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Nonlinear X-Ray Spectroscopy for Materials Science (Springer Series in Optical Sciences #246)
by Iwao Matsuda Ryuichi ArafuneX-ray experiments have been used widely in materials science, and conventional spectroscopy has been based on linear responses in light–matter interactions. Recent development of ultrafast light sources of tabletop lasers and X-ray free electron lasers reveals nonlinear optical phenomena in the X-ray region, and the measurement signals have been found to carry a further wealth of information on materials. This book overviews such nonlinear X-ray spectroscopy and its related issues for materials science. Each chapter is written by pioneers in the field and skillfully reviews the topics of nonlinear spectroscopy including X-ray multi-photon absorption and X-ray second harmonic generation. The chapters are divided depending on photon wavelength, ranging from extreme ultraviolet to (soft) X-ray. To facilitate readers’ comprehensive understanding, some of the chapters cover the conventional linear X-ray spectroscopy and basic principles of the non-linear responses. The book is mainly accessible as a primer for junior/senior- or graduate-level readers, and it also serves as a useful reference or guide even for established researchers in optical spectroscopy. The book offers readers opportunities to benefit from cutting-edge research in this new area of nonlinear X-ray spectroscopy.
Nonlinearity: Ordinary and Fractional Approximations by Sublinear and Max-Product Operators (Studies In Systems, Decision And Control #147)
by George A. AnastassiouThis book focuses on approximations under the presence of ordinary and fractional smoothness, presenting both the univariate and multivariate cases. It also explores approximations under convexity and a new trend in approximation theory –approximation by sublinear operators with applications to max-product operators, which are nonlinear and rational providing very fast and flexible approximations. The results presented have applications in numerous areas of pure and applied mathematics, especially in approximation theory and numerical analysis in both ordinary and fractional senses. As such this book is suitable for researchers, graduate students, and seminars of the above disciplines, and is a must for all science and engineering libraries.
Nonlocal Euler–Bernoulli Beam Theories: A Comparative Study (SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology)
by Jingkai ChenThis book presents a comparative study on the static responses of the Euler-Bernoulli beam governed by nonlocal theories, including the Eringen’s stress-gradient beam theory, the Mindlin’s strain-gradient beam theory, the higher-order beam theory and the peridynamic beam theory. Benchmark examples are solved analytically and numerically using these nonlocal beam equations, including the simply-supported beam, the clamped-clamped beam and the cantilever beam. Results show that beam deformations governed by different nonlocal theories at different boundary conditions show complex behaviors. Specifically, the Eringen’s stress-gradient beam equation and the peridynamic beam equation yield a much softer beam deformation for simply-supported beam and clamped-clamped beam, while the beam governed by the Mindlin’s strain-gradient beam equation is much stiffer. The cantilever beam exhibits a completely different behavior. The higher-order beam equation can be stiffer or softer depending on the values of the two nonlocal parameters. Moreover, the deformation fluctuation of the truncated order peridynamic beam equation is observed and explained from the singularity aspect of the solution expression. This research casts light on the fundamental explanation of nonlocal beam theories in nano-electromechanical systems.
Nonnitrogenous Organocatalysis (Organocatalysis Series)
by Andrew HarnedSince the 1990s the synthetic community has shown a growing interest in the development of catalytic reactions that employ entirely organic catalysts – so-called ‘organocatalysts’. With the current emphasis on green chemistry throughout the chemical industry, organocatalysis has become indispensible. In spite of this growth and recognition, there can be a misconception that organocatalysts are only based on nitrogen-containing functional groups (amines, ureas, and quaternary ammonium salts, for example), and are only useful for asymmetric reactions. <P><P> Nonnitrogenous Organocatalysis shows that the umbrella of organocatalysis covers other main group elements besides nitrogen, and the coverage is not just limited to asymmetric methods. Many of the catalysts and mechanisms discussed may not have a viable asymmetric variant or cannot be rendered asymmetric at all. This does not make them any less useful, as illustrated in this book.
NoNonsense Renewable Energy
by Danny ChiversFew people doubt the threat of climate change and the urgent need to conquer fossil fuel addiction. But can renewable sources of energy ever be sufficient to provide modern societies with a decent quality of life? This book is clear they can, covering all the latest technologies and a road map to powering the world, not just sustainably, but democratically. Danny Chivers is an environmental researcher advising NGOs on their carbon footprint. He is an activist in fossil fuel divestment campaigns working with a number of groups including 350. org. He is the author of The No-Nonsense Guide to Climate Change, and a performance poet.
Nonparametric Bayesian Learning for Collaborative Robot Multimodal Introspection
by Xuefeng Zhou Hongmin Wu Juan Rojas Zhihao Xu Shuai LiThis open access book focuses on robot introspection, which has a direct impact on physical human–robot interaction and long-term autonomy, and which can benefit from autonomous anomaly monitoring and diagnosis, as well as anomaly recovery strategies. In robotics, the ability to reason, solve their own anomalies and proactively enrich owned knowledge is a direct way to improve autonomous behaviors. To this end, the authors start by considering the underlying pattern of multimodal observation during robot manipulation, which can effectively be modeled as a parametric hidden Markov model (HMM). They then adopt a nonparametric Bayesian approach in defining a prior using the hierarchical Dirichlet process (HDP) on the standard HMM parameters, known as the Hierarchical Dirichlet Process Hidden Markov Model (HDP-HMM). The HDP-HMM can examine an HMM with an unbounded number of possible states and allows flexibility in the complexity of the learned model and the development of reliable and scalable variational inference methods.This book is a valuable reference resource for researchers and designers in the field of robot learning and multimodal perception, as well as for senior undergraduate and graduate university students.
Nonrecursive Control Design for Nonlinear Systems: Theory and Applications
by Chuanlin Zhang Jun YangBased on the authors’ recent advances, this book focuses on a class of nonlinear systems with mismatched uncertainties/disturbances and discusses their typical control problems. It aims to provide a comprehensive view of the nonrecursive control theory and application guidelines.Various applications on the nonrecursive synthesis of complex nonlinear systems not only greatly simplify the control design process, weaken the system assumptions, and reduce the conservatism of gain selection, but also realize the essential detachment of control law design and Lyapunov function-based stability analysis. Therefore, different from the classical recursive control design methods, it is of significance to study the synthesis of nonlinear systems from the perspective of a new nonrecursive control framework.This book discusses the following typical control problems: theoretical background, homogeneous systems theory review, nonrecursive robust control design, nonrecursive adaptive control design, nonrecursive general dynamic predictive control, disturbance estimation and attenuation, nonrecursive stability analysis, implementation theory and real-life applications to series elastic actuators, DC microgrids, and permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) systems under the proposed nonrecursive synthesis framework.This book will be a great reference for scholars and students in the field of automation and control. It will also be a useful source for control engineers and those working on anti-disturbance control, nonlinear output regulation, nonsmooth control, and other related topics.
Nonsmooth Lyapunov Analysis in Finite and Infinite Dimensions (Communications and Control Engineering)
by Yury OrlovNonsmooth Lyapunov Analysis in Finite and Infinite Dimensions provides helpful tools for the treatment of a broad class of dynamical systems that are governed, not only by ordinary differential equations but also by partial and functional differential equations. Existing Lyapunov constructions are extended to discontinuous systems—those with variable structure and impact—by the involvement of nonsmooth Lyapunov functions. The general theoretical presentation is illustrated by control-related applications; the nonsmooth Lyapunov construction is particularly applied to the tuning of sliding-mode controllers in the presence of mismatched disturbances and to orbital stabilization of the bipedal gate. The nonsmooth construction is readily extendible to the control and identification of distributed-parameter and time-delay systems.The first part of the book outlines the relevant fundamentals of benchmark models and mathematical basics. The second concentrates on the construction of nonsmooth Lyapunov functions. Part III covers design and applications material.This book will benefit the academic research and graduate student interested in the mathematics of Lyapunov equations and variable-structure control, stability analysis and robust feedback design for discontinuous systems. It will also serve the practitioner working with applications of such systems. The reader should have some knowledge of dynamical systems theory, but no background in discontinuous systems is required—they are thoroughly introduced in both finite- and infinite-dimensional settings.
Nonsmooth Modeling and Simulation for Switched Circuits
by Olivier Bonnefon Bernard Brogliato Vincent AcaryNonsmooth Modeling and Simulation for Switched Circuits concerns the modeling and the numerical simulation of switched circuits with the nonsmooth dynamical systems (NSDS) approach, using piecewise-linear and multivalued models of electronic devices like diodes, transistors, switches. Numerous examples (ranging from introductory academic circuits to various types of power converters) are analyzed and many simulation results obtained with the INRIA open-source SICONOS software package are presented. Comparisons with SPICE and hybrid methods demonstrate the power of the NSDS approach. Nonsmooth Modeling and Simulation for Switched Circuits is intended to researchers and engineers in the field of circuits simulation and design, but may also attract applied mathematicians interested by the numerical analysis for nonsmooth dynamical systems, as well as researchers from Systems and Control.
Nonstationary Resonant Dynamics of Oscillatory Chains and Nanostructures
by Leonid I. Manevitch Agnessa Kovaleva Valeri Smirnov Yuli StarosvetskyThis book suggests a new common approach to the study of resonance energy transport based on the recently developed concept of Limiting Phase Trajectories (LPTs), presenting applications of the approach to significant nonlinear problems from different fields of physics and mechanics. In order to highlight the novelty and perspectives of the developed approach, it places the LPT concept in the context of dynamical phenomena related to the energy transfer problems and applies the theory to numerous problems of practical importance. This approach leads to the conclusion that strongly nonstationary resonance processes in nonlinear oscillator arrays and nanostructures are characterized either by maximum possible energy exchange between the clusters of oscillators (coherence domains) or by maximum energy transfer from an external source of energy to the chain. The trajectories corresponding to these processes are referred to as LPTs. The development and the use of the LPTs concept are motivated by the fact that non-stationary processes in a broad variety of finite-dimensional physical models are beyond the well-known paradigm of nonlinear normal modes (NNMs), which is fully justified either for stationary processes or for nonstationary non-resonance processes described exactly or approximately by the combinations of the non-resonant normal modes. Thus, the role of LPTs in understanding and analyzing of intense resonance energy transfer is similar to the role of NNMs for the stationary processes. The book is a valuable resource for engineers needing to deal effectively with the problems arising in the fields of mechanical and physical applications, when the natural physical model is quite complicated. At the same time, the mathematical analysis means that it is of interest to researchers working on the theory and numerical investigation of nonlinear oscillations.
Nonstationary Systems: Contributions to the 13th Workshop on Nonstationary Systems and Their Applications, February 3-5, 2020, Grodek nad Dunajcem, Poland (Applied Condition Monitoring #18)
by Fakher Chaari Jacek Leskow Agnieszka Wylomanska Radoslaw Zimroz Antonio NapolitanoThis book offers an overview of current and recent methods for the analysis of the nonstationary processes, focusing on cyclostationary systems that are ubiquitous in various application fields. Based on the 13th Workshop on Nonstationary Systems and Their Applications, held on February 3-5, 2020, in Grodek nad Dunajcem, Poland, the book merges theoretical contributions describing new statistical and intelligent methods for analyzing nonstationary processes, and applied works showing how the proposed methods can be implemented in practice and do perform in real-world case studies. A significant part of the book is dedicated to nonstationary systems applications, with a special emphasis on those in condition monitoring.
Nontechnical Guide to Petroleum Geology, Exploration, Drilling & Production
by Norman J. HyneThis easy-to-read and interpret book provides insight into the nature of gas and oil production explaining how it occurs in the earth, how to find it, how to drill for it, how to read well logs for evaluating the well, how to complete a well, how to produce gas and oil, and how to revive mature fields.
Nontechnical Guide to Petroleum Geology, Exploration, Drilling & Production
by Norman J. HyneIn this popular text that has trained thousands in the petroleum industry for years, Dr. Norman Hyne takes readers through upstream operations--from how oil and gas are formed; how to find commercial quantities; how to drill, evaluate, and complete a well--all the way through production and improved oil recovery. He uses lots of pictures, graphs, and illustrations to aid readers in understanding topics and to provide necessary visuals. Read it cover-to-cover as a complete primer, read it a section at a time as it comes up in your profession, and keep it handy as a quick reference. New to this edition: • A chapter on unconventional oil and gas (including gas shales) • Modern tools used in well logging • Modern drilling rig methods and equipment • Expanded glossary includes 1,500 new terms • More figures and plates • Up-to-date statistics
Nonthermal Food Engineering Operations
by Nitin Kumar Anil Panghal M. K. GargNONTHERMAL FOOD ENGINEERING OPERATIONS Presenting cutting-edge information on new and emerging food engineering processes, Nonthermal Food Engineering Operations, the latest volume in the series, “Bioprocessing in Food Science,” is an essential reference on the modeling, quality, safety, and technologies associated with food processing operations today. “Bioprocessing in Food Science” is a series of volumes covering the entirety of unit operations in food processing. This latest volume covers nonthermal food engineering operations, focusing on packaging techniques, artificial intelligence and other emerging technologies and their use and relevance within food engineering, fluid extraction, nanotechnology, and many other topics. As the demand for healthy food is increasing in the current global scenario, manufacturers are searching for new possibilities for occupying a greater share in the rapidly changing food market. Compiled reports and updated knowledge on thermal processing of food products are imperative for commercial enterprises and manufacturing units. In the current scenario, academia, researchers, and food industries are working in a scattered manner and different technologies developed at each level are not compiled to implement for the benefits of different stakeholders. However, advancements in bioprocesses are required at all levels for the betterment of food industries and consumers. This series of groundbreaking edited volumes will be a comprehensive compilation of all the research that has been carried out so far, their practical applications, and the future scope of research and development in the food bioprocessing industry. During the last decade, there have been major developments in novel technologies for food processing. This series will cover all the novel technologies employed for processing different types of foods, encompassing the background, principles, classification, applications, equipment, effect on foods, legislative issue, technology implementation, constraints, and food and human safety concerns.
Nonthermal Food Processing, Safety, and Preservation
by Anand Prakash Arindam KuilaNONTHERMAL FOOD PROCESSING SAFETY AND PRESERVATION This book is essential for learning how biological processes are translated into commercial products and services under food biotechnology and will significantly broaden users’ scope, capabilities, and application of bioprocess engineering, food processes, biochemical engineering, nanotechnology, biotechnology, and microbiology. Food engineering involves a variety of processes and technologies that deal with the construction, design, operations, and associated engineering principles to produce valuable edible goods and byproducts. There is a dearth of published cutting-edge high-quality original studies in the engineering and science of all types of processing technologies, from the beginning of the food supply chain to the consumer’s dinner table. This book seeks to address multidisciplinary experimental and theoretical discoveries that have the potential to improve process efficiency, improve product quality, and extend the shelf-life of fresh and processed food and associated industries. This book is for the students and researchers who are interested in learning how biological processes are translated into commercial products and services with food biotechnology.
Nonthermal Plasma Surface Modification of Materials
by Masaaki OkuboThis book describes the fundamentals and applicability of the atmospheric-pressure non-thermal plasma surface modification of materials. Non-thermal plasma modification is an effective procedure for chemical activation. In this book, the principles of non-thermal plasma surface modification and its application to various machine parts are described. By reading this book, technologists from a variety of fields can learn about plasma generation and surface treatment technology, which will assist them in performing advanced procedures.This book also explains the basics of atmospheric-pressure plasma and the principle of plasma treatment in an easy-to-understand manner and also provides examples of the application of atmospheric-pressure plasma surface modification technologies to plastics, glass, polymers, and metals. After reading this book, readers can get the knowledge that researchers need to apply the methodology to meet their own research goals.The book is self-contained in the sense that it spans the divide between the fundamentals and more advanced content regarding applications. Many engineers and graduate students working in this field get many helps.
Nonthermal Processing in Agri-Food-Bio Sciences: Sustainability and Future Goals (Food Engineering Series)
by Anet Režek JambrakThis book addresses important questions on the legislation, regulations, sustainability, technology transfer, safety of biomaterials and mechanism of action of nonthermal processing on the molecular level of biomaterials and its impact on health. The chapters take an interdisciplinary approach that is of interest to specialists from engineering, physics, chemistry, agriculture, life sciences and beyond, with a focus on further development of existing and new applications of nonthermal processing and their combination with other methods in the processing of biomaterials, agriculture, biotechnology and the re-use of waste and by-products. Nonthermal Processing in Agri-Food-Bio Sciences: Sustainability and Future Goals aims to boost further developments and applications of nonthermal technologies to develop healthier products, to ensure consumer approval for these innovative technologies and to improve the sustainability of biomaterials production.The industrial application of nonthermal processing has led to an increase in innovative value products and the overall improvement of production capacity. Nonthermal processes use less energy and chemicals, reduce processing times, have less environmental impact, produce less waste, and have the potential for industrial scale-up and a return-on-investment in under 5 years. According to The United Nations and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, 17 goals should be incorporated within development projects, and researchers are starting to use novel techniques to meet them. In covering the fundamental engineering theories underlying nonthermal processing, this book will aid in this mission.The book overviews the advantages and disadvantages of novel technologies, over to sustainability goals to correct steps for the scale-up and return on investment. The book includes the chemistry and physics of nonthermal processing technologies, dedicated to specialists and researchers from a wide range of subject areas. Interdisciplinary scientists and engineers, sustainability experts can use this text to aid in their work in green technologies.
Nontraditional Applications of Ultra-High-Pressure Technology in Agricultural Products Processing (Advanced Topics in Science and Technology in China #69)
by Yong YuUltra-high-pressure technology has been taking the sterilization and inactivation of agricultural products and food as core research and application fields since its birth. This book first outlines the basic principles of ultra-high pressure and then introduces non-traditional applications of the ultra-high-pressure technology in agricultural products such as Baijiu (the Chinese liquor), brown rice, and wood. These applications were discovered by the author, as well as the representative quality improvements of treatment objects brought by these applications. Finally, the author puts forward his own ideas on the non-traditional application trend of ultra-high-pressure technology in the future. This book aims to broaden the thinking for the application and research of ultra-high-pressure technology in agricultural product processing and propose specific ideas for future research and application in this field on the basis of the author’s current research.
Nontraditional Machining Processes
by J. Paulo DavimNontraditional machining employs processes that remove material by various methods involving thermal, electrical, chemical and mechanical energy or even combinations of these. Nontraditional Machining Processes covers recent research and development in techniques and processes which focus on achieving high accuracies and good surface finishes, parts machined without burrs or residual stresses especially with materials that cannot be machined by conventional methods. With applications to the automotive, aircraft and mould and die industries, Nontraditional Machining Processes explores different aspects and processes through dedicated chapters. The seven chapters explore recent research into a range of topics including laser assisted manufacturing, abrasive water jet milling and hybrid processes. Students and researchers will find the practical examples and new processes useful for both reference and for developing further processes. Industry professionals and materials engineers will also find Nontraditional Machining Processes to be a source of ideas and processes for development and industrial application.
Nontraditional Manufacturing Processes (Manufacturing Engineering And Materials Processing Ser. #19)
by Gary F. BenedictThis book provides a convenient, single source of information on advanced machining, material forming, and joining processes. It describes available technologies that use tools, such as high velocity material jets, pulsed magnetic fields, light beams, electrochemical reactions, and more. Organized by type of process (mechanical, chemical, electrochemical, and thermal), the book discusses 31 important nontraditional processes and covers each process’s principles, equipment, capabilities, and operating parameters. The author includes a list of nontraditional manufacturing firms, nearly 250 figures that clearly illustrate the technologies, and numerous bibliographic citations for additional reading.
Nonuniformly Hyperbolic Attractors: Geometric and Probabilistic Aspects (Springer Monographs in Mathematics)
by José F. AlvesThis monograph offers a coherent, self-contained account of the theory of Sinai–Ruelle–Bowen measures and decay of correlations for nonuniformly hyperbolic dynamical systems. A central topic in the statistical theory of dynamical systems, the book in particular provides a detailed exposition of the theory developed by L.-S. Young for systems admitting induced maps with certain analytic and geometric properties. After a brief introduction and preliminary results, Chapters 3, 4, 6 and 7 provide essentially the same pattern of results in increasingly interesting and complicated settings. Each chapter builds on the previous one, apart from Chapter 5 which presents a general abstract framework to bridge the more classical expanding and hyperbolic systems explored in Chapters 3 and 4 with the nonuniformly expanding and partially hyperbolic systems described in Chapters 6 and 7. Throughout the book, the theory is illustrated with applications. A clear and detailed account of topics of current research interest, this monograph will be of interest to researchers in dynamical systems and ergodic theory. In particular, beginning researchers and graduate students will appreciate the accessible, self-contained presentation.
Nonvolatile Memory Design: Magnetic, Resistive, and Phase Change
by Hai Li Yiran ChenThe manufacture of flash memory, which is the dominant nonvolatile memory technology, is facing severe technical barriers. So much so, that some emerging technologies have been proposed as alternatives to flash memory in the nano-regime. Nonvolatile Memory Design: Magnetic, Resistive, and Phase Changing introduces three promising candidates: phase-change memory, magnetic random access memory, and resistive random access memory. The text illustrates the fundamental storage mechanism of these technologies and examines their differences from flash memory techniques. Based on the latest advances, the authors discuss key design methodologies as well as the various functions and capabilities of the three nonvolatile memory technologies.
Nonvolatile Memory Technologies with Emphasis on Flash: A Comprehensive Guide to Understanding and Using Flash Memory Devices (IEEE Press Series on Microelectronic Systems #8)
by Joe E. Brewer Manzur GillPresented here is an all-inclusive treatment of Flash technology, including Flash memory chips, Flash embedded in logic, binary cell Flash, and multilevel cell Flash. The book begins with a tutorial of elementary concepts to orient readers who are less familiar with the subject. Next, it covers all aspects and variations of Flash technology at a mature engineering level: basic device structures, principles of operation, related process technologies, circuit design, overall design tradeoffs, device testing, reliability, and applications.
The Nora Notebooks, Book 2: The Trouble with Babies
by Claudia Mills Katie Kath"The thought-provoking reflections on personality and growth add insight and discussability."--The Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books Fourth grade scientists are not meant to be babysitters. The second book in the Nora Notebooks finds Nora Alpers in unfamiliar territory. Nora Alpers has just become a ten-year-old aunt. To prepare for the new arrival, Nora has been writing down baby-related facts in her special notebook, just like she does with her favorite subject: ants. She likes the idea that someone who studies the A-N-T is also an A-U-N-T, even though she doesn't know anything about taking care of babies. A new family member isn't the only thing stressing Nora out. At school, Nora has to write journals in the voice of a pioneer on the Oregon Trail and prepare for the annual science fair. Science is normally Nora's best subject--until Nora ends up being paired with science-hating, cat-obsessed Emma! How will Nora ever learn to be a good aunt if she's trying to survive the Oregon Trail and arguing against Emma's unscientific science-fair ideas? Readers will welcome the return of Nora who Publishers Weekly called "delightful[ly] enterprising" in a starred review.From the Hardcover edition.
The Nora Notebooks, Book 3: The Trouble with Friends
by Claudia Mills Katie KathThe final book in the Nora Notebooks series finds Nora trying to navigate the unscientific matter of making friends with someone you have nothing in common with. Nora Alpers, fourth-grade scientist, likes things to be just so. Her ant farm, her hobbies, her friends. So when Coach Joe, her teacher, informs the class that all the students have to try something new and write a report about it, Nora is not pleased. She is even less pleased when her classmate Emma seems to decide that befriending Nora will be her “new” thing. Does Emma really want to be friends or is this just an assignment for school? Nora, meanwhile, has to figure out her own new thing. Will she discover that she has interests outside of science or will all her efforts end up being nothing but trouble? Praise for the Nora Notebooks series: “Will resonate with children who have a passion for something out of the ordinary.” —Publishers Weekly, starred “Readers will be drawn into the story by the sincere and realistic characters Mills has created, as well as the pleasing and appealing illustrations found in every chapter.” —School Library Journal “Middle-grade readers will hope for more Nora Notebooks soon.” —Kirkus Reviews