- Table View
- List View
Low Power Interconnect Design
by Sandeep SainiThis book provides practical solutions for delay and power reduction for on-chip interconnects and buses. It provides an in depth description of the problem of signal delay and extra power consumption, possible solutions for delay and glitch removal, while considering the power reduction of the total system. Coverage focuses on use of the Schmitt Trigger as an alternative approach to buffer insertion for delay and power reduction in VLSI interconnects. In the last section of the book, various bus coding techniques are discussed to minimize delay and power in address and data buses.
Low-Power Millimeter Wave Transmitters for High Data Rate Applications (Signals and Communication Technology)
by Khaled Khalaf Vojkan Vidojkovic John R. Long Piet WambacqThis book discusses low power techniques for millimeter wave transmitter IC. Considerations for the front-end design are followed by several implementation examples in the 60GHz band in CMOS down to 28nm technology. Additionally, the design and implementation details of digitally-modulated millimeter wave polar transmitters are presented.
Low Power Networks-on-Chip
by Cristina Silvano Marcello Lajolo Gianluca PalermoIn recent years, both Networks-on-Chip, as an architectural solution for high-speed interconnect, and power consumption, as a key design constraint, have continued to gain interest in the design and research communities. This book offers a single-source reference to some of the most important design techniques proposed in the context of low-power design for networks-on-chip architectures.
Low-Power NoC for High-Performance SoC Design (System-on-Chip Design and Technologies)
by Hoi-Jun Yoo Kangmin Lee Jun Kyong KimChip Design and Implementation from a Practical Viewpoint Focusing on chip implementation, Low-Power NoC for High-Performance SoC Design provides practical knowledge and real examples of how to use network on chip (NoC) in the design of system on chip (SoC). It discusses many architectural and theoretical studies on NoCs, including design methodology, topology exploration, quality-of-service guarantee, low-power design, and implementation trials. The Steps to Implement NoC The book covers the full spectrum of the subject, from theory to actual chip design using NoC. Employing the Unified Modeling Language (UML) throughout, it presents complicated concepts, such as models of computation and communication–computation partitioning, in a manner accessible to laypeople. The authors provide guidelines on how to simplify complex networking theory to design a working chip. In addition, they explore the novel NoC techniques and implementations of the Basic On-Chip Network (BONE) project. Examples of real-time decisions, circuit-level design, systems, and chips give the material a real-world context. Low-Power NoC and Its Application to SoC Design Emphasizing the application of NoC to SoC design, this book shows how to build the complicated interconnections on SoC while keeping a low power consumption.
Low-Power Processors and Systems on Chips
by Christian PiguetThe power consumption of microprocessors is one of the most important challenges of high-performance chips and portable devices. In chapters drawn from Piguet's recently published Low-Power Electronics Design, this volume addresses the design of low-power microprocessors in deep submicron technologies. It provides a focused reference for specialists involved in systems-on-chips, from low-power microprocessors to DSP cores, reconfigurable processors, memories, ad-hoc networks, and embedded software.Low-Power Processors and Systems on Chips is organized into three broad sections for convenient access. The first section examines the design of digital signal processors for embedded applications and techniques for reducing dynamic and static power at the electrical and system levels. The second part describes several aspects of low-power systems on chips, including hardware and embedded software aspects, efficient data storage, networks-on-chips, and applications such as routing strategies in wireless RF sensing and actuating devices. The final section discusses embedded software issues, including details on compilers, retargetable compilers, and coverification tools.Providing detailed examinations contributed by leading experts, Low-Power Processors and Systems on Chips supplies authoritative information on how to maintain high performance while lowering power consumption in modern processors and SoCs. It is a must-read for anyone designing modern computers or embedded systems.
Low Power Semiconductor Devices and Processes for Emerging Applications in Communications, Computing, and Sensing (Devices, Circuits, and Systems)
by Sumeet WaliaThe book addresses the need to investigate new approaches to lower energy requirement in multiple application areas and serves as a guide into emerging circuit technologies. It explores revolutionary device concepts, sensors, and associated circuits and architectures that will greatly extend the practical engineering limits of energy-efficient computation. The book responds to the need to develop disruptive new system architectures and semiconductor processes aimed at achieving the highest level of computational energy efficiency for general purpose computing systems. <P><P> <li>Discusses unique technologies and material only available in specialized journal and conferences. <li>Covers emerging materials and device structures, such as ultra-low power technologies, nanoelectronics, and microsystem manufacturing. <li>Explores semiconductor processing and manufacturing, device design, and performance. <li>Contains practical applications in the engineering field, as well as graduate studies. <li>Written by international experts from both academia and industry.
Low Power to the People
by Christina Dunbar-HesterThe United States ushered in a new era of small-scale broadcasting in 2000 when it began issuing low-power FM (LPFM) licenses for noncommercial radio stations around the country. Over the next decade, several hundred of these newly created low-wattage stations took to the airwaves. In Low Power to the People, Christina Dunbar-Hester describes the practices of an activist organization focused on LPFM during this era. Despite its origins as a pirate broadcasting collective, the group eventually shifted toward building and expanding regulatory access to new, licensed stations. These radio activists consciously cast radio as an alternative to digital utopianism, promoting an understanding of electronic media that emphasizes the local community rather than a global audience of Internet users.Dunbar-Hester focuses on how these radio activists impute emancipatory politics to the "old" medium of radio technology by promoting the idea that "microradio" broadcasting holds the potential to empower ordinary people at the local community level. The group's methods combine political advocacy with a rare commitment to hands-on technical work with radio hardware, although the activists' hands-on, inclusive ethos was hampered by persistent issues of race, class, and gender. Dunbar-Hester's study of activism around an "old" medium offers broader lessons about how political beliefs are expressed through engagement with specific technologies. It also offers insight into contemporary issues in media policy that is particularly timely as the FCC issues a new round of LPFM licenses.
Low Power to the People: Pirates, Protest, and Politics in FM Radio Activism (Inside Technology)
by Christina Dunbar-HesterAn examination of how activists combine political advocacy and technical practice in their promotion of the emancipatory potential of local low-power FM radio.The United States ushered in a new era of small-scale broadcasting in 2000 when it began issuing low-power FM (LPFM) licenses for noncommercial radio stations around the country. Over the next decade, several hundred of these newly created low-wattage stations took to the airwaves. In Low Power to the People, Christina Dunbar-Hester describes the practices of an activist organization focused on LPFM during this era. Despite its origins as a pirate broadcasting collective, the group eventually shifted toward building and expanding regulatory access to new, licensed stations. These radio activists consciously cast radio as an alternative to digital utopianism, promoting an understanding of electronic media that emphasizes the local community rather than a global audience of Internet users.Dunbar-Hester focuses on how these radio activists impute emancipatory politics to the “old” medium of radio technology by promoting the idea that “microradio” broadcasting holds the potential to empower ordinary people at the local community level. The group's methods combine political advocacy with a rare commitment to hands-on technical work with radio hardware, although the activists' hands-on, inclusive ethos was hampered by persistent issues of race, class, and gender.Dunbar-Hester's study of activism around an “old” medium offers broader lessons about how political beliefs are expressed through engagement with specific technologies. It also offers insight into contemporary issues in media policy that is particularly timely as the FCC issues a new round of LPFM licenses.
Low-Power Variation-Tolerant Design in Nanometer Silicon
by Saibal Mukhopadhyay Swarup BhuniaDesign considerations for low-power operations and robustness with respect to variations typically impose contradictory requirements. Low-power design techniques such as voltage scaling, dual-threshold assignment and gate sizing can have large negative impact on parametric yield under process variations. This book focuses on circuit/architectural design techniques for achieving low power operation under parameter variations. We consider both logic and memory design aspects and cover modeling and analysis, as well as design methodology to achieve simultaneously low power and variation tolerance, while minimizing design overhead. This book will discuss current industrial practices and emerging challenges at future technology nodes.
Low-Power VLSI Circuits and Systems
by Ajit PalThe book provides a comprehensive coverage of different aspects of low power circuit synthesis at various levels of design hierarchy; starting from the layout level to the system level. For a seamless understanding of the subject, basics of MOS circuits has been introduced at transistor, gate and circuit level; followed by various low-power design methodologies, such as supply voltage scaling, switched capacitance minimization techniques and leakage power minimization approaches. The content of this book will prove useful to students, researchers, as well as practicing engineers.
Low-Power Wide Area Network for Large Scale Internet of Things: Architectures, Communication Protocols and Recent Trends (Prospects in Networking and Communications – P-NetCom)
by Mariyam Ouaissa Mariya Ouaissa Inam Ullah Khan Zakaria Boulouard Junaid RashidThis book presents a comprehensive exploration of LPWANs, delving into their fundamental concepts, underlying technologies, and the multifaceted challenges they tackle. This book recognizes that LPWANs don't operate in isolation; they are intimately intertwined with Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning (AI/ML) technologies, which play a pivotal role in optimizing LPWAN performance and capabilities. The book is a collection of original contributions regarding air interface, transmission technologies and novel network architectures, such as network slicing, cloud/fog/edge computing, ad hoc networks and software-defined network. Also, this book provides a guide for researchers of IoT applications to choose suitable LPWAN technologies and describe the design aspects, network architectures, security issues and challenges.Features: Explains machine learning algorithms onto low-power wide area network sensors for compressed communications. Illustrates wireless-based Internet of Things networks using low-power wide area networks technology for quality air. Presents cognitive Internet of Things networks using wireless communication, and low-power wide area network technologies for Ad Hoc networks. Discusses a comprehensive study of low-power wide area networks for flying Ad Hoc networks. Showcases the study of energy efficient techniques aided by low-power wide area network technologies for the Internet of Things networks. The text is aimed at senior undergraduate, graduate students, and academic researchers in the fields of electrical engineering, electronics and communication engineering, computer engineering, and information technology.
Low-Power Wide-Area Networks: Opportunities, Challenges, Risks and Threats
by Ismail Butun Ian F. AkyildizThis book offers the most suitable methods of applying Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) technology to conceptual works and/or research studies. For instance, existing IoT protocols such as CoAP and MQTT are complemented by LPWAN to provide better service quality (QoS) to enable the notion of "sensor as a service" to endpoint users which is demonstrated in this book. LPWAN is a new enabling technology for IoT, filling the gap that existed between the legacy network technologies (WLAN, LAN, PAN) in terms of power, range, and data rates. It is also an alternative solution to implementations of IoT via cellular (4G/5G/6G) technologies, as it operates on the ISM band and also provides long-term battery life. Due to the several advantages, it brings, LPWAN raises high enthusiasm for many stakeholders of IoT. However, there still exist many research challenges to be tackled within this technology. As such this book aims at shedding light on those research problems. Moreover, practical users can also benefit from this book: Emergency response teams can leverage IoT systems with the extended communications-range capability provided by LPWAN technology. Moreover, machine-to-machine (M2M) and thing-to-thing (T2T) communications also benefit from this notion, as well as the Social IoT (SIoT) concept, owing to the “low-power” consumption advantage that is brought up by LPWAN technologies, e.g., 10 years battery lifetime projection for the LoRaWAN end-devices is very promising. Eventually, this proposed book aims at covering all aspects of LPWANs, from A to Z, theoretical aspects, hardware platforms and technologies, along with applications, opportunities, and, finally, challenges. Cyber-attacks and incidences are on the rise within the last decade, especially cases in large corporates and critical infrastructures have shown that cybersecurity should become one of the important pillars of computer network infrastructures as well as any kind of relevant technology being introduced. As such, cybersecurity is bringing attention not only from practitioners and academicians but also from other parties such as media, politicians, etc. Eventually, to reflect this important point of view, this book includes three chapters to investigate various aspects of LPWAN cybersecurity. Researchers working in wireless communications technologies and advanced-level students taking courses in electrical engineering or computer science will benefit from this book as a reference. Professionals working within this related field will also want to purchase this book.
Low Power Wireless Receivers for IoT Applications with Multi-band Calibration Algorithms
by Michael W. RawlinsThis book guides the reader through the design of circuits and wireless IoT devices deployed in applications demanding low power, small size, and high levels of integration. The design of a sub-1V wireless-LAN receiver is detailed along with associated calibration algorithms. Some of the key circuits detailed include a successive approximation analog-to-digital converter, a rail-to-rail comparator, a digitally programmable CMOS low-noise amplifier, an RF voltage to current converter, and a fifth-order Chebyshev analog programmable filter. Helpful appendices are included teaching operational amplifier design, CMOS and SiGe low-noise amplifier design, impedance matching, noise and distortion analysis. While theory and design equations are presented throughout the book for the various circuit designs, practical implementation and design tradeoffs are emphasized so the reader can immediately apply knowledge gained. Receiver and calibration circuits are designed in a standard CMOS technology using a 900mV power supply.Provides readers with analytical tools and practical help, conveyed in a clear and concise manner, which will assist not only in understanding the material, but also in practical and functional implementation of the concepts demonstrated;Focuses on long range and broad-band IoT applications with a wireless-LAN focus, emphasizing detailed design techniques, helping readers transition from theoretical understanding to practical application;Bridges the gap between system level understanding and practical design implementation, providing readers with tools and techniques which can be applied immediately to their designs;Serves as a handy technical resource for practical design techniques, as well as a quick reference guide for design equations and examples pertinent to realistic applications.
Low Profile Conformal Antenna Arrays on High Impedance Substrate
by Hema Singh R. Chandini Rakesh Mohan JhaThis book presents electromagnetic (EM) design and analysis of dipole antenna array over high impedance substrate (HIS). HIS is a preferred substrate for low-profile antenna design, owing to its unique boundary conditions. Such substrates permit radiating elements to be printed on them without any disturbance in the radiation characteristics. Moreover HIS provides improved impedance matching, enhanced bandwidth, and increased broadside directivity owing to total reflection from the reactive surface and high input impedance. This book considers different configurations of HIS for array design on planar and non-planar high-impedance surfaces. Results are presented for cylindrical dipole, printed dipole, and folded dipole over single- and double-layered square-patch-based HIS and dogbone-based HIS. The performance of antenna arrays is analyzed in terms of performance parameters such as return loss and radiation pattern. The design presented shows acceptable return loss and mainlobe gain of radiation pattern. This book provides an insight to EM design and analysis of conformal arrays. This book serves as an introduction for beginners in the design and analysis of HIS-based antenna arrays. It includes pictorial description of both planar and non-planar array design and the detailed discussion of the performance analysis of HIS-based planar and non-planar antenna array. It will prove useful to researchers and professionals, alike.
Low-profile Natural and Metamaterial Antennas: Analysis Methods and Applications
by Hisamatsu NakanoPresents recent progress in low-profile natural and metamaterial antennas This book presents the full range of low-profile antennas that use novel elements and take advantage of new concepts in antenna implementation, including metamaterials. Typically formed by constructing lattices of simple elements, metamaterials possess electromagnetic properties not found in naturally occurring materials, and show great promise in a number of low-profile antenna implementations. Introductory chapters define various natural and metamaterial-based antennas and provide the fundamentals of writing computer programs based on the method of moments (MoM) and the finite-difference time-domain method (FDTDM). Chapters then discuss low-profile natural antennas classified into base station antennas, mobile card antennas, beam-forming antennas, and satellite-satellite and earth-satellite communications antennas. Final chapters look at various properties of low-profile metamaterial-based antennas, revealing the strengths and limitations of the metamaterial-based straight line antenna (metaline antenna), metamaterial-based loop antenna (metaloop), open metaloop antenna, the effects of counter dual-band CP radiation, and more. Offers comprehensive coverage of both metamaterials and natural materials for low-profile antennas Written by an internationally-recognized expert in the field of low-profile antennas Depicts actual high-performance low-profile antennas for the antenna engineer Draws on classroom-tested material in graduate courses and short courses over the past 20 years Low-Profile Natural and Metamaterial Antennas is a must-have reference book for advanced undergraduate and graduate level students as well as antenna engineers interested in low-profile antenna design theory. Hisamatsu Nakano is Professor in the Department of Electrical and Electronics, Science and Engineering at Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan. Professor Nakano received the 2010 Prize for Science and Technology from Japan's Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology, and is the holder of 78 patents, author of over 300 papers, and a Life Fellow of the IEEE.
Low Radar Cross Section HIS-Based Phased Array: Radiation and Scattering Analysis
by Hema Singh Avinash SinghThe design and development of low radar cross section (RCS) phased array has been a challenging subject in stealth technology. The frequency selective surface elements act as absorbers in specific frequency band and facilitate gain enhancement and reduction of antenna RCS. This book presents a comprehensive EM design and analysis of such low-profile patch arrays with high impedance surface-based ground plane. It explains how to determine radiation mode RCS of low-profile antenna arrays with arbitrary configurations. Detailed descriptions of design, workflow of determining radiation and scattering behavior of antenna arrays have been supported with schematics, tables, and illustrations. Aimed at engineers and researchers for RCS, antenna engineers and graduate students in electrical engineering and electromagnetics, it • Discusses both radiation and scattering features of both planar and conformal HIS-based low profile antennas • Describes the theoretical background, design, simulations and analysis of low RCS phased array in detail • Presents the physics behind the resultant radiation and scattering characteristics of designed antenna array • Helps readers understand design and analysis of low RCS antenna array without any degradation in its radiation performance • Includes figures, schematics and illustrations to provide comprehensive descriptions of both radiation and scattering characteristics of phased arrays of different configurations
Low Rank Approximation
by Ivan MarkovskyData Approximation by Low-complexity Models details the theory, algorithms, and applications of structured low-rank approximation. Efficient local optimization methods and effective suboptimal convex relaxations for Toeplitz, Hankel, and Sylvester structured problems are presented. Much of the text is devoted to describing the applications of the theory including: system and control theory; signal processing; computer algebra for approximate factorization and common divisor computation; computer vision for image deblurring and segmentation; machine learning for information retrieval and clustering; bioinformatics for microarray data analysis; chemometrics for multivariate calibration; and psychometrics for factor analysis. Software implementation of the methods is given, making the theory directly applicable in practice. All numerical examples are included in demonstration files giving hands-on experience and exercises and MATLAB® examples assist in the assimilation of the theory.
Low-Rank Coal Applications in Agriculture: Humic Analyses, Products, and Performance
by L. Edwin LiemLow-Rank Coal Applications in Agriculture explores the commercialization and marketing potential of low-rank coal, which is rich in organic matter and humic substances. The author—a noted expert on the topic—clearly shows from a practical perspective, that rather than using it as an energy source, this material can be applied for the agricultural sector. The author investigates low-rank coal’s potential as used in dry and liquid humic products. This book discusses both raw materials and commercial products, and provides data on improved soil quality, crop yields, and livestock productivity. This groundbreaking book: details how this material can benefit agriculture; thus positioning coal in the more “green sector” type of industry presents original data collected from laboratories and agricultural fields, and summarizes literature on the science and regulation of low-rank coal and humic substances Written for field practitioners, end users, marketers, operators, regulators, researchers, and academics, Low-Rank Coal Applications in Agriculture is the first book on the market to explore the real-life use of low-rank coal for the agricultural sector.
Low-Switching Frequency Modulation Schemes for Multi-level Inverters
by A. Rakesh Kumar T. Deepa Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban Jens Bo Holm-NielsenMulti-level Inverters (MLIs) are widely used for conversion of DC to AC power. This book provides various low-switching frequency (LSF) modulation schemes (conventional and improved), which can be implemented on MLIs. The LSF modulation schemes are implemented to three different MLI topologies to demonstrate their working and aimed at their application to reader invented MLI topologies. Highlighting the advantages of LSF over high-switching frequency (HSF) modulation schemes, the simulations are carried out using MATLAB®/Simulink along with hardware experiments. The practical application of MLIs to renewable energy sources and electric vehicles is also provided at the end of the book. Aimed at researchers, graduate students in Electric Power Engineering, Power Electronics, this book: Presents detailed overview of most commonly used multi-level invertor topologies. Covers advantages of low-switching over high-switching frequency scheme. Includes an exclusive section dedicated for an improved low-switching modulation scheme. Dedicated chapter on application of renewable energy sources to multi-level invertors and electric vehicles. Explains all the low-switching frequency modulation schemes.
Low-tech Innovation
by Oliver Som Eva KirnerThis book highlights the economic relevance of the so-called low-tech industries and firms. Non R&D intensive firms continue to be the economic backbone of several developed industrial countries. They form the core of National Innovation Systems and contribute significantly to growth and employment. However, due to their lack of R&D activity, they are easily overlooked in the general innovation debate. This book provides latest empirical findings on the current economic relevance and specific innovation strategies and management of non-R&D intensive firms in Germany. It discusses their future role in a knowledge driven economy as well as possible implications for innovation and technology policy. An outcome of several years of dedicated research conducted at the Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research (ISI), this book will prove of immense value to researchers and policy makers dealing with innovation and knowledge strategy.
Low Temperature Materials and Mechanisms
by Yoseph Bar CohenThis book addresses the growing interest in low temperature technologies. Since the subject of low temperature materials and mechanisms is multidisciplinary, the chapters reflect the broadest possible perspective of the field. Leading experts in the specific subject area address the various related science and engineering chemistry, material science, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, metallurgy, and physics.
Low Temperature Plasma Technology: Methods and Applications
by Paul K. Chu XinPei LuWritten by a team of pioneering scientists from around the world, Low Temperature Plasma Technology: Methods and Applications brings together recent technological advances and research in the rapidly growing field of low temperature plasmas. The book provides a comprehensive overview of related phenomena such as plasma bullets, plasma penetration i
Low Temperature Stress Physiology in Crops
by P.H. LiThe importance of low temperature stress physiology research has become increasingly apparent in agriculture for productions of food, fibre and ornamental plants. This volume consists of two parts, there are a total of 14 chapters including 6 chapters dealing with cold accumulation related topics, 6 dealing with freeze stress and 2 related to ethylene production and mefluidide protection.
Low Threshold Organic Semiconductor Lasers
by Yue WangThis thesis focuses on two areas - the development of miniature plastic lasers that can be powered by LEDs, and the application of these lasers as highly sensitive sensors for vapours of nitroaromatic explosives (e. g. TNT). Polymer lasers are extremely compact visible lasers; the research described in the thesis is groundbreaking, driving forward the technology and physical understanding to allow these lasers to be routinely pumped by a single high-power LED. A notable advance in the work is the demonstration of nanoimprinted polymer lasers, which exhibit the world's lowest pump threshold densities by two orders of magnitude. The thesis also advances the application of these compact, novel lasers as highly sensitive detectors of explosive vapours, demonstrating that rapid detection can be achieved when microporous polymers are used. This work also demonstrates a prototype CMOS-based microsystem sensor for explosive vapours, exploiting a new detection approach.
Low-Visibility Antennas for Communication Systems (Modern and Practical Approaches to Electrical Engineering)
by Albert SabbanLow-visibility antennas have many attractive features, such as being low-profile, flexible, lightweight, small-volume, and low-cost. Low-Visibility Antennas for Communication Systems provides explicit guidelines for the development of these antennas. Offering valuable insight into emerging antenna technologies, the book:Introduces the fundamental t