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Navy's Needs In Space For Providing Future Capabilities
by National Research Council of the National AcademiesThe United States must operate successfully in space to help assure its security and economic well being. The Department of the Navy is a major user of space capabilities, although those capabilities are now primarily provided by DOD, the Air Force, and NOAA. Following a DOD assessment of national space security management in 2001, the Navy commissioned a Panel to Review Space to assess Navy space policy and strategy. As an extension of that review, the NRC was requested by the Navy to examine its needs in space for providing future operational and technical capabilities. This report presents a discussion of the strategic framework of future space needs, the roles and responsibilities for meeting those needs, an assessment of Navy support to space mission areas, and a proposed vision for fulfilling Naval forces space needs.
Nazi Volksgemeinschaft Technology: Gottfrried Feder, Fritz Todt, and the Plassenburg Spirit
by John C. GuseThis book traces how Gottfried Feder and Fritz Todt made technology essential to the Nazi ‘world view’. They groomed engineers with a racist technical ideology that prepared them to later supervise slave labor and the Holocaust. Their concepts evolved from völkisch technocracy to an idealized harmony of man, machine and nature, and were eclipsed by Albert Speer’s total war. Partially due to willing ‘self-coordination’ from engineers, they gained political control over the engineering profession. Destined to be pillars of the Volksgemeinschaft, engineers were indoctrinated with Nazi principles of Aryan superiority at the Reich School of Technology, the Plassenburg. Nazi propaganda announced a bright future through technology, furthering a sense of normalcy in Germany, despite the ruthless exclusion of those unwanted.
NB-IoT Use Cases and Devices: Design Guide
by Kersten HeinsThis book presents the cellular wireless network standard NB-IoT (Narrow Band-Internet of Things), which addresses many key requirements of the IoT. NB-IoT is a topic that is inspiring the industry to create new business cases and associated products. The author first introduces the technology and typical IoT use cases. He then explains NB-IoT extended network coverage and outstanding power saving features which are enabling the design of IoT devices (e.g. sensors) to work everywhere and for more than 10 years, in a maintenance-free way. The book explains to industrial users how to utilize NB-IoT features for their own IoT projects. Other system ingredients (e.g. IoT cloud services) and embedded security aspects are covered as well. The author takes an in-depth look at NB-IoT from an application engineering point of view, focusing on IoT device design. The target audience is technical-minded IoT project owners and system design engineers who are planning to develop an IoT application.
Nb3Sn Accelerator Magnets: Designs, Technologies and Performance (Particle Acceleration and Detection)
by Daniel Schoerling Alexander V. ZlobinThis open access book is written by world-recognized experts in the fields of applied superconductivity and superconducting accelerator magnet technologies. It provides a contemporary review and assessment of the experience in research and development of high-field accelerator dipole magnets based on Nb3Sn superconductor over the past five decades. The reader attains clear insight into the development and the main properties of Nb3Sn composite superconducting wires and Rutherford cables, and details of accelerator dipole designs, technologies and performance. Special attention is given to innovative features of the developed Nb3Sn magnets. The book concludes with a discussion of accelerator magnet needs for future circular colliders.
NCFE Level 1/2 Technical Award in Business and Enterprise
by Tess Bayley Leanna OliverBuild your knowledge and develop the practical enterprise skills you need to achieve the Level 1/2 Technical Award with this brand new textbook, endorsed by NCFE and written by business and enterprise experts Tess Bayley and Leanna Oliver.- Access the information you need using the clear and attractive layout. - Test your knowledge and understanding, with activities and Test Yourself questions throughout.- Reinforce the knowledge and skills you need for both the written exam and synoptic project.- Endorsed by NCFE for the 2018 specification, which is approved for inclusion in the 2020, 2021 and 2022 Key Stage 4 performance tables.
NCFE Level 1/2 Technical Award in Business and Enterprise
by Tess Bayley Leanna OliverBuild your knowledge and develop the practical enterprise skills you need to achieve the Level 1/2 Technical Award with this brand new textbook, endorsed by NCFE and written by business and enterprise experts Tess Bayley and Leanna Oliver.- Access the information you need using the clear and attractive layout. - Test your knowledge and understanding, with activities and Test Yourself questions throughout.- Reinforce the knowledge and skills you need for both the written exam and synoptic project.- Endorsed by NCFE for the 2018 specification, which is approved for inclusion in the 2020, 2021 and 2022 Key Stage 4 performance tables.
NCFE Level 1/2 Technical Award in Business and Enterprise Second Edition
by Tess Bayley Leanna OliverThis Student Textbook is:- Comprehensive - gain in-depth knowledge of each content area with clear explanations of every concept and topic and easy-to-follow chapters.- Accessible, reliable and trusted - structured to match the specification and provide you with the information you need to build knowledge, understanding and skills.- Designed to support you - boost your confidence when tackling the internal non-examined and external examined assessments with plenty of activities to test and consolidate knowledge.- Your go-to guide - expert authors have carefully designed tasks and activities to build your skillset in order to aid progression and questions to assess understanding.
NCFE Level 1/2 Technical Award in Business and Enterprise Second Edition
by Tess Bayley Leanna OliverThis Student Textbook is:- Comprehensive - gain in-depth knowledge of each content area with clear explanations of every concept and topic and easy-to-follow chapters.- Accessible, reliable and trusted - structured to match the specification and provide you with the information you need to build knowledge, understanding and skills.- Designed to support you - boost your confidence when tackling the internal non-examined and external examined assessments with plenty of activities to test and consolidate knowledge.- Your go-to guide - expert authors have carefully designed tasks and activities to build your skillset in order to aid progression and questions to assess understanding.
Near-Capacity Variable-Length Coding
by Lajos L. Hanzo Robert G. Maunder Jin Wang Lie-Liang YangRecent developments such as the invention of powerful turbo-decoding and irregular designs, together with the increase in the number of potential applications to multimedia signal compression, have increased the importance of variable length coding (VLC). Providing insights into the very latest research, the authors examine the design of diverse near-capacity VLC codes in the context of wireless telecommunications.The book commences with an introduction to Information Theory, followed by a discussion of Regular as well as Irregular Variable Length Coding and their applications in joint source and channel coding. Near-capacity designs are created using Extrinsic Information Transfer (EXIT) chart analysis. The latest techniques are discussed, outlining radical concepts such as Genetic Algorithm (GA) aided construction of diverse VLC codes. The book concludes with two chapters on VLC-based space-time transceivers as well as on frequency-hopping assisted schemes, followed by suggestions for future work on the topic.Surveys the historic evolution and development of VLCs Discusses the very latest research into VLC codes Introduces the novel concept of Irregular VLCs and their application in joint-source and channel coding
Near-critical and Supercritical Water and Their Applications for Biorefineries
by Zhen Fang Chunbao Charles XuThe book provides fundamental chemistry and properties of near-critical water (NCW) and supercritical water (SCW), criteria and challenges/solutions in reactor design for NCW and SCW processes, and up-to-date reviews and practice of a wide range of their applications in bio refineries including: production of hydrochars from biomass, SCW oxidation (SCWO) for waste treatment, SCW gasification (SCWG) of biomass and waste for hydrogen and methane production, hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass, production of chemicals and SCWO of biofuels for energy. It also presents techno-economic analysis of hydrogen production via SCWG of biomass. The book will be highly essential for both academic researchers and industrial practitioners for developing novel bio refinery technologies and processes employing NCW or SCW for treatment of various organic waste streams and production of bio-energy and bio-based chemicals from bio-renewable resources. Prof. Dr. Zhen Fang is leader and founder of biomass group, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China. Dr Chunbao (Charles) Xu is currently an Associate Professor of Chemical Engineering and NSERC/FP Innovations Industrial Research Chair in Forest Bio refinery at Western University, Canada.
Near-Earth Laser Communications (Optical Science and Engineering #1)
by Hamid HemmatiInvented more than a hundred years ago by Alexander Graham Bell, the technology of free-space optical communications, or lasercom, has finally reached the level of maturity required to meet a growing demand for operational multi-giga-bit-per-second data rate systems communicating to and from aircrafts and satellites. Putting the emphasis on near-earth links, including air, LEO, MEO, and GEO orbits, Near-Earth Laser Communications presents a summary of important free-space laser communication subsystem challenges and discusses potential ways to overcome them. This comprehensive reference provides up-to-date information on component and subsystem technologies, fundamental limitations, and approaches to reach those limits. It covers basic concepts and state-of-the-art technologies, emphasizing device technology, implementation techniques, and system trades. The authors discuss hardware technologies and their applications, and also explore ongoing research activities and those planned for the near future. The analytical aspects of laser communication have been covered to a great extent in several books. However, a detailed approach to system design and development, including trades on subsystem choices and implications of the hardware selection for satellite and aircraft telecommunications, is missing. Highlighting key design variations and critical differences between them, this book distills decades’ worth of experience into a practical resource on hardware technologies.
Near-Earth Laser Communications, Second Edition (Optical Science and Engineering #1)
by Hamid HemmatiThis reference provides an overview of near-Earth laser communication theory developments including component and subsystem technologies, fundamental limitations, and approaches to reach those limits. It covers basic concepts and state-of-the-art technologies, emphasizing device technology, implementation techniques, and system trades. The authors discuss hardware technologies and their applications, and also explore ongoing research activities and those planned for the near future. This new edition includes major to minor revisions with technology updates on nearly all chapters.
Near Extensions and Alignment of Data in R^n: Whitney extensions of near isometries, shortest paths, equidistribution, clustering and non-rigid alignment of data in Euclidean space
by Steven B. DamelinNear Extensions and Alignment of Data in Rn Comprehensive resource illustrating the mathematical richness of Whitney Extension Problems, enabling readers to develop new insights, tools, and mathematical techniques Near Extensions and Alignment of Data in Rn demonstrates a range of hitherto unknown connections between current research problems in engineering, mathematics, and data science, exploring the mathematical richness of near Whitney Extension Problems, and presenting a new nexus of applied, pure and computational harmonic analysis, approximation theory, data science, and real algebraic geometry. For example, the book uncovers connections between near Whitney Extension Problems and the problem of alignment of data in Euclidean space, an area of considerable interest in computer vision. Written by a highly qualified author, Near Extensions and Alignment of Data in Rn includes information on: Areas of mathematics and statistics, such as harmonic analysis, functional analysis, and approximation theory, that have driven significant advances in the field Development of algorithms to enable the processing and analysis of huge amounts of data and data sets Why and how the mathematical underpinning of many current data science tools needs to be better developed to be useful New insights, potential tools, and mathematical techniques to solve problems in Whitney extensions, signal processing, shortest paths, clustering, computer vision, optimal transport, manifold learning, minimal energy, and equidistribution Providing comprehensive coverage of several subjects, Near Extensions and Alignment of Data in Rn is an essential resource for mathematicians, applied mathematicians, and engineers working on problems related to data science, signal processing, computer vision, manifold learning, and optimal transport.
Near-Field Antenna Measurements: Calculations and Facility Design (Springer Aerospace Technology)
by Vadim Serafimovich Kalashnikov Maxim Yurievich Ponomarev Oleg Yurievich Platonov Victor Vasilievich Shubnikov Mark Ilyich Rivkin Artem Yurievich Shatrakov Yury Grigorievich Shatrakov Oleg Ivanovich ZavalishinThis book is useful both for those who want to get initial information on the measurement of the antenna parameters, and for specialists directly involved in the experimental determination of the antenna parameters from the results of measuring the amplitude-phase distribution in the near zone of the antennas. Currently, the near-field method is the most common one for antenna measurements. In most books, an academic approach is given to the issue under consideration and it is difficult to use them for the direct organization of measurements. In many others, specific narrow issues are considered that are accessible to understanding only by highly qualified engineers/readers. The purpose of this book is to get rid of the above disadvantages by offering the reader a more accessible exposition and formulas by which appropriate computer programs can be written with minimal effort. The contents of this book allow interested specialists to be not only users of the near-field measuring facilities, but also help in understanding the principles of their work. This book is intended for engineers and specialists whose activities are related to experimental testing of radio characteristics of complex antenna systems, especially near-field measurements, and is also useful as a textbook for senior students in the field of “radioelectronics” and “radiophysics.”
Near Field Communication (NFC)
by Vedat Coskun Busra Ozdenizci Kerem OkThis book provides the technical essentials, state-of-the-art knowledge, business ecosystem and standards of Near Field Communication (NFC)by NFC Lab - Istanbul research centre which conducts intense research on NFC technology.In this book, the authors present the contemporary research on all aspects of NFC, addressing related security aspects as well as information on various business models. In addition, the book provides comprehensive information a designer needs to design an NFC project, an analyzer needs to analyze requirements of a new NFC based system, and a programmer needs to implement an application. Furthermore, the authors introduce the technical and administrative issues related to NFC technology, standards, and global stakeholders. It also offers comprehensive information as well as use case studies for each NFC operating mode to give the usage idea behind each operating mode thoroughly. Examples of NFC application development are provided using Java technology, and security considerations are discussed in detail.Key Features:Offers a complete understanding of the NFC technology, including standards, technical essentials, operating modes, application development with Java, security and privacy, business ecosystem analysisProvides analysis, design as well as development guidance for professionals from administrative and technical perspectivesDiscusses methods, techniques and modelling support including UML are demonstrated with real casesContains case studies such as payment, ticketing, social networking and remote shoppingThis book will be an invaluable guide for business and ecosystem analysts, project managers, mobile commerce consultants, system and application developers, mobile developers and practitioners. It will also be of interest to researchers, software engineers, computer scientists, information technology specialists including students and graduates.
Near Field Communications Technology and Applications
by Mike HendryWhether you are a developer, engineer, researcher or student, this practical guide gives you everything you need to know about NFC technology and its applications. You will learn what differentiates NFC from other short-range technologies such as contactless cards, RFID and Bluetooth, as well as discovering the opportunities it provides, from a fast and instinctive user interface with no infrastructure requirements to the world of Secure Elements, Trusted Service Managers, mobile wallets and the Internet of Things. With critical applications in areas including advertising, retail and transportation, this book demonstrates how you can use NFC technology practically to make transactions easier and quicker. All of this is supplemented with an array of in-depth case studies and real-life examples to reinforce your understanding, along with detailed coverage of the problems associated with the wider commercial introduction of NFC and strategies that can be used to aid its future development.
Near-Field-Mediated Photon–Electron Interactions (Springer Series in Optical Sciences #228)
by Nahid TalebiThis book focuses on the use of novel electron microscopy techniques to further our understanding of the physics behind electron–light interactions. It introduces and discusses the methodologies for advancing the field of electron microscopy towards a better control of electron dynamics with significantly improved temporal resolutions, and explores the burgeoning field of nanooptics – the physics of light–matter interaction at the nanoscale – whose practical applications transcend numerous fields such as energy conversion, control of chemical reactions, optically induced phase transitions, quantum cryptography, and data processing.In addition to describing analytical and numerical techniques for exploring the theoretical basis of electron–light interactions, the book showcases a number of relevant case studies, such as optical modes in gold tapers probed by electron beams and investigations of optical excitations in the topological insulator Bi2Se3. The experiments featured provide an impetus to develop more relevant theoretical models, benchmark current approximations, and even more characterization tools based on coherent electron–light interactions.
Near Infrared Detectors Based on Silicon Supersaturated with Transition Metals (Springer Theses)
by Daniel Montero ÁlvarezThis thesis makes a significant contribution to the development of cheaper Si-based Infrared detectors, operating at room temperature. In particular, the work is focused in the integration of the Ti supersaturated Si material into a CMOS Image Sensor route, the technology of choice for imaging nowadays due to its low-cost and high resolution. First, the material is fabricated using ion implantation of Ti atoms at high concentrations. Afterwards, the crystallinity is recovered by means of a pulsed laser process. The material is used to fabricate planar photodiodes, which are later characterized using current-voltage and quantum efficiency measurements. The prototypes showed improved sub-bandgap responsivity up to 0.45 eV at room temperature. The work is further supported by a collaboration with STMicroelectronics, where the supersaturated material was integrated into CMOS-based sensors at industry level. The results show that Ti supersaturated Si is compatible in terms of contamination, process integration and uniformity. The devices showed similar performance to non-implanted devices in the visible region. This fact leaves the door open for further integration of supersaturated materials into CMOS Image Sensors.
Near Infrared-Emitting Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications
by Daniel Jaque Antonio Benayas Eva Hemmer Guosong HongThis book analyzes and evaluates the growing field of light-emitting nanoprobes as contrast agents for in vivo imaging and sensing. It is a comprehensive resource that critically analyzes the state of the art in an interdisciplinary manner, with a special focus on the shift of emission wavelengths into the near-infrared (NIR) spectral region (ranging from 0.7 to 2 microns), which has greatly contributed to the latest advances in biomedical imaging and sensing. This book discusses merits of different contrast agents at nanoscale, and how their unique chemical and structural properties lead to the emission and interaction of light within the NIR window. Both the NIR-emitting materials and various surface modification strategies governing their interactions with the biological system at the “nano” level are discussed. Furthermore, different experimental techniques and protocols for NIR-light-based in vivo imaging and sensing are addressed to shed light on further understanding of the advantages and limitations of each category of these nanoprobes. Assembles the state of the art heretofore appearing in scientific literature into a comprehensive, multi-perspective guidebook on near infrared-emitting nanomaterials in an assortment of biomedical applications;Explains the physical, chemical, and biological phenomena underlying near infrared-emitting nanomaterials for biomedical applications;Presents conceptual and experimental approaches surrounding a unique spectral range of light emission from nanosized contrast agents, while offering a clear explanation of basic and general phenomena regarding the interaction between light and biological tissues, such as absorption, scattering and autofluorescence.
Near-infrared Speckle Contrast Diffuse Correlation Tomography for Noncontact Imaging of Tissue Blood Flow Distribution
by Daniel Irwin Siavash Mazdeyasna Chong Huang Mehrana Mohtasebi Xuhui Lui Lei Chen Guoqiang YuImaging of tissue blood flow (BF) distributions provides vital information for the diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of various vascular diseases. The innovative near-infrared speckle contrast diffuse correlation tomography (scDCT) technique produces full 3D BF distributions. Many advanced features are provided over competing technologies including high sampling density, fast data acquisition, noninvasiveness, noncontact, affordability, portability, and translatability across varied subject sizes. The basic principle, instrumentation, and data analysis algorithms are presented in detail. The extensive applications are summarized such as imaging of cerebral BF (CBF) in mice, rat, and piglet animals with skull penetration into deep brain. Clinical human testing results are described by recovery of BF distributions on preterm infants (CBF) through incubator wall, and on sensitive burn tissues and mastectomy skin flaps without direct device-tissue interactions. Supporting activities outlined include integrated capability for acquiring surface curvature information, rapid 2D blood flow mapping, and optimizations via tissue-like phantoms and computer simulations. These applications and activities both highlight and guide the reader as to the expected abilities and limitations of scDCT for adapting into their own preclinical/clinical research, use in constrained environments (i.e., neonatal intensive care unit bedside), and use on vulnerable subjects and measurement sites.
Near-Infrared Spectroscopy: Theory, Spectral Analysis, Instrumentation, and Applications
by Yukihiro Ozaki Christian Huck Satoru Tsuchikawa Søren Balling EngelsenThis book provides knowledge of the basic theory, spectral analysis methods, chemometrics, instrumentation, and applications of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy—not as a handbook but rather as a sourcebook of NIR spectroscopy. Thus, some emphasis is placed on the description of basic knowledge that is important in learning and using NIR spectroscopy. The book also deals with applications for a variety of research fields that are very useful for a wide range of readers from graduate students to scientists and engineers in both academia and industry. For readers who are novices in NIR spectroscopy, this book provides a good introduction, and for those who already are familiar with the field it affords an excellent means of strengthening their knowledge about NIR spectroscopy and keeping abreast of recent developments.
Near-sensor and In-sensor Computing
by Yang Chai Fuyou LiaoThis book provides a detailed introduction to near-sensor and in-sensor computing paradigms, their working mechanisms, development trends and future directions. The authors also provide a comprehensive review of current progress in this area, analyze existing challenges in the field, and offer possible solutions. Readers will benefit from the discussion of computing approaches that intervene in the vicinity of or inside sensory networks to help process data more efficiently, decreasing power consumption and reducing the transfer of redundant data between sensing and processing units.Provides readers with a detailed introduction to the near-sensor and in-sensor computing paradigms;Includes in-depth and comprehensive summaries of the state-of-the-art development in this field;Discusses and compares various neuromorphic sensors and neural networks:Describes integration technology for near-/in-sensor computing;Reveals the relationship between near-/in-sensor computing and other computing paradigms, such as neuromorphic computing, edge computing, intuitive computing, and in-memory computing.
Near-Space Remote Sensing
by Wen-Qin WangNear-space is defined as the atmospheric region from about 20 kilometer (km) altitude to 100 km altitude above the Earth's surface. It has received much attention in recent years and several types of near-space vehicles are currently being studied, developed, or employed. "Near-Space Remote Sensing: Potential and Challenges" concentrates mainly on the role of near-space vehicles in bridging the gap between satellites and airplanes for microwave remote sensing applications, providing a top-level system description and aiming to encourage further research. Further, this book also describes several potential applications such as passive surveillance, reconnaissance, and high resolution wide swath remote imaging. The book is intended for geographers, transportation engineers and other researchers involved in remote sensing development and applications, in particular for near-space vehicles. Wen-Qin Wang is an assistant professor at the School of Communication and Information Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China.
Near Threshold Computing
by Michael Hübner Cristina SilvanoThis book explores near-threshold computing (NTC), a design-space using techniques to run digital chips (processors) near the lowest possible voltage. Readers will be enabled with specific techniques to design chips that are extremely robust; tolerating variability and resilient against errors. Variability-aware voltage and frequency allocation schemes will be presented that will provide performance guarantees, when moving toward near-threshold manycore chips. · Provides an introduction to near-threshold computing, enabling reader with a variety of tools to face the challenges of the power/utilization wall; · Demonstrates how to design efficient voltage regulation, so that each region of the chip can operate at the most efficient voltage and frequency po∫ · Investigates how performance guarantees can be ensured when moving towards NTC manycores through variability-aware voltage and frequency allocation schemes.
Nearly Zero Energy Building Refurbishment
by Fernando Pacheco Torgal Marina Mistretta Artūras Kaklauskas Claes G. Granqvist Luisa F. CabezaThe recast of the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) was adopted by the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union on 19 May 2010. For new buildings, the recast fixes 2020 as the deadline for all new buildings to be "nearly zero energy" (and even sooner for public buildings - by the end of 2018). This book gives practitioner an important tool to tackle the challenges of building refurbishment towards nearly zero energy. This book is welcome at this time and sets the scene for professionals whether practitioners or researchers to learn more about how we can make whether old or new buildings more efficient and effective in terms of energy performance.