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Phytotoxicity of Nanoparticles
by Mohammad Faisal Quaiser Saquib Abdulrahman A. Alatar Abdulaziz A. Al-KhedhairyThis book provides relevant findings on nanoparticles’ toxicity, their uptake, translocation and mechanisms of interaction with plants at cellular and sub-cellular level. The small size and large specific surface area of nanoparticles endow them with high chemical reactivity and intrinsic toxicity. Such unique physicochemical properties draw global attention of scientists to study potential risks and adverse effects of nanoparticles in the environment. Their toxicity has pronounced effects and consequences for plants and ultimately the whole ecosystem. Plants growing in nanomaterials-polluted sites may exhibit altered metabolism, growth reduction, and lower biomass production. Nanoparticles can adhere to plant roots and exert physicochemical toxicity and subsequently cell death in plants. On the other hand, plants have developed various defense mechanisms against this induced toxicity. This books discusses recent findings as well as several unresolved issues and challenges regarding the interaction and biological effects of nanoparticles. Only detailed studies of these processes and mechanisms will allow researchers to understand the complex plant-nanomaterial interactions.
Pi in the Sky
by Wendy MassJoss is the seventh son of the Supreme Overlord of the Universe, and all he gets to do is deliver pies. That's right: pies. Of course these pies actually hold the secrets of the universe between their buttery crusts, but they're still pies.Joss comes from a family of overachievers, and is happy to let his older brothers shine. But when Earth suddenly disappears, Joss is tasked with the not-so-simple job of bringing it back. With the help of an outspoken girl from Earth named Annika, Joss embarks on the adventure of a lifetime and learns that the universe is an even stranger place than he'd imagined.
The Pi-Theorem
by L. P. YarinThis volume presents applications of the Pi-Theorem to fluid mechanics and heat and mass transfer. The Pi-theorem yields a physical motivation behind many flow processes and therefore it constitutes a valuable tool for the intelligent planning of experiments in fluids. After a short introduction to the underlying differential equations and their treatments, the author presents many novel approaches how to use the Pi-theorem to understand fluid mechanical issues. The book is a great value to the fluid mechanics community, as it cuts across many subdisciplines of experimental fluid mechanics.
PIC16F1847 Microcontroller-Based Programmable Logic Controller: Advanced Concepts
by Murat UzamThe PIC16F1847-Based PLC project supports up to 4 analog inputs and 1 analog output, 1 High Speed Counter, 2 PWM (pulse width modulation) outputs, 1 Drum Sequencer Instruction with up to 16 steps, the implementation of Sequential Function Charts (SFCs) with up to 24 steps. This volume presents advanced concepts of the PIC16F1847-Based PLC project and consists of topics like program control, high speed counter and PWM macros. It further explains memory related drum sequencer instruction, sequential functional charts, and analog input and output modules. Aimed at researchers and graduate students in electrical engineering, power electronics, robotics and automation, sensors, this book: Presents program control macros to enable or disable a block of PLC program or to move execution of a program from one place to another. Proposes a High-Speed Counter and four PWM Macros for high speed counting and PWM operations. Develops memory related macros to enable the user to do memory read/write operations. Provides a Drum Sequencer instruction with up to 16 steps and 16 outputs on each step. Discusses the implementation of Sequential Function Chart (SFC) elements with up to 24 steps.
PIC16F1847 Microcontroller-Based Programmable Logic Controller: Intermediate Concepts
by Murat UzamThe volume focusses on intermediate concepts of the PIC16F1847-Based PLC project, and covers arithmetical operation ability of PLCs, logical function performers and operations like AND, NAND, OR, NOR. Further, it explains shift and rotate macros moving bits in a register to right or left, and selection macros enabling one value to be selected from several given values according to certain criteria. Demultiplexer circuit is illustrated, which is used to send a signal to one of many devices. Finally, it explains decoder, priority encoder and conversion macros. All the concepts are supported using flowcharts. Aimed at researchers and graduate students in electrical engineering, power electronics, robotics and automation, sensors, this book: Presents arithmetical and logical macros to carry out arithmetical and logical operations to be used for 8-bit or 16-bit variables and/or constant values. Provides shift and rotate macros to do arithmetical or logical shift and rotate operations to be used for 8-bit or 16-bit variables. Proposes selection macros to enable the user to do 8-bit or 16-bit move, load, selection, maximum, minimum, limiting, multiplexing and byte multiplexing operations. Develops demultiplexer macros, decoder macros and priority encoder macros to be used as combinational circuits. Presents conversion macros to provide functions to convert given data from one format to another one.
PIC16F1847 Microcontroller-Based Programmable Logic Controller: Hardware and Basic Concepts
by Murat UzamProgrammable logic controllers (PLCs) have been used extensively and are offered in terms of functions, program memories, and the number of inputs/outputs (I/Os), ranging from a few to thousands. With a focus on how to design and implement a PLC, this volume explains hardware and associated basic concepts of PLC. Authors have used PIC16F1847 microcontroller with: 8192 words of Flash program memory, 1024 bytes of SRAM data memory, 256 bytes of EEPROM data memory, the maximum operating speed of 32 MHz, 16-level deep hardware stack, an enhanced instruction set consisting of 49 single-word instructions. Flowcharts are provided to help the understanding of macros (instructions). Aimed at researchers and graduate students in electrical engineering, power electronics, robotics and automation, sensors, this book: Explains how to design and use a PIC16F1847 microcontroller-based PLC. Provides easy to use software structures written by using the PIC Assembly programming language. Describes a PLC from a designer's perspective. Explains the basic hardware and basic software structures of the PIC16F1847 based PLC. Focuses on concepts like Contact and Relay Based Macros, Flip-Flop Macros, Timer Macros, Counter Macros and Comparison Macros.
Pick Up Sticks
by Jennifer MasonWould you believe that two NASA scientists used a baby toy to inspire their design for the next generation of space explorers? Read on to learn about how Adrian Agogino and Vytas SunSpiral designed the SUPERball Bot and what their plans are for the future.
Picking Up: On the Streets and Behind the Trucks with the Sanitation Workers of New York City
by Robin NagleA “gripping” behind-the-scenes look at New York’s sanitation workers by an anthropologist who joined the force (Robert Sullivan, author of Rats).America’s largest city generates garbage in torrents—11,000 tons from households each day on average. But New Yorkers don’t give it much attention. They leave their trash on the curb or drop it in a litter basket, and promptly forget about it. And why not? On a schedule so regular you could almost set your watch by it, someone always comes to take it away.But who, exactly, is that someone? And why is he—or she—so unknown?In Picking Up, the anthropologist Robin Nagle introduces us to the men and women of New York City’s Department of Sanitation and makes clear why this small army of uniformed workers is the most important labor force on the streets. Seeking to understand every aspect of the Department’s mission, Nagle accompanied crews on their routes, questioned supervisors and commissioners, and listened to story after story about blizzards, hazardous wastes, and the insults of everyday New Yorkers. But the more time she spent with the DSNY, the more Nagle realized that observing wasn’t quite enough—so she joined the force herself. Driving the hulking trucks, she obtained an insider’s perspective on the complex kinships, arcane rules, and obscure lingo unique to the realm of sanitation workers.Nagle chronicles New York City’s four-hundred-year struggle with trash, and traces the city’s waste-management efforts from a time when filth overwhelmed the streets to the far more rigorous practices of today, when the Big Apple is as clean as it’s ever been.“An intimate look at the mostly male work force as they risk injury and endure insult while doing the city’s dirty work [and] a fascinating capsule history of the department.” —Publishers Weekly“[Nagle’s] passion for the subject really comes to life.” —The New York Times“Evokes the physical and psychological toll of this dangerous, filthy, necessary work.” —Nature“Nagle joins the likes of Jane Jacobs and Jacob Riis, writers with the chutzpah to dig deep into the Rube Goldberg machine we call the Big Apple and emerge with a lyrical, clear-eyed look at how it works.” — Mother Jones
Picks and Shovels: A Martin Hench Novel (The Martin Hench Novels)
by Cory DoctorowNew York Times bestselling author Cory Doctorow returns to the world of Red Team Blues to bring us the origin story of Martin Hench and the most powerful new tool for crime ever invented: the personal computer.The year is 1986. The city is San Francisco. Here, Martin Hench will invent the forensic accountant--what a bounty hunter is to people, he is to money--but for now he's an MIT dropout odd-jobbing his way around a city still reeling from the invention of a revolutionary new technology that will change everything about crime forever, one we now take completely for granted.When Marty finds himself hired by Silicon Valley PC startup Fidelity Computing to investigate a group of disgruntled ex-employees who've founded a competitor startup, he quickly realizes he's on the wrong side. Marty ditches the greasy old guys running Fidelity Computing without a second thought, utterly infatuated with the electric atmosphere of Computing Freedom. Located in the heart of the Mission, this group of brilliant young women found themselves exhausted by the predatory business practices of Fidelity Computing and set out to beat them at their own game, making better computers and driving Fidelity Computing out of business. But this optimistic startup, fueled by young love and California-style burritos, has no idea the depth of the evil they're seeking to unroot or the risks they run.In this company-eat-company city, Martin and his friends will be lucky to escape with their lives.At the Publisher's request, this title is being sold without Digital Rights Management Software (DRM) applied.
Picky Peggy (Science Solves It!)
by Jennifer DusslingSolve kid-sized dilemmas and mysteries with the Science Solves It! series. These fun books for kids ages 5–8 blend clever stories with real-life science. Why did the dog turn green? Can you control a hiccup? Is that a UFO? Find the answers to these questions and more as kid characters dive into physical, life, and earth sciences. When Mr. Cooper gives Peggy a new baby duck, she promises to take good care of it. But when Fluff's feathers begin to droop and his eyes are no longer bright and shiny, Peggy discovers why and learns that good nutrition is very important - for growing ducks and growing girls! Books in this perfect STEM series will help kids think like scientists and get ahead in the classroom. Activities and experiments are included in every book! (Level One; Science topic: Nutrition)
Pico-solar Electric Systems: The Earthscan Expert Guide to the Technology and Emerging Market (Earthscan Expert)
by John KeaneThis book provides a comprehensive overview of the technology behind the pico-solar revolution and offers guidance on how to test and choose quality products. The book also discusses how pioneering companies and initiatives are overcoming challenges to reach scale in the marketplace, from innovative distribution strategies to reach customers in rural India and Tanzania, to product development in Cambodia, product assembly in Mozambique and the introduction of ‘pay as you go’ technology in Kenya. Pico-solar is a new category of solar electric system which has the potential to transform the lives of over 1.6 billion people who live without access to electricity. Pico-solar systems are smaller and more affordable than traditional solar systems and have the power to provide useful amounts of electricity to charge the increasing number of low power consuming appliances from mobile phones, e-readers and parking metres, to LED lights which have the power to light up millions of homes in the same way the mobile phone has connected and empowered communities across the planet. The book explains the important role pico-solar has in reducing reliance on fossil fuels while at the same time tackling world poverty and includes useful recommendations for entrepreneurs, charities and governments who want to participate in developing this exciting and rapidly expanding market.
Pictorial Atlas of Soil and Seed Fungi: Morphologies of Cultured Fungi and Key to Species,Third Edition (Mycology)
by Tsuneo WatanabeThis third edition describes and illustrates more than 515 fungal species, including 49 oomycetous, 35 zygomycetous, 49 ascomycetous, 38 basidiomycetous, and 344 anamorphic species. All fungi are described alphabetically in order of Oomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Anamorphic (Deuteromycetous) fungi. For each genus, the atlas includes type species, references, morphology, and materials. The book illustrates all fungi alongside morphologies and colonies of their fresh agar cultures or dried specimens, providing ready access to morphologically similar fungi for quick comparison. This edition also contains a bonus CD-ROM, which includes color versions of all images from the book.
Pictorial Atlas of Soilborne Fungal Plant Pathogens and Diseases (Mycology #34)
by Tsuneo WatanabeThe Pictorial Atlas of Soilborne Fungal Plant Pathogens and Diseases describes the soilborne fungal diseases caused by Oomycetes, Zygomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, and Deuteromycetous (Anamorphic) fungi. Soilborne fungal diseases are significant as both environmental and agricultural problems, yet it is difficult to understand the ecology of pathogenic fungi and its effective control. This book provides very detailed information on many of the commonly and not so commonly encountered groups of soilborne fungi diseases. It will be a useful reference for those teaching and conducting research in mycology, plant pathology, soilborne plant diseases, and the ecology of fungal communities.
A Pictorial Guide to Metamorphic Rocks in the Field
by Kurt HollocherThis book is an illustrative introduction to metamorphic rocks as seen in the field, designed for advanced high school to graduate-level earth science and geology students to jump-start their observational skills. In addition to photographs of rocks in the field, there are numerous line diagrams and examples of metamorphic features shown in thin section. The thin section photos are all at a scale and in a context that can be related to views seen in the field through a hand lens. This book will serve as a pictorial atlas of metamorphic rocks, processes, and features. Suitable for a broad range of education, background, and interests.
A Picture Book of Amelia Earhart
by David A. AdlerDiscusses the life of the pilot who was the first woman to cross the Atlantic by herself in a plane.
A Picture History of the Brooklyn Bridge
by Mary J. ShapiroProfusely illustrated account of the greatest engineering achievement of the 19th century. Rare contemporary photos and engravings, accompanied by extensive, detailed captions, recall construction, human drama, politics, much more. 167 black-and-white illustrations.
Picture Science
by Carla Neumann-HindsMake digital photography an important part of your early childhood program!Young children love to investigate the natural world, and they love to take photographs.Picture Science will help you go beyond just documenting class projects. It will show you how to use digital photography to make each step in the scientific process-from posing a question, to gathering data, to showing your findings-concrete and fun for children.Keyed throughout to early learning standards, Picture Science provides inspiring examples that will stimulate you to design your own lesson plans. Technical advice and tips for buying a camera for your center or family child care business are included as well.Picture Science won the prestigious 2007 Directors' Choice Award and Judges' Selection Award from Early Childhood News
PID Control in the Third Millennium
by Antonio Visioli Ramon VilanovaThe early 21st century has seen a renewed interest in research in the widely-adopted proportional-integral-differential (PID) form of control. PID Control in the Third Millennium provides an overview of the advances made as a result. Featuring: new approaches for controller tuning; control structures and configurations for more efficient control; practical issues in PID implementation; and non-standard approaches to PID including fractional-order, event-based, nonlinear, data-driven and predictive control; the nearly twenty chapters provide a state-of-the-art resumé of PID controller theory, design and realization. Each chapter has specialist authorship and ideas clearly characterized from both academic and industrial viewpoints. PID Control in the Third Millennium is of interest to academics requiring a reference for the current state of PID-related research and a stimulus for further inquiry. Industrial practitioners and manufacturers of control systems with application problems relating to PID will find this to be a practical source of appropriate and advanced solutions.
PID Controller Tuning Using the Magnitude Optimum Criterion
by Konstantinos G. PapadopoulosAn instructive reference that will help control researchers and engineers, interested in a variety of industrial processes, to take advantage of a powerful tuning method for the ever-popular PID control paradigm. This monograph presents explicit PID tuning rules for linear control loops regardless of process complexity. It shows the reader how such loops achieve zero steady-position, velocity, and acceleration errors and are thus able to track fast reference signals. The theoretical development takes place in the frequency domain by introducing a general-transfer-function-known process model and by exploiting the principle of the magnitude optimum criterion. It is paralleled by the presentation of real industrial control loops used in electric motor drives. The application of the proposed tuning rules to a large class of processes shows that irrespective of the complexity of the controlled process the shape of the step and frequency response of the control loop exhibits a specific performance. This specific performance, along with the PID explicit solution, formulates the basis for developing an automatic tuning method for the PID controller parameters which is a problem often met in many industry applications--temperature, pH, and humidity control, ratio control in product blending, and boiler-drum level control, for example. The process of the model is considered unknown and controller parameters are tuned automatically such that the aforementioned performance is achieved. The potential both for the explicit tuning rules and the automatic tuning method is demonstrated using several examples for benchmark process models recurring frequently in many industry applications.
PID Tuning: A Modern Approach via the Weighted Sensitivity Problem
by Salvador Alcántara Cano Ramon Vilanova Arbós Carles Pedret i FerréThe PID controller is the most common option in the realm of control applications and is dominant in the process control industry. Among the related analytical methods, Internal Model Control (IMC) has gained remarkable industrial acceptance due to its robust nature and good set-point responses. However, the traditional application of IMC results in poor load disturbance rejection for lag-dominant and integrating plants. This book presents an IMC-like design method which avoids this common pitfall and is devised to work well for plants of modest complexity, for which analytical PID tuning is plausible. For simplicity, the design only focuses on the closed-loop sensitivity function, including formulations for the H∞ and H2 norms. Aimed at graduate students and researchers in control engineering, this book: Considers both the robustness/performance and the servo/regulation trade-offs Presents a systematic, optimization-based approach, ultimately leading to well-motivated, model-based, and analytically derived tuning rules Shows how to tune PID controllers in a unified way, encompassing stable, integrating, and unstable processes Finds in the Weighted Sensitivity Problem the sweet spot of robust, optimal, and PID control Provides a common analytical framework that generalizes existing tuning proposals
Piercing of Materials with Abrasive Water Jet (SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology)
by Ivana Kleinedlerová Peter KleinedlerThis book presents an innovative approach for piercing materials and shows how the application of computer software and correct setting of technological parameters in production are important tools for achieving the required production quality. Piercing of material is performed in practice for all types and thicknesses of materials, always within the residual material. This book shows how the AWJC piercing in material can be performed in a more productive way as is currently the case, bringing ultimate reduction of cutting costs, especially for cut material saving.
Pieza a pieza: La historia del chico que se construyó a sí mismo
by David AguilarNo te pierdas la increíble historia de superación de David Aguilar, Hand Solo en redes. «Muchas veces me preguntan qué se siente cuando te falta medio brazo. Y, la verdad... no lo sé. ¿Qué sentís cuando os falta un dedo? Contadlos por mí, ¿vale? Dejad de leer y contad los dedos que tenéis. «Uno, dos, tres, cuatro, cinco, seis, siete, ocho, nueve, ¡diez! ¿Qué sentís cuando os falta el onceavo dedo? No lo sabéis; yo tampoco. Lo que sé es que no os falta nada; os sobra. Os sobran posibilidades.» En este libro, David Aguilar narra, con una voz fresca y cercana, cómo construyó su primer brazo de Lego y otras muchas historias con las que enseñarnos la lección más importante que ha aprendido: no hay mejor prótesis que el amor. Sobre los autores...DAVID Y FERRAN AGUILAR David nació con el síndrome de Poland. Sus padres, Ferran y Nathalie, así como su hermana Naia, lo han acompañado en todos sus proyectos. Con tan solo nueve años construyó su primera prótesis y desde entonces no ha parado de crear y evolucionar.Ferran, por su parte, no ha escatimado esfuerzo en dar a conocer la historia de su hijo, con la seguridad de que, algún día, inspiraría al mundo entero. Esta familia andorrana se ha convertido recientemente también en protagonista de un documental, Mr. Hand Solo, en el que comparten su historia de superación. Pieza a pieza supone la última muestra de su empeño en participar en un sinfín de proyectos solidarios con los que luchar contra el estigma de la discapacidad y el bullying.
Piezo-Active Composites
by Vitaly Yu. Topolov Paolo Bisegna Christopher R. BowenThe book is devoted to the problem of microgeometry properties and anisotropy relations in modern piezo-active composites. These materials are characterized by various electromechanical properties and remarkable abilities to convert mechanical energy into electric energy and vice versa. Advantages of the performance of the composites are discussed in the context of the orientation effects, first studied by the authors for main connectivity patterns and with due regard to a large anisotropy of effective piezoelectric coefficients and electromechanical coupling factors. The novelty of the book consists in the systematization results of orientation effects, the anisotropy of piezoelectric properties and their role in forming considerable hydrostatic piezoelectric coefficients, electromechanical coupling factors and other parameters in the composites based on either ferroelectric ceramic or relaxor-ferroelectric single crystals.
Piezo-Active Composites: Microgeometry–Sensitivity Relations (Springer Series in Materials Science #271)
by Vitaly Yu. Topolov Christopher R. Bowen Paolo BisegnaThis book is devoted to the systematic description of the role of microgeometry of modern piezo-active composites in the formation of their piezoelectric sensitivity. In five chapters, the authors analyse kinds of piezoelectric sensitivity for piezo-active composites with specific connectivity patterns and links between the microgeometric feature and piezoelectric response. The role of components and microgeometric factors is discussed in the context of the piezoelectric properties and their anisotropy in the composites. Interrelations between different types of the piezoelectric coefficients are highlighted. This book fills a gap in piezoelectric materials science and provides readers with data on the piezoelectric performance of novel composite materials that are suitable for sensor, transducer, hydroacoustic, energy-harvesting, and other applications.
Piezo-Electric Electro-Acoustic Transducers
by Valeriy Sharapov Zhanna Sotula Larisa KunickayaElectroacoustic transducers (EAT) are devices, which transform electric energy to energy of acoustic fluctuations. Principles of action, design of transducers for work in air and water as well as for non-destructive control are described in the book. New technologies of designing EAT, not only expanding designing possibilities, are described. They also allow to create transducers with improved characteristics. In particular, methods to increase target capacity (sound pressure), decrease working (resonant) frequency of transducers and expand frequencies of projectors and sound receivers are developed. Methods and control units of transducers in batch production of transducers are described, too.