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Microstructure and Properties of High-Temperature Superconductors
by I. A. ParinovThe main features of high-temperature superconductors (HTSC) that define their properties are intrinsic brittleness of oxide cuprates, the layered anisotropic structure and the supershort coherence length. Taking into account these features, this treatise presents research into HTSC microstructure and properties, and also explores the possibilities of optimization of the preparation techniques and superconducting compositions. The "composition-technique-experiment-theory-model," employed here, assumes considerable HTSC defectiveness and structure heterogeneity and helps to draw a comprehensive picture of modern representations of the microstructure, strength and the related structure-sensitive properties of the materials considered. Special attention is devoted to the Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O and Y-Ba-Cu-O families, which currently offer the most promising applications. Including a great number of illustrations and references, this monograph addresses students, post-graduate students and specialists, taking part in the development, preparation and research of new materials. The new edition had been updated intensively, especially experimental investigations and modeling conductive and elastic properties of HTC superconductors have been added.
Microstructure and Properties of Micro- and Nanoscale Materials, Films, and Coatings: Selected Articles from the International Conference on Nanomaterials: Applications and Properties, (NAP 2019) (Springer Proceedings in Physics #240)
by Alexander D. Pogrebnjak Oleksandr BondarThis book presents the findings of experimental and theoretical (including first-principles molecular dynamics simulation) studies of nanostructured and nanocomposite metal-based materials, and nanoscale multilayer coatings fabricated by physical or chemical vapor deposition, magnetron sputtering, electrospark alloying, ionic layer absorption, contact melting, and high-current electron beam irradiation. It also discusses novel methods of nanocomposite formation, as well as the structure of the deposited films, coatings and other nanoscale materials, their elemental and phase composition, and their physical–mechanical, tribological, magnetic and electrical properties. Lastly, it explores the influence of a various surface modification methods, such as thermal annealing, pulsed laser modification, and thermomechanical and ultrasonic treatment, as well as different properties of nanostructured films.
Microstructure Atlas of P22 Steel
by Rajat K. Roy Anil K. Das Avijit Kumar Metya Avijit Mondal Ashis Kumar Panda M. Ghosh Satish Chand Sarmishtha Palit Sagar Swapan Kumar Das Amit Chhabra Swaminathan Jaganathan Amitava MitraThis book highlights the qualitative and quantitative sequential changes in microstructure of P22 steel under various stress and temperature conditions. The P22 alloy is an established material used under elevated temperature and stress for the components of thermal power plants. Temperature and stress levels for laboratory experimentation have been selected based on the true operating condition of a boiler. This book describes both continuous as well as interrupted tests that were performed under given parameters. Subsequently, the microstructures, bulk hardness and NDE parameters (magnetic and non-linear ultrasonic) have been evaluated. For reliable data, the microstructures have been observed at different regions of creep exposed samples by different characterization techniques. This has been further followed by drawing correlation between specific features like precipitate size variation with creep strain / creep time and so on. Given the contents, this book will be a useful reference for researchers and professionals working in the area of materials especially in thermal power plants.
Microstructure Atlas of P91 Steel
by Rajat K. Roy Anil K. Das Avijit Kumar Metya Avijit Mondal Ashis Kumar Panda M. Ghosh Satish Chand Sarmishtha Palit Sagar Swapan Kumar Das Amit Chhabra Swaminathan Jaganathan Amitava MitraThis book highlights the qualitative and quantitative sequential changes in microstructure of P91 steel under various stress and temperature conditions. The P91 alloy is an established material used under elevated temperature and stress in the components of thermal power plants. Temperature and stress levels for laboratory experimentation have been selected based on the true operating condition of a boiler. This book describes both full length as well as interrupted tests that were performed under given parameters. Subsequently, the microstructures, bulk hardness and NDE parameters (magnetic and non-linear ultrasonic) have been evaluated. For reliable data, the microstructures have been observed at different regions of creep exposed samples by different characterization techniques. This has been further followed by drawing co-relation between specific features like precipitate size variation with creep strain / creep time and so on. Given the contents, this book will be a useful reference for researchers and professionals working in the area of materials especially in thermal power plants.
Microstructure of Dairy Products
by Mamdouh El-Bakry Antoni Sanchez Bhavbhuti M. MehtaProvides the most recent developments in microscopy techniques and types of analysis used to study the microstructure of dairy products This comprehensive and timely text focuses on the microstructure analyses of dairy products as well as on detailed microstructural aspects of them. Featuring contributions from a global team of experts, it offers great insight into the understanding of different phenomena that relate to the functional and biochemical changes during processing and subsequent storage. Structured into two parts, Microstructure of Dairy Products begins with an overview of microscopy techniques and software used for microstructural analyses. It discusses, in detail, different types of the following techniques, such as: light microscopy (including bright field, polarized, and confocal scanning laser microscopy) and electron microscopy (mainly scanning and transmission electron microscopy). The description of these techniques also includes the staining procedures and sample preparation methods developed. Emerging microscopy techniques are also covered, reflecting the latest advances in this field. Part 2 of the book focuses on the microstructure of various dairy foods, dividing each into sections related to the microstructure of milk, cheeses, yogurts, powders, and fat products, ice cream and frozen dairy desserts, dairy powders and selected traditional Indian dairy products. In addition, there is a review of the localization of microorganism within the microstructure of various dairy products. The last chapter discusses the challenges and future trends of the microstructure of dairy products. Presents complete coverage of the latest developments in dairy product microscopy techniques Details the use of microscopy techniques in structural analysis An essential purchase for companies, researchers, and other professionals in the dairy sector Microstructure of Dairy Products is an excellent resource for food scientists, technologists, and chemists—and physicists, rheologists, and microscopists—who deal in dairy products.
Microstructure of Metals and Alloys: An Atlas of Transmission Electron Microscopy Images
by Ganka Zlateva Zlatanka MartinovaA teaching tool intended to complement existing books on the theory of materials science, metallurgy, and electron microscopy, this text focuses on metals and alloys. It visualizes key structural elements common to crystalline materials, including crystal lattice imperfections, along with the principles and steps involved in the microstructure deve
Microstructure of Smectite Clays and Engineering Performance
by null Roland Pusch null Raymond N. YongCertain wastes such as nuclear wastes, are so hazardous that their disposal creates a major challenge requiring considerable technical skill and understanding. Their effective isolation in the ground depends on the properties of the surrounding clays. This authoritative book explains the detailed function of clay-based engineered barriers, gives a
The Microstructure of Superalloys
by Madeleine Durand-CharrePresents all the main aspects of the microstructure of nickel-base superalloys, and includes micrographs chosen from among a large range of commercial and academic alloys, from the as-cast product to in-situ components, worn from in-service use. Including more than 100 illustrations, the text explains all the transformation mechanisms involved in the origination (creation) of microstructures during solidification or heat treatments (crystallization paths, segregation, crystal orientation, precipitation, TCP, coarsening and rafting, etc.). It includes up-to-date information and data such as phase diagrams, crystallographic structures, and relationships with functional properties. Nearly 300 references provide a key to further investigation.
Microstructure-Property Correlations for Hard, Superhard, and Ultrahard Materials
by Valentine KanyantaThis book discusses microstructure-property correlations and explores key microstructure features and how they affect the properties of a material. The authors discuss the effect of manufacturing and processing routes on microstructure and properties. They identify appropriate microstructure and mechanical characterization techniques essential for developing accurate microstructure-property relationships. The techniques include high resolution imaging methods and properties measurements such as hardness, strength, elastic modulus, and fracture toughness. Current and future trends in hard and superhard material design are revealed by the authors, including nanostructured materials, biomimicry, and novel manufacturing technologies.
Microstructure-Property Optimization in Metallic Glasses
by Baran SaracThis thesis consists of an in-depth study of investigating microstructure-property relationships in bulk metallic glasses using a novel quantitative approach by which influence of the second phase features on mechanical properties can be independently and systematically analyzed. The author evaluates and optimizes the elastic and plastic deformation, as well as the overall toughness of cellular honeycombs under in-plane compression and porous heterostructures under uniaxial tension. The study reveals three major deformation zones in cellular metallic glass structures, where deformation changes from collective buckling showing non-linear elasticity to localized failure exhibiting a brittle-like deformation, and finally to global sudden failure with negligible plasticity as the length to thickness ratio of the ligaments increases. The author found that spacing and size of the pores, the pore configuration within the matrix, and the overall width of the sample determines the extent of deformation, where the optimized values are attained for pore diameter to spacing ratio of one with AB type pore stacking.
Microstructured Devices for Chemical Processing
by Madhvanand N. Kashid Lioubov Kiwi-Minsker Albert RenkenBased on courses taught by the authors, this advanced textbook discusses opportunities for achieving larger-scale reactions in a technically controllable, sustainable, cost-effective and safe manner. Adopting a practical approach, it describes how miniaturized devices are used successfully for process intensification, focusing on the engineering aspects of microstructured devices, such as their design and characterization for homogeneous and multiphase reactions. It addresses the conditions under which microstructured devices are beneficial, how they should be designed, and how such devices can be integrated in a chemical process. Essential for master and doctoral students, as well as professional chemists and chemical engineers working in this area.
Microstructured Materials: Inverse Problems
by Jüri Engelbrecht Jaan JannoComplex, microstructured materials are widely used in industry and technology and include alloys, ceramics and composites. Focusing on non-destructive evaluation (NDE), this book explores in detail the mathematical modeling and inverse problems encountered when using ultrasound to investigate heterogeneous microstructured materials. The outstanding features of the text are firstly, a clear description of both linear and nonlinear mathematical models derived for modelling the propagation of ultrasonic deformation waves, and secondly, the provision of solutions to the corresponding inverse problems that determine the physical parameters of the models. The data are related to nonlinearities at both a macro- and micro- level, as well as to dispersion. The authors' goal has been to construct algorithms that allow us to determine the parameters within which we are required to characterize microstructure. To achieve this, the authors not only use conventional harmonic waves, but also propose a novel methodology based on using solitary waves in NDE. The book analyzes the uniqueness and stability of the solutions, in addition to providing numerical examples.
MicroSystem Based on SiP Technology
by Suny LiThis book is a comprehensive SiP design guide book. It is divided into three parts: concept and technology, design and simulation, project and case, for a total of 30 chapters. In Part one, the author proposes some new original concepts and thoughts, such as Function Density Law,Si³P and 4D integration. Part one also covers the latest technology of SiP and Advanced Packaging. Part two covers the latest SiP and Advanced Packaging design and simulation technologies, such as wire bonding, multi-step cavity, chip stacking, 2.5D TSV, 3D TSV, RDL, Fan- In, Fan-Out, Flip Chip, Embedded Passive, Embedded Chip, RF design, Rigid-Flex design, 4D SiP design, Multi-layout project and Team design, as well as SI, PI, thermal simulation, electrical verification and physical verification. Based on a real design case, part three introduces the design, simulation and implementation methods of different types of SiP, which has a -important reference significance for the research and development of SiP projects. This book comprehensively and deeply expounds the latest development, design ideas and design methods of contemporary SiP technology from three aspects: concept and technology, design and simulation, project and case. Through the detailed introduction of new concepts, design methods, actual projects and cases, this book describes the whole process of SiP products from the beginning of conception to the final realization and makes readers benefit from it.
Microsystems Dynamics
by Vytautas Ostasevicius Rolanas DaukseviciusIn recent years microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) have emerged as a new technology with enormous application potential. MEMS manufacturing techniques are essentially the same as those used in the semiconductor industry, therefore they can be produced in large quantities at low cost. The added benefits of lightweight, miniature size and low energy consumption make MEMS commercialization very attractive. Modeling and simulation is an indispensable tool in the process of studying these new dynamic phenomena, development of new microdevices and improvement of the existing designs. MEMS technology is inherently multidisciplinary since operation of microdevices involves interaction of several energy domains of different physical nature, for example, mechanical, fluidic and electric forces. Dynamic behavior of contact-type electrostatic microactuators, such as a microswitches, is determined by nonlinear fluidic-structural, electrostatic-structural and vibro-impact interactions. The latter is particularly important: Therefore it is crucial to develop accurate computational models for numerical analysis of the aforementioned interactions in order to better understand coupled-field effects, study important system dynamic characteristics and thereby formulate guidelines for the development of more reliable microdevices with enhanced performance, reliability and functionality.
Microsystems for Enhanced Control of Cell Behavior
by Andrés Díaz LantadaThis handbook focuses on the entire development process of biomedical microsystems that promote special interactions with cells. Fundamentals of cell biology and mechanobiology are described as necessary preparatory input for design tasks. Advanced design, simulation, and micro/nanomanufacturing resources, whose combined use enables the development of biomedical microsystems capable of interacting at a cellular level, are covered in depth. A detailed series of chapters is then devoted to applications based on microsystems that offer enhanced cellular control, including microfluidic devices for diagnosis and therapy, cell-based sensors and actuators (smart biodevices), microstructured prostheses for improvement of biocompatibility, microstructured and microtextured cell culture matrices for promotion of cell growth and differentiation, electrophoretic microsystems for study of cell mechanics, microstructured and microtextured biodevices for study of cell adhesion and dynamics, and biomimetic microsystems (including organs-on-chips), among others. Challenges relating to the development of reliable in vitro biomimetic microsystems, the design and manufacture of complex geometries, and biofabrication are also discussed.
Microsystems for Pharmatechnology
by Andreas DietzelThis book provides a comprehensive, state-of-the-art review of microfluidic approaches and applications in pharmatechnology. It is appropriate for students with an interdisciplinary interest in both the pharmaceutical and engineering fields, as well as process developers and scientists in the pharmaceutical industry. The authors cover new and advanced technologies for screening, production by micro reaction technology and micro bioreactors, small-scale processing of drug formulations, and drug delivery that will meet the need for fast and effective screening methods for drugs in different formulations, as well as the production of drugs in very small volumes. Readers will find detailed chapters on the materials and techniques for fabrication of microfluidic devices, microbioreactors, microsystems for emulsification, on-chip fabrication of drug delivery systems, respiratory drug delivery and delivery through microneedles, organs-on-chip, and more.
Microtexture Determination and Its Applications
by V. RandleA cornerstone in the study of both natural and technological materials is characterisation of microstructure. In the widest sense this topic encompasses, for all phases present: morphology, including size and shape distributions; chemical composition; crystallographic parameters, including orientation and orientation relationships. A landmark advance for the materials community occurred with the genesis of 'microtexture', which for the first time provided integration of crystallographic parameters and other aspects of the microstructure. A definition of microtexture is: 'a population of crystallographic orientations whose individual components are linked to their location within the microstructure.' The term microtexture also describes any experimental technique used to determine this information. Essentially, a stationary beam of electrons is diffracted by atomic planes in the sampled volume of specimen. Analysis of the resulting diffraction pattern provides crystallographic information which can be related back to its position of origin. An estimated 95 percent of microtexture determination is by 'electron backscatter diffraction' (EBSD) in a scanning electron microscope (SEM), with the remaining 5 percent contributed mainly by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) counterparts to EBSD. Evaluation (indexing) of EBSD diffraction patterns and output of data in a variety of formats is in most cases fully automated. The most exciting EBSD output is an 'orientation map', which is a quantitative depiction of the microstructure in terms of its orientation constituents. Microtexture determination is now firmly established as the most comprehensive experimental tool for quantitative characterisation and analysis of microstructure, and is used extensively in both research and industry. Much has changed since this book was first published and the second edition has been completely rewritten to reflect these changes.
Microtron: Development and Applications
by null Yuri M. TsipenyukThe Microtron: Development and Applications is a comprehensive monograph that sums up more than 30 years of research and development in microtron technology and applications and provides a systematic presentation of results from investigations carried out in Russia and abroad. The first part describes the basic principles of various types of microt
Microtubules: Methods and Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology #2430)
by Hiroshi InabaThis volume provides state-of-the-art methodology to functionalize microtubules and construct microtubule-based materials. Chapters consists of six sections detailing modification of microtubule structures, observation and control of microtubule movement, material applications of microtubules in vitro, development of microtubule-binding molecules, comprehensive approaches to analyze properties of microtubules, and functionalization of microtubules in living cells. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and cutting-edge, Microtubules: Methods and Protocols aims to provide useful information for construction of microtubule-based materials and help to create new ideas for the next-generation of materials and applications through detailed protocols.
Microwave Active Devices and Circuits for Communication (Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering #533)
by Subhash Chandra BeraThe book discusses active devices and circuits for microwave communications. It begins with the basics of device physics and then explores the design of microwave communication systems including analysis and the implementation of different circuits. In addition to classic topics in microwave active devices, such as p-i-n diodes, Schottky diodes, step recovery diodes, BJT, HBT, MESFET, HFET, and various microwave circuits like switch, phase shifter, attenuator, detector, amplifier, multiplier and mixer, the book also covers modern areas such as Class-F power amplifiers, direct frequency modulators, linearizers, and equalizers. Most of the examples are based on practical devices available in commercial markets and the circuits presented are operational. The book uses analytical methods to derive values of circuit components without the need for any circuit design tools, in order to explain the theory of the circuits. All the given analytical expressions are also cross verified using commercially available microwave circuit design tools, and each chapter includes relevant diagrams and solved problems. It is intended for scholars in the field of electronics and communication engineering.
Microwave Amplifier and Active Circuit Design Using the Real Frequency Technique
by Jacques N. Beneat Pierre JarryDescribes the use of the Real Frequency Technique for designing and realizing RF/microwave amplifiers and circuits This book focuses on the authors' Real Frequency Technique (RFT) and its application to a wide variety of multi-stage microwave amplifiers and active filters, and passive equalizers for radar pulse shaping and antenna return loss applications. The first two chapters review the fundamentals of microwave amplifier design and provide a description of the RFT. Each subsequent chapter introduces a new type of amplifier or circuit design, reviews its design problems, and explains how the RFT can be adapted to solve these problems. The authors take a practical approach by summarizing the design steps and giving numerous examples of amplifier realizations and measured responses. Provides a complete description of the RFT as it is first used to design multistage lumped amplifiers using a progressive optimization of the equalizers, leading to a small number of parameters to optimize simultaneously Presents modifications to the RFT to design trans-impedance microwave amplifiers that are used for photodiodes acting as high impedance current sources Discusses the methods using the RFT to optimize equalizers made of lossy distributed networks Covers methods and examples for designing standard linear multi-stage power amplifiers and those using arborescent structures Describes how to use the RFT to design multi?]stage active filters Shows the flexibility of the RFT to solve a variety of microwave circuit design problems like the problem of passive equalizer design for Radar receivers Examines a possible method for the synthesis of microwave antennas using the RFT Microwave Amplifier and Active Circuit Design Using the Real Frequency Technique is intended for researchers and RF and microwave engineers but is also suitable for advanced graduate students in circuit design. Dr. Beneat and Dr. Jarry are members of the editorial board of Wiley's International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer Aided Engineering. They have published seven books together, including Advanced Design Techniques and Realizations of Microwave and RF Filters (Wiley-IEEE 2008), Design and Realizations of Miniaturized Fractals RF and Microwave Filters (Wiley 2009), Miniaturized Microwave Fractal Filters--M2F2 (Wiley 2012), and RF and Microwave Electromagnetism (Wiley-ISTE 2014).
Microwave Analysis of Unconventional Superconductors with Coplanar-Resonator Techniques (PoliTO Springer Series)
by Gianluca Ghigo Daniele TorselloThis book provides a thorough overview of methods and approaches to the experimental characterization of superconductors at microwave frequencies, and includes a detailed description of the two main techniques, both based on the use of coplanar waveguide resonators, that the authors employed to investigate the properties of unconventional superconductors. In the second part several case studies are described, covering a large spectrum of materials and issues. Particular emphasis is given to recent hot topics concerning iron-based superconductors, both of fundamental nature and relevant for applications. The book is intended as a learning tool for researchers in the field, and serves as a guide providing inspiring examples of the use of coplanar resonator techniques to address key topics in the field of unconventional superconductivity.
Microwave and Millimeter-wave Antenna Design for 5G Smartphone Applications
by Wonbin Hong Chow-Yen Desmond SimMicrowave and Millimeter-wave Antenna Design for 5G Smartphone Applications In-depth and practical coverage of design considerations for 5G antennas In Microwave and Millimeter-wave Antenna Design for 5G Smartphone Applications, two distinguished researchers deliver a holistic, multidisciplinary approach to antenna design methodologies. The book covers approaches ranging from sub-6GHz microwave to the millimeter-wave spectrum, explaining how microwave and millimeter-wave 5G antennas coexist and function, both independently and collaboratively. The book offers coverage of key considerations for designing millimeter-wave 5G antennas within space-constrained mobile devices, as well as practical concerns, like cost, fabrication yield, and heat dissipation. Readers will also find explorations of the likely future directions of 5G antenna evolution, as well as: A thorough introduction to basic concepts in 5G FR1 Band mobile antenna design, including discussions of antenna placement, element design, and topologies Comprehensive explorations of antenna feeding mechanisms and impedance matching, including chassis considerations and effects Practical discussions of frequency tunable millimeter-wave 5G antenna-in-package Fulsome treatments of compact millimeter-wave 5G antenna solutions and millimeter-wave antenna-on-display technologies for 5G mobile devices Perfect for antenna, microwave, communications, and radio-frequency engineers, Microwave and Millimeter-wave Antenna Design for 5G Smartphone Applications will also benefit graduate students, policymakers, regulators, and researchers with an interest in communications and antennas.
Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Chips Based on Thin-Film Integrated Passive Device Technology: Design and Simulation
by Yongle Wu Weimin WangThis book adopts the latest academic achievements of microwave and millimeter-wave chips based on thin-film integrated passive device technology as specific cases. Coherent processes of basic theories and design implementations of microwave and millimeter-wave chips are presented in detail. It forms a complete system from design theory, circuit simulation, full-wave electromagnetic simulation, and fabrication to measurement. Five representative microwave and millimeter-wave passive chips based on TFIPD technology are taken as examples to demonstrate the complete process from theory, design, simulation, fabrication, and measurement, which is comprehensive, systematical, and easy to learn and understand, convenient to operate, and close to the practical application. This book is mainly aimed at the design and simulation of microwave and millimeter-wave chips based on thin-film integrated passive device technology. On the basis of specific cases, it introduces the whole process from theory, design, simulation, optimization, fabrication to measurement of the balanced filter, microstrip filter, absorptive filter, power divider, and balun. This book is suitable for the professional technicians who are engaged in the design and engineering application of microwave and millimeter-wave device chips. It can also be used as the textbook of electronic science and technology, electromagnetic field and microwave technology, electronic engineering, radar engineering, integrated circuit, and other related majors in colleges and universities.
Microwave and Millimeter Wave Circuits and Systems
by Apostolos Georgiadis Hendrik Rogier Paolo Arcioni Luca RoselliMicrowave and Millimeter Wave Circuits and Systems: Emerging Design, Technologies and Applications provides a wide spectrum of current trends in the design of microwave and millimeter circuits and systems. In addition, the book identifies the state-of-the art challenges in microwave and millimeter wave circuits systems design such as behavioral modeling of circuit components, software radio and digitally enhanced front-ends, new and promising technologies such as substrate-integrated-waveguide (SIW) and wearable electronic systems, and emerging applications such as tracking of moving targets using ultra-wideband radar, and new generation satellite navigation systems. Each chapter treats a selected problem and challenge within the field of Microwave and Millimeter wave circuits, and contains case studies and examples where appropriate. Key Features: Discusses modeling and design strategies for new appealing applications in the domain of microwave and millimeter wave circuits and systemsWritten by experts active in the Microwave and Millimeter Wave frequency range (industry and academia)Addresses modeling/design/applications both from the circuit as from the system perspective Covers the latest innovations in the respective fieldsEach chapter treats a selected problem and challenge within the field of Microwave and Millimeter wave circuits, and contains case studies and examples where appropriate This book serves as an excellent reference for engineers, researchers, research project managers and engineers working in R&D, professors, and post-graduates studying related courses. It will also be of interest to professionals working in product development and PhD students.