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Optical Techniques for Solid-State Materials Characterization
by Rohit P. Prasankumar Antoinett E J. TaylorOver the last century, numerous optical techniques have been developed to characterize materials, giving insight into their optical, electronic, magnetic, and structural properties and elucidating such diverse phenomena as high-temperature superconductivity and protein folding. Optical Techniques for Solid-State Materials Characterization provides
Optical Techniques in Regenerative Medicine
by Stephen P. Morgan Felicity R. A. J. Rose Stephen J. MatcherIn regenerative medicine, tissue engineers largely rely on destructive and time-consuming techniques that do not allow in situ and spatial monitoring of tissue growth. Furthermore, once the therapy is implanted in the patient, clinicians are often unable to monitor what is happening in the body. To tackle these barriers, optical techniques have bee
Optical Technologies for Extreme-Ultraviolet and Soft X-ray Coherent Sources
by Federico Canova Luca PolettoThe book reviews the most recent achievements in optical technologies for XUV and X-ray coherent sources. Particular attention is given to free-electron-laser facilities, but also to other sources available at present, such as synchrotrons, high-order laser harmonics and X-ray lasers. The optical technologies relevant to each type of source are discussed. In addition, the main technologies used for photon handling and conditioning, namely multilayer mirrors, adaptive optics, crystals and gratings are explained. Experiments using coherent light received during the last decades a lot of attention for the X-ray regime. Strong efforts were taken for the realization of almost fully coherent sources, e. g. the free-electron lasers, both as independent sources in the femtosecond and attosecond regimes and as seeding sources for free-electron-lasers and X-ray gas lasers. In parallel to the development of sources, optical technologies for photon handling and conditioning of such coherent and intense X-ray beams advanced. New problems were faced for the realization of optical components of beamlines demanding to manage coherent X-ray photons, e. g. the preservation of coherence and time structure of ultra short pulses.
Optical Thin Film Design
by Andrew SaranganThin-film coatings are universal on optical components such as displays, lenses, mirrors, cameras, and windows and serve a variety of functions such as antireflection, high reflection, and spectral filtering. Designs can be as simple as a single-layer dielectric for antireflection effects or very complex with hundreds of layers for producing elaborate spectral filtering effects. Starting from basic principles of electromagnetics, design techniques are progressively introduced toward more intricate optical filter designs, numerical optimization techniques, and production methods, as well as emerging areas such as phase change materials and metal film optics. Worked examples, Python computer codes, and instructor problem sets are included. Key Features: Starting from the basic principles of electromagnetics, topics are built in a pedagogic manner toward intricate filter designs, numerical optimization and production methods. Discusses thin-film applications and design from simple single-layer effects to complex several-hundred-layer spectral filtering. Includes modern topics such as phase change materials and metal film optics. Includes worked examples, problem sets, and numerical examples with Python codes.
Optical to Terahertz Engineering (Progress in Optical Science and Photonics #23)
by Arijit Saha Arindam Biswas Kankat Ghosh Nilanjan MukhopadhyayThis book highlights advances in the field of THz engineering along with limitations of radio frequency (RF) technology. All engineering applications have been designed to operate over a specific frequency or wavelength range in electromagnetic spectrum. In recent years, the unexplored domain of THz range of electromagnetic spectrum has paved the way for terahertz technology due to its nonionizing nature and sensitivity to water content. A wide range of applications with THz techniques such as terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS), biological, medical and pharmaceutical sciences, explosives inspection, information and communication technology (ICT) sector and many more, have potential to be the technology of future. Different designing aspects and evolving application areas are addressed to enrich the technical knowledge of readers. This book provides an overview of state of the art in terms of research and industrial progress in THz spectrum.
The Optical Transfer Function of Imaging Systems (Series In Optics And Optoelectronics Ser.)
by Thomas WilliamsThe Optical Transfer Function of Imaging Systems deals extensively with the theoretical concept of the optical transfer function (OTF), its measurement, and application to imaging devices. The OTF is a mathematical entity describing how well the subject is transferred into an image via the lens.The book focuses on the practical aspects of using and measuring the OTF. It presents the background physics necessary to understand and assess the performance of the great proliferation of electro-optical systems, including image intensifiers, video cameras, and thermal imagers. Assuming a senior undergraduate level of optics knowledge, the book is suitable for graduate courses in optics, electro-optics, and photographic science. In addition, it is a practical guide for systems designers who require a means of assessing and specifying the performance of imaging systems. It is also of interest to physicists and engineers working in all areas of imaging.
Optical Transmission
by giorgio maria tosi beleffi António TeixeiraOptical Transmission represents a wide set of visions of researchers who are active in the actual research scene in Europe. An aggregate of highlights of research in transmission with a state of the art presented by the researchers who are driving it are presented. The trends on research are in this book presented by one of the widest networks of excellence put together in Europe in the field of optical networking (more than 40 Research institutions were involved). The readers will find a specialized readout of the current trends and status of transmission ranging from simulation to ultimate experimental results, from modulations to devices. A highlight of Optical Transmission is the introduction in a technical book a chapter on techno-economics, which drives the vision and field a little further. General reading could be made however is more suited for graduated users. The most important features of Optical Transmission are: wide vision on transmission related issues, state of the art and related trends and techniques; techno-economics of the field.
Optical Tweezers
by Arne GennerichThe aim of this volume is to provide a comprehensive overview of optical tweezers setups, both in practical and theoretical terms, to help biophysicists, biochemists, and cell biologists to build and calibrate their own instruments and to perform force measurements on mechanoenzymes both in isolation in vitro and in living cells. Chapters have been divided in three parts focusing on theory and practical design of optical tweezers, detailed protocols for performing force measurements on single DNA- and microtubule/actin-associated mechanoenzymes in isolation, and describing recent advances that have opened up quantitative force measurements in living cells. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and cutting-edge, Optical Tweezers: Methods and Protocols aims help to further expand the accessibility and use of optical traps by scientists of diverse disciplines.
Optical Tweezers: Methods and Applications
by Miles J. Padgett Justin E. Molloy David McGloinThe technical development of optical tweezers, along with their application in the biological and physical sciences, has progressed significantly since the demonstration of an optical trap for micron-sized particles based on a single, tightly focused laser beam was first reported more than twenty years ago. Bringing together many landmark papers on
Optical Vortex Beams: Fundamentals and Techniques (Advances in Optics and Optoelectronics)
by Shiyao Fu Chunqing GaoThis book focuses on optical vortices, including beams carrying orbital angular momentum and vector beams. It presents an overview of, and the latest research on this novel type of optical beam, which is a hot topic in the domain of modern optics, especially in optical communication and beam manipulation. Summarizing the fundamentals of optical vortices, it discusses their characterization and propagation, and focuses on the generation of vortices such as vortex-arrays, and the detection of vortices and their orbital angular momentum state. It also comprehensively examines the adaptive compensation systems, as well as vector beams and polarization vortices with anisotropic polarization distributions. Further it provides a detailed description of perfect vortices with beam diameters independent of the angular momentum. This book is intended for researchers, engineers and graduate students working in the field of optics and laser beam applications.
Optical Waveguides: From Theory to Applied Technologies (Optical Science and Engineering)
by María L. Calvo and Vasudevan LakshminarayananAlthough the theory and principles of optical waveguides have been established for more than a century, the technologies have only been realized in recent decades. Optical Waveguides: From Theory to Applied Technologies combines the most relevant aspects of waveguide theory with the study of current detailed waveguiding technologies, in particular, photonic devices, telecommunication applications, and biomedical optics. With self-contained chapters written by well-known specialists, the book features both fundamentals and applications. The first three chapters examine the theoretical foundations and bases of planar optical waveguides as well as critical optical properties such as birefringence and nonlinear optical phenomena. The next several chapters focus on contemporary waveguiding technologies that include photonic devices and telecommunications. The book concludes with discussions on additional technological applications, including biomedical optical waveguides and the potential of neutron waveguides. As optical waveguides play an increasing part in modern technology, photonics will become to the 21st century what electronics were to the 20th century. Offering both novel insights for experienced professionals and introductory material for novices, this book facilitates a better understanding of the new information era—the photonics century.
Optical Waveguides Analysis and Design
by Amal BanerjeeThis book offers readers a comprehensive, detailed analysis and treatment of optical waveguides (fiber, slab), an essential component of ultra-high bandwidth long, medium and short-haul telecommunication. The author describes an analysis scheme for optical waveguides that combines both geometric|ray optics and Maxwell’s equations-based classical electrodynamics. This unique approach enables readers to develop an intuitive understanding of this topic, starting with macro properties, e.g., V parameter of an optical fiber, and progressively refining the analysis to individual modes of propagation through an optical waveguide. An exhaustive set of diagrams highlight the key features of an optical waveguide property, such as acceptance angle, meridional and skew rays in an optical fiber, or signal attenuation and dispersion in an optical waveguide. The author also provides a set of ready-to-use, ANSI C executables (for both Linux and Windows) that enable the reader to e.g, determine the allowed propagation modes (even, odd TE|TM) of a graded, step index optical fiber and a slab waveguide.Offers readers a single-source reference to the analysis and design of optical waveguides;Begins with macro-level analysis of the properties of optical waveguides and dives deeply into details in a step-by-step manner, enabling readers to develop an intuitive understanding;Includes C language executables, along with optical waveguide analysis and design examples to demonstrate their use in context.
Optical Waves and Laser Beams in the Irregular Atmosphere
by Nathan Blaunstein and Natan KopeikaThe book introduces optical wave propagation in the irregular turbulent atmosphere and the relations to laser beam and LIDAR applications for both optical communication and imaging. It examines atmosphere fundamentals, structure, and content. It explains specific situations occurring in the irregular atmosphere and for specific natural phenomena that affect optical ray and laser beam propagation. It emphasizes how to use LIDAR to investigate atmospheric phenomena and predict primary parameters of the irregular turbulent atmosphere and suggests what kinds of optical devices to operate in different atmospheric situations to minimize the deleterious effects of natural atmospheric phenomena.
Optical Waves in Waveguides and Free Space: Multimode Propagation (Springer Series in Optical Sciences #251)
by Junhe Zhou Meisong TongThis book provides a thorough review of multi-mode propagation inside optical waveguides and free space, which is receiving particular attention for its promising applications in communications and sensing. At the heart of the book is the matter of how modes couple and interfere due to engineered or random index fluctuations, forming functional devices. The chapters cover topics such as multi-mode interference, coupled mode theory, and mode generation. Readers discover how a universal coupled mode theory can describe mode propagation, enabling stochastic analysis and avoiding time-consuming simulations. The book also delves into mode division multiplexing systems and digital signal processing (DSP) algorithm-enabled multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmission in multi-mode systems. Researchers in the field of optical communications and for physicists and engineers will find this book to be invaluable. It offers a comprehensive review of multi-mode transmission systems' basic physics and applications, making it essential for anyone interested in advancing their understanding of this rapidly expanding field.
Optical Whispering Gallery Modes for Biosensing: From Physical Principles to Applications
by Frank Vollmer Deshui YuThis interdisciplinary book covers the fundamentals of optical whispering gallery mode (WGM) microcavities, light–matter interaction, and biomolecular structure with a focus on applications in biosensing. Novel biosensors based on the hybridization of WGM microcavities and localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) in metal nanoparticles have emerged as the most sensitive microsystem biodetection technology that boasts single molecule detection capability without the need for amplification and labeling of the analyte. The book provides an ample survey of the physical mechanisms of WGMs and LSPRs for detecting affinity, concentration, size, shape and orientation of biomarkers, while informing the reader about different classes of biomolecules, their optical properties and their importance in label-free clinical diagnostics.This expanded and updated second edition features a new chapter that introduces the reader to advanced in vivo biosensing techniques using WGM microcavities, looking at photothermal sensing, methods for trapping neutral atoms around WGM microcavities, and practical aspects of optoplasmonic sensing. The second Edition now provides a comprehensive introduction to the use of WGM microcavities in physical sensing which includes measurements with frequency combs, macro and micro (one atom) lasers, gyroscopes, optomechanical and parity-time-symmetric sensor devices.Chapter-end problems round out this comprehensive and fundamental textbook, inspiring a host of up-and-coming physicists, bioengineers, and medical professionals to make their own breakthroughs in this blossoming new field. This textbook can be used for both introductory and advanced courses about the modern optics of optical microcavities.
Optical Whispering Gallery Modes for Biosensing: From Physical Principles to Applications (Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering)
by Frank Vollmer Deshui YuThis interdisciplinary book covers the fundamentals of optical whispering gallery mode (WGM) microcavities, light–matter interaction, and biomolecular structure with a focus on applications in biosensing. Novel biosensors based on the hybridization of WGM microcavities and localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) in metal nanoparticles have emerged as the most sensitive microsystem biodetection technology that boasts single molecule detection capability without the need for amplification and labeling of the analyte. The book provides an ample survey of the physical mechanisms of WGMs and LSPRs for detecting affinity, concentration, size, shape and orientation of biomarkers, while informing the reader about different classes of biomolecules, their optical properties and their importance in label-free clinical diagnostics. For the more advanced reader, advanced applications of WGMs and LSPRs in exploring the fundamental nature of quantum physics are discussed.
Optical Wideband Transmission Systems
by BaackThis book is concerned with high bit rate systems, which are predestined particularly for the long-distance trunk lines that will be used in future communications networks.
Optical Wireless Communication (Optical Wireless Communication Theory and Technology)
by Xizheng Ke Ke DongThe book gives a detailed description of optical wireless communication (OWC), including optical laser communication, visible light communication, ultraviolet communication, underwater optical communication and future communication technologies. To achieve an integration between theory and practice, the book avoids tedious mathematical deductions and includes theoretical materials as exercises. Most of the exercises are originated from published journal articles. These exercises will aid the readers in understanding the basic concept and methods and evaluating their knowledge acquisition in the field of OWC. The book is structured into Ten chapters that covers main aspects of OWC: - Optical wireless communication system - Coherent optical communication - Modulation, demodulation, and coding - Atmospheric channel, channel estimation, and channel equalization - White LED communication - Underwater laser communication - Ultraviolet communication - Acquisition, aiming, and tracking technology - Partially coherent optical transmission - Optical communication in the future The book is a suitable reference for undergraduate or postgraduate students majored in communication engineering, electronic information engineering or computer science, as well as the engineers and technicians in related fields.
Optical Wireless Communications: System and Channel Modelling with MATLAB®, Second Edition
by Z. Ghassemlooy W. Popoola S. RajbhandariThe 2nd Edition of Optical Wireless Communications: System and Channel Modelling with MATLAB® with additional new materials, is a self-contained volume that provides a concise and comprehensive coverage of the theory and technology of optical wireless communication systems (OWC). The delivery method makes the book appropriate for students studying at undergraduate and graduate levels as well as researchers and professional engineers working in the field of OWC. The book gives a detailed description of OWC, focusing mainly on the infrared and visible bands, for indoor and outdoor applications. A major attraction of the book is the inclusion of Matlab codes and simulations results as well as experimental test-beds for free space optics and visible light communication systems. This valuable resource will aid the readers in understanding the concept, carrying out extensive analysis, simulations, implementation and evaluation of OWC links. This 2nd edition is structured into nine compact chapters that cover the main aspects of OWC systems: History, current state of the art and challenges Fundamental principles Optical source and detector and noise sources Modulation, equalization, diversity techniques Channel models and system performance analysis Visible light communications Terrestrial free space optics communications Relay-based free space optics communications Matlab codes. A number of Matlab based simulation codes are included in this 2nd edition to assist the readers in mastering the subject and most importantly to encourage them to write their own simulation codes and enhance their knowledge.
Optical Wireless Communications: IR for Wireless Connectivity
by Roberto Ramirez-Iniguez Sevia M. Idrus Ziran SunOver the last three decades, interest in Infrared (IR) technology as a medium to convey information has grown considerably. This is reflected by the increasing number of devices such as laptops, PDAs, and mobile phones that incorporate optical wireless transceivers and also by the increasing number of optical wireless links available for indoor and
Optical Wireless Communications
by Murat Uysal Carlo Capsoni Zabih Ghassemlooy Anthony Boucouvalas Eszter UdvaryThis book focuses on optical wireless communications (OWC), an emerging technology with huge potential for the provision of pervasive and reliable next-generation communications networks. It shows how the development of novel and efficient wireless technologies can contribute to a range of transmission links essential for the heterogeneous networks of the future to support various communications services and traffic patterns with ever-increasing demands for higher data-transfer rates. The book starts with a chapter reviewing the OWC field, which explains different sub-technologies (visible-light, ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) communications) and introduces the spectrum of application areas (indoor, vehicular, terrestrial, underwater, intersatellite, deep space, etc. ). This provides readers with the necessary background information to understand the specialist material in the main body of the book, which is in four parts. The first of these deals with propagation modelling and channel characterization of OWC channels at different spectral bands and with different applications. The second starts by providing a unified information-theoretic treatment of OWC and then discusses advanced physical-layer methodologies (including, but not limited to: advanced coding, modulation diversity, cooperation and multi-carrier techniques) and the ultimate limitations imposed by practical constraints. On top of the physical layer come the upper-layer protocols and cross-layer designs that are the subject of the third part of the book. The last part of the book features a chapter-by-chapter assessment of selected OWC applications. Optical Wireless Communications is a valuable reference guide for academic researchers and practitioners concerned with the future development of the world's communication networks. It succinctly but comprehensively presents the latest advances in the field.
Optically Active Charge Traps and Chemical Defects in Semiconducting Nanocrystals Probed by Pulsed Optically Detected Magnetic Resonance
by Kipp Van SchootenColloidal nanocrystals show much promise as an optoelectronics architecture due to facile control over electronic properties afforded by chemical control of size, shape, and heterostructure. Unfortunately, realizing practical devices has been forestalled by the ubiquitous presence of charge "trap" states which compete with band-edge excitons and result in limited device efficiencies. Little is known about the defining characteristics of these traps, making engineered strategies for their removal difficult. This thesis outlines pulsed optically detected magnetic resonance as a powerful spectroscopy of the chemical and electronic nature of these deleterious states. Counterintuitive for such heavy atom materials, some trap species possess very long spin coherence lifetimes (up to 1.6 µs). This quality allows use of the trapped charge's magnetic moment as a local probe of the trap state itself and its local environment. Beyond state characterization, this spectroscopy can demonstrate novel effects in heterostructured nanocrystals, such as spatially-remote readout of spin information and the coherent control of light harvesting yield.
Optically Active Polymers
by Pradip K. Dutta Vinod KumarThis book presents a systematic study of the synthesis of optically active polymers, discussing in detail the syntheses of three different types of optically active polymers from helical polymers, dendronized polymers and other types of polymeric compounds. It also explains the syntheses of optically active azoaromatic and carbazole-containing azoaromatic polymers and copolymers; optically active benzodithiophene; and optically active porphyrin derivatives. The final chapter discusses different properties of optically active polymers such as nonlinear optical properties, chiroptical properties, vapochromic behaviour, absorption and emission properties, fabrication and photochromic properties. The intrinsic details of various properties of optically active polymers will offer a valuable resource for researchers and industry personnel actively engaged in application-oriented investigations.
Optically Trapped Microspheres as Sensors of Mass and Sound: Brownian Motion as Both Signal and Noise (Springer Theses)
by Logan Edward HillberryThis thesis makes significant advances in the use of microspheres in optical traps as highly precise sensing platforms. While optically trapped microspheres have recently proven their dominance in aqueous and vacuum environments, achieving state-of-the-art measurements of miniscule forces and torques, their sensitivity to perturbations in air has remained relatively unexplored. This thesis shows that, by uniquely operating in air and measuring its thermally-fluctuating instantaneous velocity, an optically trapped microsphere is an ultra-sensitive probe of both mass and sound. The mass of the microsphere is determined with similar accuracy to competitive methods but in a fraction of the measurement time and all while maintaining thermal equilibrium, unlike alternative methods. As an acoustic transducer, the air-based microsphere is uniquely sensitive to the velocity of sound, as opposed to the pressure measured by a traditional microphone. By comparison to state-of-the-art commercially-available velocity and pressure sensors, including the world’s smallest measurement microphone, the microsphere sensing modality is shown to be both accurate and to have superior sensitivity at high frequencies. Applications for such high-frequency acoustic sensing include dosage monitoring in proton therapy for cancer and event discrimination in bubble chamber searches for dark matter. In addition to reporting these scientific results, the thesis is pedagogically organized to present the relevant history, theory, and technology in a straightforward way.
Optics and Its Applications: Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium OPTICS-2022 (Springer Proceedings in Physics #281)
by David Blaschke Dmitry Firsov Aram Papoyan Hayk A. SarkisyanThis book features selected articles based on contributions presented at the 9th International Symposium on Optics and Its Applications (OPTICS-2022) in Yerevan-Ashtarak, Armenia. The annual OPTICS symposium brings together renowned experts from all over the world working in the fields of atomic optics, plasmonics, optics of nanostructures, as well as the optics of condensed matter, and provides a perfect setting for their discussions of the most recent developments in this area.The 9th iteration in this series, dedicated to the 80th birthday of Academician Eduard Kazaryan, focuses on topics dealing with the spectroscopy of real and artificial atoms, linear and nonlinear optical characteristics of quantum wells, and two-dimensional materials. The book highlights recent results of few-particle optical characteristics of artificial atoms in the framework of the exactly solvable Moshinsky model, as well as an electro-optical analog of the magneto-optical Faraday effect. In addition, a detailed study of the nucleation process, its characterization, as well as electronic and optical properties of graded composition quantum dots in the Stranski−Krastanov growth mode, is presented.