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Reflections on Slope Stability Engineering
by Edward N. BromheadSlope stability engineering is both an art and a science practised by many civil and geotechnical engineers involved in work on landslides, earth dams, breakwaters, coastal defence, earthworks slopes for roads, canals, railways, pipelines, housing developments, and other related developments. This book contains the detailed reflections of its author, who has practised and researched in the field for over a half-century. It is written in an informal style that makes it an interesting and thought-provoking practitioner guide to landslides and slope problems and their investigation, analysis, and remediation, considering both natural and man-made slopes and earthworks, and without the need for the usual equations and illustrations. Reflections on Slope Stability Engineering is targeted primarily at practitioners working in the investigations of slope instability and the design and construction of treatments of the problem, especially those early in their careers, but the accessible style also suits students who are developing an interest in the subject and even those engineers with only a casual interest in this branch of geotechnics.
Reflections on the Role of Ethics in Agriculture
by Robert ZimdahlThis volume is an update to Weed Science- A Plea for Thought-Revisited published by Springer in 2012. More than a decade after the first edition, ethical discussion on the use of pesticides for weed management is largely absent. Startingly, weed science and agriculture have continued on the same path and are still dominated by capital chemical and energy intensive practices, including the paralysis of pesticides. This second edition expands upon the first, using recent data to confirm the dominance of herbicides. The revision includes chapters which emphasize the role of ethics in agriculture and the reasons it should, but has not yet become part of agricultural education. This includes suggestions on how education in agricultural ethics should be shifting and whose responsibility it is. The revised version also includes a discussion on the role of genetically modified crops and the consequences of using these crops-both positive and negative. Scientists have developed a wealth of knowledge they bring to the surface of their disciplinary silos. Yet there needs to be greater discussion on the necessity and risks of agricultural science and technology. This revised version provides a rigorous examination of weed science’s goals and ethics and challenges the way we manage weeds and agriculture.
Reflective Assessment for Deep Learning and Knowledge Building: An Empirical Case in China
by Chunlin LeiKnowledge building aims to transform schools into learning communities and bring knowledge creation into schools. The book therefore elaborates on how learning, technology, and assessment can be aligned both online and offline to facilitate such a process.Adopting a quasi-experimental design and drawing on rich data from forum discussions, questionnaires, interviews, learning outcomes, and classroom presentations, this book shows that the knowledge building environment, augmented by reflective assessment and principles, helped Chinese students to develop a deeper approach to learning, improved academic performance, and promoted collective knowledge advances. The book also discusses the potentials and challenges of designing technology-supported, assessment- and principle-based learning environments in tertiary contexts, especially when deep learning and knowledge building capacity are greatly emphasised in the knowledge era.The book will be of interest to scholars and educators working in learning sciences and computer-supported collaborative learning.
Reflektierender Faraday-Effekt-Stromsensor (essentials)
by Reiner ThieleReiner Thiele hat durch die Applikation des Faraday-Effektes zur Polarisations-Ebenen-Drehung linear polarisierten Lichts in Lichtwellenleitern, induziert durch das den stromführenden elektrischen Leiter umgebende Magnetfeld, eine Lösung gefunden, hohe elektrische Ströme ohne Eingriff in den Messgrößenkreis zu messen. Dies stellte bisher ein grundsätzliches Problem der elektrischen Energietechnik dar. Eine in Reflexion arbeitende erfindungsgemäße Schaltungsanordnung aus optischen und elektronischen Komponenten stellt dabei den gewünschten linearen Zusammenhang zwischen Messgröße und Messwert bei Elimination der störenden Doppelbrechung der Lichtwellenleiter her, die sich ansonsten vermindernd auf die Effizienz des Faraday-Effektes auswirkt.
Reflexive Polymers and Hydrogels: Understanding and Designing Fast Responsive Polymeric Systems
by Nobuhiko Yui Randall J. Mrsny Kinam ParkDespite their capacity to carry out functions that previously were unobtainable, smart polymers and hydrogels tend to have painfully slow response times. On the other hand biological systems go through phase changes at an extremely fast rate. Reflexive Polymers and Hydrogels examines the natural systems that respond almost instantaneously to environmental stimuli, and thus gives the reader an understanding of the mechanisms that govern these responses. The book includes chapters on approaches and procedures for designing a synthetic ...flash... system based on naturally occurring systems. It also deals with some of the promising potential applications of flash systems in industry.
Reforesting Landscapes
by Jane Southworth Harini NagendraThe 21st century has seen the beginnings of a great restoration effort towards the world's forests, accompanied by the emergence of an increasing literature on reforestation, regeneration and regrowth of forest cover. Yet to date, there is no volume which synthesises current knowledge on the extent, trends, patterns and drivers of reforestation. This edited volume draws together research from leading researchers to explore reforestation and forest regrowth across the world, from multiple dimensions - including ecosystem services, protected areas, social institutions, economic transitions, remediation of environmental problems, conservation and land abandonment - and at different scales. Detailing the methods and analyses used from across a wide range of disciplines, and incorporating research from North, South and Central America, Africa, Asia and Europe, this groundbreaking book provides a global overview of current trends, explores their underlying causes and proposes future forest trajectories. The first of its kind, the book will provide an invaluable reference for researchers and students involved in interdisciplinary research and working on issues relevant to the biophysical, geographic, socioeconomic and institutional processes associated with reforestation.
The Reform of the International System of Units: Philosophical, Historical and Sociological Issues (History and Philosophy of Technoscience)
by Nadine Courtenay Olivier Darrigol Oliver SchlaudtSystems of units still fail to attract the philosophical attention they deserve, but this could change with the current reform of the International System of Units (SI). Most of the SI base units will henceforth be based on certain laws of nature and a choice of fundamental constants whose values will be frozen. The theoretical, experimental and institutional work required to implement the reform highlights the entanglement of scientific, technological and social features in scientific enterprise, while it also invites a philosophical inquiry that promises to overcome the tensions that have long obstructed science studies.
Reformulation as a Strategy for Developing Healthier Food Products: Challenges, Recent Developments and Future Prospects
by Vassilios Raikos Viren RanawanaThis work introduces the concept of reformulation, a relatively new strategy to develop foods with beneficial properties. Food reformulation by definition is the act of re-designing an existing, often popular, processed food product with the primary objective of making it healthier. In recent years the concept of food reformulation has evolved significantly as additional benefits of re-designing food have become apparent. In addition to targeting specific food ingredients that are considered potentially harmful for human health, food reformulation can also be effectively used as a strategy to make foods more nutritious by introducing essential macro- /micro-nutrients or phytochemicals in the diet. Reformulating foods can also improve sustainability by introducing “waste” (and underutilized) ingredients into the food chain. In light of these developments, reformulating existing foods is now considered a realistic and attractive opportunity to provide healthy, nutritious, and sustainable food choices to the consumers and likewise improve public health. Indeed reformulation has now become essential in many cases for redressing the health properties of foods that are popularly consumed and significantly affecting public health.This edited volume covers aspects of food reformulation from various angles, exploring the role of the food industry, academia, and consumers in developing new products. Some of the major themes contributors address include methods of reformulating food products for health, improving the nutritional composition of foods, and challenges to the food industry, including regulation as well as consumer perception of new products. The book presents several case studies to clarify these objectives and illustrate the difficulties encountered in the process of developing a reformulated product. Chapters from experts in the field identify emerging and future trends in food product development, and highlight ways in which these efforts will help with increasing food security, improving nutrition and health, and promoting sustainable production.The editors have designed the book to be useful for both industry professionals and the research community. This interdisciplinary approach incorporates a wide spectrum of food sciences (including composition, engineering, and chemistry) as well as nutrition and public health. Food and nutrition professionals, policy makers, health care and social scientists, and graduate students will also find the information relevant.
Refractories for the Cement Industry
by Prasunjit SenguptaThis book provides process engineers with all of the information necessary for installation, maintenance and management of refractory in a cement industry. It describes how to characterize the refractory material and select refractories for various equipments in the cement plant. The author explains refractory installation, in general, and the rotary kiln specifically, as it is distinct from static furnaces used in metallurgical or process industries. It also details the chemical and physical factors that influence refractory performance and has discussed the mechanism of degradation of refractories with special emphasis on thermo-chemical and thermo-mechanical aspects. The heat transfer calculation and energy loss from the equipment surfaces has been addressed. A chapter in the book is dedicated for the management of refractory quality and the installation quality at the site.Maximizes reader understanding of the operating conditions in different equipments and how those are related to selection of refractories;Details the process variables and their influences on the performance of the refractories;Elucidates subtle points of refractory installation to ensure optimal performance;Presents heat transfer calculations and quality management protocols of refractory installation. Reinforces the concepts with many illustrations and tables.
Refractories for the Chemical Industries
by Prasunjit SenguptaThe book provides process engineers, an insight into refractories focusing on its importance and requirements in chemical process industries such as refinery and petrochemicals, syngas manufacturing, coal gasification, limestone calcinations, carbon black, glass, and cement production. Additionally the book discusses the refractory requirements for the CFBC boiler, and waste heat utilization process to generate steam. The book describes characterization of refractory material and selection process of the refractory for lining different equipments pertaining to the chemical process industry. The book covers refractory installation techniques, and the precautions to be taken during installation are discussed in detail along with the theoretical background. It explains the physical and chemical factors that influence the performances of refractory, mechanism of its degradation in service and emphasizes on the thermo-chemical and thermo-mechanical aspects and their role in that process . The content lays out different methods of monitoring Refractory lining conditions while the furnace is in operation and also elucidates few methods to repair the worn out lining without taking a shutdown. The scheme of investigation of a refractory failure is an added feature.
Refractories Handbook
by Charles A. SchachtThis comprehensive reference details the technical, chemical, and mechanical aspects of high-temperature refractory composite materials for step-by-step guidance on the selection of the most appropriate system for specific manufacturing processes. The book surveys a wide range of lining system geometries and material combinations and covers a broad
Refractory Linings: ThermoMechanical Design and Applications
by Charles A. SchachtThis work describes the technology necessary to optimize the performance of any refractory lining. It provides an overview of the thermomechanical behaviour and wear of refractory lining systems, and details the structural behaviour of several classical refractory geometries, highlighting the critical regions of each lining system where high stress is most likely to create fractures.
Refractory Material Selection for Steelmaking
by Tom Vert Jeffrey D. SmithThe first book since 1974 written by a steelmaking end user and refractory engineer Why do you pick the refractory you do? How do you choose? Where do you start the selection process? The answers to these questions must always take into account the balance of competing interests among operations, purchasing, and the suppliers. Refractory Material Selection forSteelmaking is the ultimate guide to finding ideal answers to these questions. By following the step-by-step instructions--paired with detailed explanations and full-color diagrams--readers will be able to critically select the materials that are most appropriate for them. This book considers: The goals of refractory selection What causes refractories to wear out The properties of refractories and their raw materials Specific refractory applications Key strategies used to procure refractories Tom Vert's 25 years of experience in steelmaking combined with a ceramic engineering background provide comprehensive information that will benefit anyone working with refractories in steelmaking or any other industry.
Refractory Technology: Fundamentals and Applications
by Ritwik SarkarThis book explains refractories with the support of phase diagrams detailing prominent applications of these industrial materials. The initial chapters cover fundamentals of refractories, classifications, properties and testing while later chapters describe different common shaped and unshaped refractories in detail and special refractories in a concise manner. Second edition includes new classifications, microstructures, effect of impurities with binary and ternary phase diagrams and recent trends in refractories including homework problems and updated bibliography. Features: Provides exclusive material on refractories. Discusses detailed descriptions of different shaped and unshaped refractories. Covers concepts like environmental issues, recycling, and nanotechnology. Explores details on testing and specifications including thermochemical and corrosion behavior. Includes a separate chapter on trends of refractories and other issues. This book aims at juniors/senior undergraduate students and researchers of ceramics, metallurgical engineering, and refractories.
Refractory Technology: Fundamentals and Applications
by Ritwik SarkarThis book provides a basic understanding of refractories. This includes the fundamentals of refractory technology supported by phase diagrams as well as detailing the prominent applications of these essential industrial materials. This book covers all the facets of refractory technology, starting from classification, properties, standard specifications, details of the conventional shaped refractories, including relevant phase diagrams & application areas and also the details of unshaped refractories including various classifications, bonding, additives and their applications.
Reframing Energy Access: Insights from The Gambia (Routledge Focus on Environment and Sustainability)
by Anne SchifferThis book investigates energy access through the lens of everyday energy practices in the Gambian community of Kartong. Reframing Energy Access: Insights from The Gambia explores past, current and potential future modes of energy production and consumption to examine concepts such as energy leapfrogging and energy sufficiency. It argues that developments must be rooted in situated understanding of energy consumption to ensure sustainable and equitable access to modern energy services. Schiffer provides a uniquely long-term and holistic perspective into changing energy practices on the ground and the economic, political, environmental, technical and cultural factors that shape it. Translating insights of energy in The Gambian context into broader themes and recommendations, this book will be of great interest to policy makers, researchers and practitioners who work in the fields of energy access, energy policy, renewable energy transitions, as well as African and sustainable development in general.
Reframing Science Teaching and Learning: Students and Educators Co-Developing Science Practices In and Out of School (Teaching and Learning in Science Series)
by David StroupeResponding to recent reform efforts, such as the Next Generation Science Standards, which call for students to learn science practices, this book proposes a conceptual reframing of the roles of teachers and students in formal and informal science learning settings. Inviting the field to examine the state of "science practice," it provides concrete examples of how students, supported by the actions of educators, take on new roles, shifting from passive recipients of information to active participants in conceptual, social, epistemic, and material features of science work. Each chapter provides an examination of how and why science practice evolves in learning communities in which students and teachers negotiate disciplinary work; an analysis of how specific pedagogical and social actions taken by someone with authority (a teacher or other educator) provides opportunities for students to shape science practices; a set of concrete recommendations for working with young students in formal and informal learning settings; and a set of suggestions and questions to catalyze future research about and the evolving relationships between educators, students, and science practices in the field of science education. Showing how and why the conceptual ideas presented are important, and providing specific, actionable suggestions for teachers and other educators for their daily work, this book includes both elementary and secondary learning sites.
Reframing the Vernacular: Politics, Semiotics, and Representation
by Gusti Ayu Made Suartika Julie NicholsThe aim of this book is to reflect on ''vernacularity'' and culture. It concentrates on two major domains: first it attempts to reframe our understanding of vernacularity by addressing the subject in the context of globalisation, cross-disciplinarity, and development, and second, it discusses the phenomenon of how vernacularity has been treated, used, employed, manipulated, practiced, maintained, learned, reconstructed, preserved and conserved, at the level of individual and community experience. Scholars from a wide variety of knowledge fields have participated in enriching and engaging discussions, as to how both domains can be addressed. To expedite these aims, this book adopts the theme "Reframing the Vernacular: Politics, Semiotics, and Representation",organised around the following major sub-themes: • Transformation in the vernacular built environment • Vernacular architecture and representation • The meaning of home • Symbolic intervention and interpretation of vernacularity • The semiotics of place • The politics of ethnicity and settlement • Global tourism and its impacts on vernacular settlement • Vernacular built form and aesthetics • Technology and construction in vernacular built forms • Vernacular language - writing and oral traditions
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Technology
by William C. Whitman William M. Johnson John A. Tomczyk Eugene SilbersteinEquip yourself with the knowledge and skills to maintain and troubleshoot today's complex heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration systems with REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING TECHNOLOGY, 7th Edition. Now celebrating its 25th anniversary, this time honored best seller provides the exceptional hands-on guidance, practical applications, latest technology and solid foundation you need to fully understand today's HVAC service and repair, its environmental challenges, and their solutions. Focused on sustainable technology in today's HVAC/R industry with an emphasis on new technologies and the latest advancements in the industry, the 7th edition has been updated to include more on Green Awareness, LEED accreditation and building performances with two new chapters on Energy Audits and Heat Gains and Losses. This edition covers the all-important soft skills and customer relation issues that impact customer satisfaction and employment success. Memorable examples, more than 260 supporting photos and unique Service Call features emphasize the relevance and importance of what you are learning. Trust Refrigeration and Air Conditioning TECHNOLOGY 7E to provide you with clear and accurate coverage of critical skills your HVAC/R success.
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technology
by John A. Tomczyk; Eugene Silberstein; William C. Whitman; William M. JohnsonThis practical, easy-to-understand book provides hands-on guidance, practical applications, and the solid foundation you need to fully understand today's HVAC service and repair, its environmental challenges, and their solutions.
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technology (Mindtap Course List)
by Eugene Silberstein Jason Obrzut John A. Tomczyk William M. Johnson William C. WhitmanDevelop the knowledge and skills you need to maintain and troubleshoot today’s complex heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration systems with Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Technology, Ninth Edition. <p><p> This best-selling, easy-to-understand resource provides hands-on guidance, practical applications, and the solid foundation you need to understand modern HVAC service and repair, its environmental challenges, and their solutions. Focused on sustainable technology and emphasizing new technologies and green awareness, the Ninth Edition features the latest advances in the HVAC/R industry, including updated content throughout the text and more than 400 new and revised figures and images. Drawing on decades of industry experience, the authors also cover the all-important soft skills and customer relations issues that today's professionals need to master for career success. <p><p> Memorable real-world examples, hundreds of vibrant photos, and unique Service Call features bring key concepts to life and help you develop the knowledge and skills to succeed in today's dynamic industry.
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technology (5th Edition)
by William C. Whitman Bill Johnson John TomczyckRefrigeration and Air Conditioning Technology is designed and written for students in vocational-technical schools and colleges, community colleges, and apprenticeship programs. The content is in a format appropriate for students who are attending classes full-time while preparing for their first job, for students attending classes part-time while preparing for a career change, or for those working in the field who want to increase their knowledge and skills. Emphasis throughout the text is placed on the practical applications of the knowledge and skills technicians need to be productive in the refrigeration and air-conditioning industry.
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technology (6th Edition)
by William C. Whitman William M. Johnson John A. Tomczyk Eugene SilbersteinRefrigeration and Air Conditioning Technology, 6th Edition, a time-honored best seller, has been updated and revised to provide superior hands-on information needed to successfully maintain and troubleshoot today's complex heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration systems. The new sixth edition contains units updated to include advances or changes in technology, procedures, and or equipment. Over 250 new images have been added to emphasize the practical application approach to the book. It fosters a solid foundation and understanding of environmental problems and their solutions, and displays a depth and detail of theory, diagnostics, and repair procedures that make this a fitting book for basic HVAC-R education as well as upgrading and certification training for technicians in the field.
Refrigeration Equipment
by A C BryantRefrigeration Equipment is a clear, practical guide to the installation, testing and servicing of industrial and domestic refrigeration equipment. Refrigeration technicians, who are poorly provided with good reference material, will welcome the author's hands-on approach. Other readers will include trainees on in-plant industry courses, building service engineers and maintenance staff in the frozen food industry, supermarkets, hotels and hospitals. It also provides a text from NVQs (C&G 6007) and other vocational courses).This revised edition has been updated throughout, and includes a new section on the topical subject of alternative refrigerants and, for the first time, a chapter on the principles of air conditioning.
Refrigeration Nation: A History of Ice, Appliances, and Enterprise in America (Studies in Industry and Society)
by Jonathan ReesHow we keep food cold while the house stays warm.Only when the power goes off and food spoils do we truly appreciate how much we rely on refrigerators and freezers. In Refrigeration Nation, Jonathan Rees explores the innovative methods and gadgets that Americans have invented to keep perishable food cold—from cutting river and lake ice and shipping it to consumers for use in their iceboxes to the development of electrically powered equipment that ushered in a new age of convenience and health.As much a history of successful business practices as a history of technology, this book illustrates how refrigeration has changed the everyday lives of Americans and why it remains so important today. Beginning with the natural ice industry in 1806, Rees considers a variety of factors that drove the industry, including the point and product of consumption, issues of transportation, and technological advances. Rees also shows that how we obtain and preserve perishable food is related to our changing relationship with the natural world.