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Metals in Groundwater
by Herbert E. Allen E. Michael Perdue David S. BrownMetal contamination of groundwater results from many human activities, including agriculture, mining, and the disposal of municipal waste and fly ash. Metals in Groundwater describes the transport of metals to groundwater from these and other sources. It also covers risk assessment of metals in groundwater, coupling of chemicals and hydrological models, and sorption of metals onto soils and clays. The speciation of metals is examined in detail. The book will interest researchers in environmental quality, mining, and agriculture; consultants; industry professionals; and personnel within regulatory agencies.
Metals in Past Societies
by Shadreck ChirikureThis book seeks to communicate to both a global and local audience, the key attributes of pre-industrial African metallurgy such as technological variation across space and time, methods of mining and extractive metallurgy and the fabrication of metal objects. These processes were transformative in a physical and metaphoric sense, which made them total social facts. Because the production and use of metals was an accretion of various categories of practice, a chaine operatoire conceptual and theoretical framework that simultaneously considers the embedded technological and anthropological factors was used. The book focuses on Africa's different regions as roughly defined by cultural geography. On the one hand there is North Africa, Egypt, the Egyptian Sudan, and the Horn of Africa which share cultural inheritances with the Middle East and on the other is Africa south of the Sahara and the Sudan which despite interacting with the former is remarkably different in terms of technological practice. For example, not only is the timing of metallurgy different but so is the infrastructure for working metals and the associated symbolic and sociological factors. The cultural valuation of metals and the social positions of metal workers were different too although there is evidence of some values transfer and multi-directional technological cross borrowing. The multitude of permutations associated with metals production and use amply demonstrates that metals participated in the production and reproduction of society. Despite huge temporal and spatial differences there are so many common factors between African metallurgy and that of other regions of the world. For example, the role of magic and ritual in metal working is almost universal be it in Bolivia, Nepal, Malawi, Timna, Togo or Zimbabwe. Similarly, techniques of mining were constrained by the underlying geology but this should not in any way suggest that Africa's metallurgy was derivative or that the continent had no initiative. Rather it demonstrates that when confronted with similar challenges, humanity in different regions of the world responded to identical challenges in predictable ways mediated as mediated by the prevailing cultural context. The success of the use of historical and ethnographic data in understanding variation and improvisation in African metallurgical practices flags the potential utility of these sources in Asia, Latin America and Europe. Some nuance is however needed because it is simply naïve to assume that everything depicted in the history or ethnography has a parallel in the past and vice versa. Rather, the confluence of archaeology, history and ethnography becomes a pedestal for dialogue between different sources, subjects and ideas that is important for broadening our knowledge of global categories of metallurgical practice.
Metals in the Environment: Analysis by Biodiversity (Books in Soils, Plants, and the Environment)
by null M.N.V. PrasadA summary of data on heavy metal accumulation, biomonitoring, toxicity and tolerance, metal contamination and pollution in the environment, and the importance of biodiversity for environmental monitoring and cleanup of metal-contaminated and polluted ecosystems. It advocates the use of bacteria, mycorrhizae, freshwater algae, salt marshes, bryo- an
Metalworking Fluids (Manufacturing Engineering and Materials Processing)
by Jerry P. ByersThis revised and expanded Third Edition contains 21 chapters summarizing the latest thinking on various technologies relating to metalworking fluid development, laboratory evaluation, metallurgy, industrial application, fluid maintenance, recycling, waste treatment, health, government regulations, and cost/benefit analysis. All chapters of this uniquely comprehensive reference have been thoroughly updated, and two new chapters on rolling of metal flat sheets and nanoparticle lubricants in metalworking have been added. This must-have book for anyone in the field of metalworking includes new information on chemistries of the most common types of metalworking fluids, advances in recycling of metalworking fluids, and the latest government regulations, including EPA standards, the Globally Harmonized System being implemented for safety data sheets, and REACH legislation in Europe.
Metalworking Through History: An Encyclopedia
by Ana M. LopezLopez, a metalsmith and educator, has compiled an encyclopedia that focuses on the processes, people, places, cultures, and materials of metalworking. While this reference does not provide instructions for metalworking techniques, it does give the reader enough information to appreciate the skills required to both acquire the raw materials and to transform them into useful or symbolic objects of art. Entries are followed by suggestions for further reading which may include books, Web sites, and journals. Entries also include bibliographies. A helpful timeline also is included. Annotation ©2009 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)
Metamaterial-Based Electromagnetic Radiations and Applications
by Zhaoyun DuanThis book delves into the cutting-edge research in the field of applied electromagnetism, offering an expansive overview of the fundamental aspects of emerging metamaterials and a thorough exploration of two types of novel electromagnetic radiations observed in the metamaterials, along with the corresponding devices. Encompassing a wide array of topics, this book balances the foundational theories with theoretical analyses and experimental validations. Its rigorously structured contents are presented in an accessible manner, enhanced with illustrative figures, and detailed data, making it an ideal reference for graduate students and professionals in electronic engineering, physical electronics, electromagnetic fields and microwave technology, radio physics, plasma physics, accelerator physics, optical engineering, and so on.
Metamaterial-Based Optical and Radio Frequency Sensing (Advances in Optics and Optoelectronics)
by Jun Luo Dong Wei Xinyu ZhangThis book highlights the fundamentals and practical methods of metamaterials-based optical and radio frequency sensing. Combined with engineering practices, the book illustrates in detail wide frequency electromagnetic signal cloaking and the detection behavior of metasurfaces, including the structure of metasurfaces, electric-controlled behaviors, layout design and fabrication methods, and related experiment results. This book is expected to inspire the research and development of new optical and radio frequency detectors. It is suitable for researchers and engineers working on semiconductor devices, applied optics, and wide frequency signal detection. It is also a good reference for students in these areas.
Metamaterial for Microwave Applications
by Mohammad Tariqul IslamMetamaterials are geometrically patterned new materials that are arranged in periodic way on top of dielectric substrates to exhibit properties unobtainable naturally. This book discusses artificially engineered structures for the development of metamaterials and meta surfaces in the advancement of microwave sensors in sensing technology, non-invasive microwave-based imaging system, antenna performance improvement with miniaturization, flexible materials for microwave applications and finally metamaterials in antennas for its use in nanosatellites.The book serves as a reference for designing industrial applications of metamaterials in 5G wireless communication system and healthcare technology using metamaterials and meta surfaces. This well illustrated book will be a useful resource for students, engineers, physicists, and other researchers for various microwave applications. It provides newcomers with fundamental knowledge of metamaterials and their prospective applications. The researchers will benefit from thought-provoking perspectives that will enhance their knowledge and steer them to modern day innovation.
Metamaterial Surface Plasmon-Based Transmission Lines and Antennas (Springer Theses)
by Amin KianinejadThis thesis proposes a reliable and repeatable method for implementing Spoof Surface Plasmon (SSP) modes in the design of various circuit components. It also presents the first equivalent circuit model for plasmonic structures, which serves as an insightful guide to designing SSP-based circuits. Today, electronic circuits and systems are developing rapidly and becoming an indispensable part of our daily life; however the issue of compactness in integrated circuits remains a formidable challenge. Recently, the Spoof Surface Plasmon (SSP) modes have been proposed as a novel platform for highly compact electronic circuits. Despite extensive research efforts in this area, there is still an urgent need for a systematic design method for plasmonic circuits. In this thesis, different SSP-based transmission lines, antenna feeding networks and antennas are designed and experimentally evaluated. With their high field confinement, the SSPs do not suffer from the compactness limitations of traditional circuits and are capable of providing an alternative platform for the future generation of electronic circuits and electromagnetic systems.
Metamaterials: Technology and Applications
by Pankaj K. ChoudhuryMetamaterials have been in research limelight for the last few years owing to the exotic electromagnetic features these exhibit. With certain combinational forms of the design, these can be of prudent applications in developing antennas, filters, absorbers, sensors, energy harvesters, and many others. As such, the role of engineered mediums remains greatly important as the frequency region of operation determines the structure (of the medium(s)) to be developed – the fact that is exploited in the on-demand kind of tailoring the electromagnetic response of metamaterials. The relevant R&D investigators show keen interest in the fabrication of varieties of novel miniaturized devices that can be of great potentials in many micro- as well as nanotechnology-oriented applications. With this view point in mind, the Book provides the glimpse of phenomenal growth of research in this direction through covering the topics pivoted to fundamental descriptions, and theoretical and experimental results reported by pioneering scientists. It is expected that the book will be of benefit to novice researchers (such as graduate students) and expert scientists in universities and research laboratories. Some of the contents in the book are centered on industrial applications of metamaterials, thereby making the volume useful to the R&D scientists in certain industries. In summary, the book
Metamaterials: Beyond Crystals, Noncrystals, and Quasicrystals
by Tie Jun Cui Wen Xuan Tang Xin Mi Yang Zhong Lei Mei Wei Xiang JiangMetamaterials: Beyond Crystals, Noncrystals, and Quasicrystals is a comprehensive and updated research monograph that focuses on recent advances in metamaterials based on the effective medium theory in microwave frequencies. Most of these procedures were conducted in the State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, China. The book conveys the essential concept of metamaterials from the microcosmic structure to the macroscopic electromagnetic properties and helps readers quickly obtain needed skills in creating new devices at microwave frequencies using metamaterials. The authors present the latest progress on metamaterials and transformation optics and provide abundant examples of metamaterial-based devices accompanied with detailed procedures to simulate, fabricate, and measure them. Comprised of ten chapters, the book comprehensively covers both the fundamentals and the applications of metamaterials. Along with an introduction to the subject, the first three chapters discuss effective medium theory and artificial particles. The next three chapters cover homogeneous metamaterials (super crystals), random metamaterials (super noncrystals), and inhomogeneous metamaterials (super quasicrystals). The final four chapters examine gradient-index inhomogeneous metamaterials, nearly isotropic inhomogeneous metamaterials, and anisotropic inhomogeneous metamaterials, after which the authors provide their conclusions and closing remarks. The book is completely self-contained, making it easy to follow.
Metamaterials for Antenna Applications
by Amit K. Singh Mahesh P. Abegaonkar Shiban Kishen KoulThe book presents an engineering approach for the development of metamaterials and metasurfaces with emphasis on application in antennas. It offers an in-depth study, performance analysis and extensive characterization on different types of metamaterials and metasurfaces. Practical examples included in the book will help readers to enhance performance of antennas and also develop metamaterial-based absorbers for a variety of applications. Key Features Provides background for design and development of metamaterial structures using novel unit cells Gives in-depth performance study of miniaturization of microstrip antennas Discusses design and development of both transmission and reflection types, metasurfaces and their practical applications. Verifies a variety of Metamaterial structures and Metasurfaces experimentally The target audience of this book is postgraduate students and researchers involved in antenna designs. Researchers and engineers interested in enhancing the performance of the antennas using metamaterials will find this book extremely useful. The book will also serve as a good reference for developing artificial materials using metamaterials and their practical applications. Amit K. Singh is Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, India. He is a Member of the IEEE, USA. Mahesh P. Abegaonkar is Associate Professor at the Centre for Applied Research in Electronics at the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, USA. Shiban Kishen Koul is Emeritus Professor at the Centre for Applied Research in Electronics at the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi. He is a Life Fellow of the Institution of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IEEE), USA, a Fellow of the Indian National Academy of Engineering (INAE), and a Fellow of the Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers (IETE).
Metamaterials for Manipulation of Thermal Radiation and Photoluminescence in Near and Far Fields (Springer Theses)
by Yinhui KanThis book provides a series of methods for flexibly and actively manipulating thermal emission and photoluminance by advanced nanostructures—metamaterials. Nanostructures in subwavelength scales can be designed to precisely modulate light-matter interactions and thereby tailoring both thermal radiations and photon emissions. This book explores approaches for designing different kinds of nanostructures, including multilayers, gratings, nanoridges, and waveguides, to improve the flexibility and functionality of micro/nanodevices. With the help of these subwavelength nanostructures, thermal radiation and photoluminescence have been fully manipulated in near and far fields regarding to the intensity, spectrum, polarization, and direction. The proposed methods together with designed metamaterials open new avenues for designing novel micro-/nanodevices or systems for promising applications like thermal energy harvesting, detecting, sensing, and on-chip quantum-optical networks.
Metamaterials for Perfect Absorption
by Ki Won Kim Young Joon Yoo Joo Yull Rhee Young Pak LeeThis book provides a comprehensiveoverview of the theory and practical development of metamaterial-based perfectabsorbers (MMPAs). It begins with a brief history of MMPAs whichreviews the various theoretical and experimental milestones in theirdevelopment. The theoretical background and fundamental working principles ofMMPAs are then discussed, providing the necessary background on how MMPAs workand are constructed. There then follows asection describing how different MMPAs are designed and built according to theoperating frequency of the electromagnetic wave, and how theirbehavior is changed. Methods of fabricating and characterizing MMPAs are thenpresented. The book elaborates on the performanceand characteristics of MMPAs, including electromagnetically-inducedtransparency (EIT). It also covers recent advances in MMPAs and theirapplications, including multi-band, broadband, tunability, polarizationindependence and incidence independence. Suitable for graduate students inoptical sciences and electronic engineering, it will also serve as a valuablereference for active researchers in these fields.
Metamaterials in Topological Acoustics
by Sourav BanerjeeAs an equivalent counterpart of topological research on photonics and condensed matter physics, acoustic metamaterials create an opportunity to explore the topological behaviors in phononics and physics of programmable acoustics. This book introduces the topological behavior of acoustics through the novel design of metamaterials. It provides valuable insight into acoustic metamaterials, from multidisciplinary fundamentals to cutting-edge research. Serves as a single resource on acoustic metamaterials Covers the fundamentals of classical mechanics, quantum mechanics, and state-of-the-art condensed matter physics principles so that topological acoustics can be easily understood by engineers Introduces topological behaviors with acoustics and elastic waves through quantum analogue Hall effects, quantum spin Hall effects, and quantum valley Hall effects and their applications Explains the pros and cons of different design methods and gives guidelines for selecting specific designs of acoustic metamaterials with specific topological behaviors Includes MATLAB® code for numerical analysis of band structures This book is written for graduate students, researchers, scientists, and professionals across materials, mechanical, civil, and aerospace engineering, and those who want to enhance their understanding and commence research in metamaterials.
Metamaterials Modelling and Design
by Didier Felbacq Guy BouchittéThe domain of metamaterials now covers many area of physics: electromagnetics, acoustics, mechanics, thermics, or even seismology. Huge literature is now available on the subject but the results are scattered. Although many ideas and possible applications have been proposed, which of these will emerge as a viable technology will only unfold with time. This book covers the fundamental science behind metamaterials, from the physical, mathematical, and numerical points of view, focusing mainly on methods. It concentrates on electromagnetic waves, but would also be useful in studying other types of metamaterials. It presents the structure of Maxwell equations, discusses the homogenization theory in detail, and includes important problems on resonance. It has an entire section devoted to numerical methods (finite elements, Fourier modal methods, scattering theory), which aims to motivate a reader to implement them. The book is not written as a collection of independent chapters but as a textbook with a strong pedagogical flavor.
Metamaterials with Negative Parameters
by Ricardo Marqués Mario Sorolla Ferran MartínThe first general textbook to offer a complete overview of metamaterial theory and its microwave applicationsMetamaterials with Negative Parameters represents the only unified treatment of metamaterials available in one convenient book. Devoted mainly to metamaterials that can be characterized by a negative effective permittivity and/or permeability, the book includes a wide overview of the most important topics, scientific fundamentals, and technical applications of metamaterials.Chapter coverage includes: the electrodynamics of left-handed media, synthesis of bulk metamaterials, synthesis of metamaterials in planar technology, microwave applications of metamaterial concepts, and advanced and related topics, including SRR- and CSRR-based admittance surfaces, magneto- and electro-inductive waves, and sub-diffraction imaging devices. A list of problems and references is included at the end of each chapter, and a bibliography offers a complete, up-to-daterepresentation of the current state of the art in metamaterials.Geared toward students and professionals alike, Metamaterials with Negative Parameters is an ideal textbook for postgraduate courses and also serves as a valuable introductory reference for scientists and RF/microwave engineers.
Metamodeling for Method Engineering
by Manfred Jeusfeld Matthias Jarke John MylopoulosThis text is a guide to the foundations of method engineering, a developing field concerned with the definition of techniques for designing software systems. The approach is based on metamodeling, the construction of a model about a collection of other models. The book applies the metamodeling approach in five case studies, each describing a solution to a problem in a specific domain. Suitable for classroom use, the book is also useful as a reference for practitioners. The book first presents the theoretical basis of metamodeling for method engineering, discussing information modeling, the potential of metamodeling for software systems development, and the introduction of the metamodeling tool ConceptBase. The second, and larger, portion of the book reports on applications of the metamodeling approach to method engineering. These detailed case studies range from telecommunication service specification, hypermedia design, and data warehousing to cooperative requirements engineering, chemical device modeling, and design of new abstraction principles of modeling languages. Although these chapters can stand alone as case studies, they also relate to the earlier theoretical chapters. The metamodeling approach described in the book is based on the Telos metamodeling language implemented by the ConceptBase system. An accompanying CD-ROM contains the ConceptBase system and a large collection of Telos metamodels discussed in the text. The CD-ROM enables readers to start directly with method engineering, from small method chunks up to complete method definitions. The complete definition of Ed Yourdon's structured analysis method is included as an instructional example.
Metaphors of Ed Tech (Issues in Distance Education)
by Martin WellerThe criticisms leveled at online education during the Covid-19 pandemic revealed not only a lack of understanding about how educational technology can be deployed effectively, but a lack of imagination. In this refreshing and insightful volume, Martin Weller provides new ways of thinking about educational technology through a wide range of metaphors. By using metaphors as a mental model, Weller enables educators to move beyond pragmatic concerns into more imaginative and playful uses of technology and to critically examine the appropriate implementation and adoption of ed tech.
The Metaphysics of Technology (Routledge Studies in Social and Political Thought #94)
by David SkrbinaWhat is technology? Why does it have such power in our lives? Why does it seemingly progress of its own accord, and without regard to social or environmental well-being? The quest for the essence of technology is an old one, with roots in the pre-Socratic philosophy of ancient Greece. It was then that certain thinkers first joined the ideas of technê and logos into a single worldview. The Greeks saw it as a kind of world-force, present in both the works of men and in nature itself. It was the very creative power of the cosmos. In the 20th century, German thinkers like Dessauer, Juenger, and Heidegger sought the metaphysical basis of technology, with varying success. French theologian Jacques Ellul argued persuasively that technology was an autonomous force of nature that determined all aspects of human existence, but he neglected the metaphysical underpinnings. Recent writers in the philosophy of technology have generally eschewed metaphysics altogether, preferring to concentrate on constructivist models or pragmatic analyses. In the present work, Skrbina returns to a classic metaphysical approach, seeking not so much an essence of technology but rather a deep and penetrating analysis of the entire technological phenomenon. Drawing on the Greeks, he argues for a teleological metaphysics in which increasing order in the universe is itself defined as a technological process. On this reading, all of reality constitutes a technical sphere, a "pantechnikon," of universal scope. This work — the first-ever book-length treatment of the topic — breaks new ground by providing an in-depth and critical study of the metaphysics of technology, as well as drawing out the practical consequences. Technology poses significant risks to humanity and the planet, risks that can be mitigated through a detailed philosophical analysis.
Metareasoning for Robots: Adapting in Dynamic and Uncertain Environments (Synthesis Lectures on Computer Science)
by Jeffrey W. HerrmannThis book is a state of the art resource that robotics researchers and engineers can use to make their robots and autonomous vehicles smarter. Readers will be able to describe metareasoning, select an appropriate metareasoning approach, and synthesize metareasoning policies. Metareasoning for Robots adopts a systems engineering perspective in which metareasoning is an approach that can improve the overall robot or autonomous system, not just one component or subsystem. This book introduces key concepts, discusses design options for metareasoning approaches and policies, and presents approaches for testing and evaluation of metareasoning policies. After considering the conceptual design phase, it discusses how to implement metareasoning in the robot’s software architecture and how to synthesize metareasoning policies. Every chapter has references to valuable works on robotics and metareasoning, and the book uses examples from the author’s own research and from other research groups to illustrate these ideas. In addition, this book provides links to books and papers for readers who wish to investigate these topics further.
Metastable-Phase Materials: Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Applications
by Qi Shao Zhenhui Kang Mingwang ShaoDiscover the cutting-edge progress of a promising class of materials significant for use in energy technologies as catalysts Materials are said to be metastable-phases if they can retain their stability when subjected only to slight disturbances. Materials in metastable-phases can have very different properties from those in a state of equilibrium, and can perform very differently under conditions of experimentation, work, or industrial use. Metastable-phase materials are therefore a promising area of study in a variety of different fields, including cutting-edge industries. Metastable-Phase Materials constitute a wide-ranging overview of these materials, their properties, and their applications. Beginning with an overall characterization of metastable-phase materials and their normal modes of synthesis, it characterizes the most important branch of metastable-phase materials and reviews a range of catalytic applications. The result is a critical contribution to materials science and catalytic chemistry with potentially far-reaching implications. Metastable-Phase Materials readers will also find: Treatment of metastable-phase metal materials, 2D metastable-phase materials, and spin-dependent metastable-phase materials Detailed discussion of metastable-phase material applications in electrocatalysis, photocatalysis, thermalcatalysis, and more State-of-the-art technological applications in a myriad of areas Metastable-Phase Materials are ideal for materials scientists, catalytic chemists, inorganic chemists, photochemists, electrochemists, organic chemists, and the libraries that serve these communities.
Metastable States in Amorphous Chalcogenide Semiconductors
by Victor V. Mikla Victor I. MiklaThis book addresses an interesting and technologically important class of materials, the amorphous chalcogenide semiconductors. Experimental results on the structural and electronic metastable states in Se-rich chalcogenides are presented. Special attention is paid to the states in the mobility gap and their sensitivity to various factors such as irradiation, annealing and composition. Photoinduced changes of structure and physical properties are also considered and structural transformation at photocrystallization is studied in detail. Finally, the authors discuss potential applications of the observed effects in xerography, digital radiography and for optical data storage.
Metasurfaces for Wireless Communications: Designs and Implementations
by Yifei Yuan Yuhong Huang Fa-Long LuoThis book provides a comprehensive coverage of reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) based wireless communications by covering all the technology stages from working principles, theories and algorithms, system architectures, real-world implementations, and programming platforms through performance measurements and system testing. Metasurfaces for Wireless Communications: Designs and Implementations serves as a must-be read for everything related to the use of RIS in wireless networks. Authored by three experts in the field, the book is organized into five in-depth and well-designed chapters. The first chapter discusses the fundamentals of metasurfaces for wireless communications as well as the related evolution and requirements of RIS in 6G. The second chapter is devoted to the modeling and analyses of RIS for wireless communications by including electromagnetic field modeling and theoretical analyses of both large- and small-scale channel models. In Chapter 3, the authors mainly address properties’ characterizations and system design of metasurface devices. Chapter 4 examines relay and system implementations of RIS for wireless communications through basic system models, key design aspects, and system simulations and architectures. Chapter 5 discusses the standardization of RIS-aided wireless communications by providing an overview of the relay technologies, field trials, and roadmaps in 3GPP standardizations.This book serves not only as a comprehensive reference for professional engineers, researchers, manufacturers, network operators, software developers, service providers, and regulatory bodies aiming at the development, standardization, deployment, and applications of B5G and 6G mobile communications, but also as a textbook for graduate students in circuits, signal processing, wireless communications, information theory, microwave technology, and antenna and propagation.
Metasurfaces: Towards Tunable and Reconfigurable Meta-devices (Microfluidics and Nanophotonics: Science and Engineering #1)
by Weiming Zhu Ai-Qun LiuMetamaterials and metasurfaces are developing exciting new frontier researches on reconfigurable materials with promising applications on tunable and active devices. The combination of metamaterials and microsystems not only uncap the controllability limits of optical metamaterials, but also pave the way for vast applications. This book focuses on structural reconfiguration of metasurfaces and metamaterials using microsystems, which have previously been developed for tiny machines and droplets formations. It covers multi-disciplinary researches on reconfigurable metamaterials and metasurfaces revealing their potential applications on densely integrated devices with working frequencies ranging from GHz to infrared region. Topics like MEMS metamaterials, frequency selective surface, photonic reconfigurable metasurfaces, and microfluidic metamaterials are just a few examples, which present lively research communities within the scope of this book. This book is intended for undergraduate and graduate students who are interested in fundamental science and technology of micro-optics and artificial materials, researchers in the field of reconfigurable and tunable metamaterials, and engineers working on tunable lens, Lidar, beam steering devices, or other applications.