fluids contribute to the useful application of this energy resource on a much wider scale.This book focuses on all aspects of low enthalpy geothermal thermal fluids. It will be an important source book for all scientists working on geothermal energy development. Specifically those involved in research in developing countries rich in such thermal resources, and for agencies involved in bilateral and international cooperation.
Low Frequency Electromagnetic Design (Electrical And Computer Engineering Ser. #28)
by PerryIn an historical context, the development of electromagnetic theory and anaylsis has undergone many evolutionary changes since the 19th century. Faraday's 1831 discovery of the magnetic induction principle was at first a scientific curisoity, then a subject of intense intellectual activity resulting in the infication of the macroscopic electromagnetic principles through Maxwell's equations. One of the subdisciplines created by the discovery of electromagnetic induction and its theoretical foundation was the anaylsis of specific arrangements of ponderable bodies, including conductors which interact with electromagnetic fields to produce the measurable phyiscal effects which we call heat and mechanical force. This book is intended neither as a suppliment or replacement for previous texts, however, a number of conductor arrangements are covered here which are not done elsewhere. It is primarily for industrial use; where insight into the physical processes may be of practical value.
Low Frequency Radio Astronomy and the LOFAR Observatory: Lectures from the Third LOFAR Data Processing School (Astrophysics and Space Science Library #426)
by George Heald John McKean Roberto PizzoThis book presents lecture materials from the Third LOFAR Data School, transformed into a coherent and complete reference book describing the LOFAR design, along with descriptions of primary science cases, data processing techniques, and recipes for data handling. Together with hands-on exercises the chapters, based on the lecture notes, teach fundamentals and practical knowledge. LOFAR is a new and innovative radio telescope operating at low radio frequencies (10-250 MHz) and is the first of a new generation of radio interferometers that are leading the way to the ambitious Square Kilometre Array (SKA) to be built in the next decade. This unique reference guide serves as a primary information source for research groups around the world that seek to make the most of LOFAR data, as well as those who will push these topics forward to the next level with the design, construction, and realization of the SKA. This book will also be useful as supplementary reading material for any astrophysics overview or astrophysical techniques course, particularly those geared towards radio astronomy (and radio astronomy techniques).
The Low GI Shopper's Guide to GI Values 2011
by Jennie Brand-Miller Kaye Foster-Powell M. Nutri. DietAlongside growing scientific evidence supporting the remarkable health benefit of a low-GI diet and the forthcoming publication of the revised Low GI Handbook (previously published as The New Glucose Revolution, more than 1 million copies sold in all editions), a new audience is poised to discover the Shopper’s Guide and its comprehensive lists of GI values-the key to unlocking those benefits. Shopper’s Guide is the only annually updated book of GI values, featuring up-to-date comprehensive nutritional data on nearly 1,500 foods, with additional information for those following gluten-free diets, shopping lists, and tips for meal planning and dining out. The convenient at-a-glance tables make this the necessary guide for people following the glycemic index to manage conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, or PCOS; to lose weight; or to improve their overall well-being.
The Low GI Shopper's Guide to GI Values 2012
by Dr Jennie Brand-Miller Kaye Foster-Powell M. Nutri. DietWhether you’re grocery shopping, planning dinner, eating out, or meeting with your nutritionist or dietitian, the seventh annual edition of the Shopper’s Guide to GI Values—previous editions of which have sold more than 180,000 copies—is a must for anyone seeking healthier eating habits. Newly revised and updated, the convenient, at-a-glance tables make this the one necessary guide for people following a glycemic index (GI) diet to improve health conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, or PCOS; lose weight; or enhance their overall well-being and fitness. Shopper’s Guide is the only annually updated book of GI values, featuring nearly 1,300 foods and their GI values as well as comprehensive nutritional data for calories, fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, fiber, and sodium.
Low-Grade Heat Harvesting: Materials, Devices, and Technologies
by Xiaogang ZhangLow-Grade Heat Harvesting Harvest a vast untapped reservoir of energy with this essential resource The search for widely available, sustainable energy sources is arguably the defining challenge of the current era. Low-Grade Heat, a term referring to temperatures under 100 degrees Celsius, is an incredibly abundant form of energy in the natural world, but not one which existing sustainable technologies have been able to harvest efficiently and sustainably. The ubiquity of this energy, however, gives it huge potential to address the looming energy crisis. Low-Grade Heat Harvesting surveys existing technologies for utilizing low-grade heat and the related techniques for storing and converting low-grade heat energy. Beginning with the basic thermodynamic principles underlying low-grade heat, it proceeds to work systematically through the major categories of low-grade heat harvesting device, offering a comprehensive overview of the state of the field. Low-Grade Heat Harvesting readers will also find: A focus on emerging technologies Detailed discussion of thermoelectric devices for low-grade heat harvesting, liquid-based thermocells for heat-to-current conversion, and many more Authored by an acknowledged expert in energy storage and conversion Low-Grade Heat Harvesting is ideal for materials scientists, electrochemists, electronics engineers, and anyone else working to address energy needs.
Low Head Hydropower for Local Energy Solutions (IHE Delft PhD Thesis Series)
by Pradeep NarrainThe role of small hydropower is becoming increasingly important on a global level. Increasing energy demand and environmental awareness has further triggered research and development into sustainable low-cost technologies. In developing countries, particularly in rural areas, the possibility of local power generation could considerably improve living conditions. With this in mind, the development of a next generation low-head hydropower machines was subject of investigation in the EU-project HYLOW. Being part of the research lines of that project, this thesis presents a numerical modelling approach to improve the design of machines like water wheels for increased hydraulic efficiency. Nowadays, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) enables numerical models to be quite accurate and incorporate physical complexities like free surfaces and rotating machines. The results of the CFD simulations carried out in this research show that a change in blade geometry can result in higher torque levels, thereby increasing performance. Numerical simulations also enabled to determine the optimal wheel-width to channel-width ratio and further improve performance by modifying the channel bed conditions upstream and downstream of the water wheel. With a power rating in the low kilowatt range, low-head hydropower machines like optimised water wheels seem to have a clear potential for small-scale energy generation, thereby contributing to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals by providing local energy solutions.
Low Impact Development and Sustainable Stormwater Management
by Thomas H. CahillSustainable Stormwater Management introduces engineers and designers to ideas and methods for managing stormwater in a more ecologically sustainable fashion. It provides detailed information on the design process, engineering details and calculations, and construction concerns. Concepts are illustrated with real-world examples, complete with photographs. This guide integrates the perspectives of landscape architects, planners, and scientists for a multi-disciplinary approach. This is an enlightening reference for professionals working in stormwater management, from engineers and designers to developers to regulators, and a great text for college courses.