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Plasticity-Damage Couplings: From Single Crystal to Polycrystalline Materials (Solid Mechanics and Its Applications #253)
by Oana Cazacu Benoit Revil-Baudard Nitin ChandolaOffering a well-balanced blend of theory and hands-on applications, this book presents a unified framework for the main dissipative phenomena in metallic materials: plasticity and damage. Based on representation theory for tensor functions and scale-bridging theorems, this framework enables the development of constitutive models that account for the influence of crystallographic structures and deformation mechanisms on the macroscopic behavior. It allows readers to develop a clear understanding of the range of applicability of any given model, as well as its capabilities and limitations, and provides procedures for parameter identification along with key concepts necessary to solve boundary value problems, making it useful to both researchers and engineering practitioners. Although the book focuses on new contributions to modeling anisotropic materials, the review of the foundations of plasticity and models for isotropic materials, completed with detailed mathematical proofs mean that it is self-consistent and accessible to graduate students in engineering mechanics and material sciences.
Plasticity of Boronized Layers
by M. G. Krukovich B. A. Prusakov I. G. SizovThis book presents the physico-technical basis and current state of the technology of boronized layers. Special attention is given to the layer structure and morphology of allocated phases and distributions in a superficial zone of chemical compounds. Two- and multi-component phases of alloys and diffusion processes in a self-organizing mode are discussed. Surface hardening by boronizing increases the life time of mechanical tools. This is important for the mining industry, agriculture, textile and chemical industry. The book is important for thermochemical treatment and surface hardening of metals and alloys.
Plasticity of Pressure-Sensitive Materials
by Holm Altenbach Andreas ÖchsnerClassical plasticity theory of metals is independent of the hydrostatic pressure. However if the metal contains voids or pores or if the structure is composed of cells, this classical assumption is no more valid and the influence of the hydrostatic pressure must be incorporated in the constitutive description. Looking at the microlevel, metal plasticity is connected with the uniform planes of atoms organized with long-range order. Planes may slip past each other along their close-packed directions. The result is a permanent change of shape within the crystal and plastic deformation. The presence of dislocations increases the likelihood of planes slipping. Nowadays, the theory of pressure sensitive plasticity is successfully applied to many other important classes of materials (polymers, concrete, bones etc. ) even if the phenomena on the micro-level are different to classical plasticity of metals. The theoretical background of this phenomenological approach based on observations on the macro-level is described in detail in this monograph and applied to a wide range of different important materials in the last part of this book.
Plasticity Theory (Dover Books on Engineering)
by Jacob LublinerThe aim of Plasticity Theory is to provide a comprehensive introduction to the contemporary state of knowledge in basic plasticity theory and to its applications. It treats several areas not commonly found between the covers of a single book: the physics of plasticity, constitutive theory, dynamic plasticity, large-deformation plasticity, and numerical methods, in addition to a representative survey of problems treated by classical methods, such as elastic-plastic problems, plane plastic flow, and limit analysis; the problem discussed come from areas of interest to mechanical, structural, and geotechnical engineers, metallurgists and others.The necessary mathematics and basic mechanics and thermodynamics are covered in an introductory chapter, making the book a self-contained text suitable for advanced undergraduates and graduate students, as well as a reference for practitioners of solid mechanics.
Plastics (The MIT Press Essential Knowledge series)
by Imari Walker-Franklin Jenna JambeckA comprehensive introduction to the plastics life cycle—the impacts on our lives, our future, and our planet—and the actions we can take.Everywhere we look, we are surrounded by plastics: perhaps you have a book in one hand and your phone—made of various metals, plastics, and glass—in the other, or you are reading this on your polyurethane mattress after having flipped on a plastic light switch. In this Essential Knowledge series volume, Imari Walker-Franklin and Jenna Jambeck provide a deep exploration of the entire life of plastic things—plastics production and use, plastic waste generation and management, the environmental and societal impacts of plastics in our environment, and, finally, the policies that can help reduce pollution caused by our heavy use of plastics. One of the most current and comprehensive summaries on the subject, Plastics covers not only ocean and terrestrial plastic pollution but also the potential harms of microplastics on the human body. The authors also explain why we use plastic for so many products, how trash ends up in even the most remote corners of our world, and the alternatives and interventions that can help address our overreliance on this virtually imperishable material. As easily digestible to read as it is important, this book empowers its readers with the crucial knowledge and information they need to make thoughtful consumer choices, influence change, and spark inspiration.
Plastics Additives and Testing
by Muralisrinivasan Natamai Subramanian"Plastics Additives and Testing" is a practical book for engineers and operators and discusses both inorganic and organic chemicals that are widely used as additives in plastics processing operations. It is common practice today to use analytical techniques to improve plastics processing. Because it is critically important to manufacture quality products, a reasonable balance must be drawn between control requirements and parameters for improved processing method with respect to plastics additives. This book serves to implement this balance in the manufacturing line. Written by a successful, international consultant with an excellent publishing track record, it combines plastics additives, testing and quality control and is a valuable and critical book for engineers and operators to have when performing their tasks.
Plastics and Environmental Sustainability
by Anthony L. AndradySurvey's the issues typically raised in discussions of sustainability and plastics Discusses current issues not covered in detail previously such as ocean litter, migration of additives into food products and the recovery of plastics Covers post-consumer fate of plastics on land and in the oceans, highlighting the environmental impacts of disposal methods Details toxicity of plastics, particularly as it applies to human health Presents a clear analysis of the key plastic-related issues including numerous citations of the research base that supports and contradicts the popularly held notions
Plastics and Industrial Design (John Gloag On Industrial Design Ser.)
by John GloagOriginally published in 1945, Plastics and Industrial Design is a non-technical work of reference for manufacturers and designers who, after the Second World War were beginning to realize the possibilities that manufacturing with Plastics could bring. The different types of plastics and their uses is discussed, as is their impact on the design of manufactured articles. Whilst the extensive use of plastic may have fallen out of favour in recent years due to environmental concerns, this book reminds us that in their infancy they offered exciting manufacturing possibilities.
Plastics and the Ocean: Origin, Characterization, Fate, and Impacts
by Anthony L. AndradyAn insightful and multidisciplinary exploration of plastic pollutants in the ocean environment In Plastics and the Ocean, renowned researcher Anthony L. Andrady delivers a comprehensive and up-to-date treatment of the sources, characterization, and environmental impacts of plastics in the ocean. The book focuses on macroplastics as well as micro-scale and nanoscale plastics and the human impacts of these that reach consumers via seafood. It also addresses the human behavioral aspects of the problem via discussions of the mismanagement of urban litter. A diverse collection of expert perspectives is arranged logically and guides the reader through this fast-evolving multi-disciplinary subject area. Beginning with an overview of the field, the book goes on to explore the importance of this area of research to related disciplines and to the everyday lives of consumers. This text offers engineers and scientists an up-to-date review of the subject and the state of the art as summarized by key researchers in the field. The book includes: A synthesis of leading voices in oceanography, biogeochemistry, industrial chemistry, ecotoxicology, polymer science, and behavioral science Discussions of the impacts of a range of marine plastics, including large debris, microplastics, and nanoplastics A summary of the abundance and impacts of plastics in various niches in the marine environment Descriptions of the current methodologies for sampling, detection, processing, and identification of plastic waste Plastics and the Ocean is an indispensable resource for professionals, researchers, instructors, and graduate students in polymer science, marine biology, and environmental engineering. It’s also a must-read text for chemical engineers, materials scientists, and environmental engineers seeking a one-stop resource that describes the origins, occurrence, composition, environmental fate, and biological impacts of plastic pollutants in an ocean environment.
Plastics End Use Applications
by Donald V. RosatoPlastics End Use Applications is a SpringerBrief designed to keep professionals in the plastics industry abreast of key technical developments, business strategies and marketing initiatives in plastics and competitive materials that impact sales and usage. It is concisely focused on the five major competitive material areas-plastic, metal, paper and wood, rubber, and glass and ceramic-and how they interact in the twenty major plastic end-use market segments. For the global plastics professional, this book offers a way to enhance plastics technical and marketing insights. Plastics End Use Applications is of most value to manufacturing engineers, research and development professionals and general researchers interested in plastics and materials science.
Plastics Fabrication and Recycling (Plastics Engineering)
by Manas Chanda Salil K. RoyDerived from the fourth edition of the well-known Plastics Technology Handbook, Plastics Fabrication and Recycling presents the molding and fabrication processes of plastics as well as several important fe
Plastics Fundamentals, Properties, and Testing (Plastics Engineering)
by Manas Chanda Salil K. RoyDerived from the fourth edition of the well-known Plastics Technology Handbook, Plastics Fundamentals, Properties, and Testing covers the behavior, characterization, and evaluation of polymers. With a luci
Plastics in Automobiles: U.S. Materials, Applications, and Markets
by Mel SchlechterThis book provides a basic understanding of the major products, technologies, applications, marketing practices and competitive scenario of the plastic automotive business in U.S. It offers current market estimates of the most important polymers broken down by specific automotive application.
Plastics in Food Packaging Conference
by Technomic Publishing Company, Inc.This book contains papers, presented at the eighth annual FoodPlas conference held in Orlando, Florida in 1991, on the role of plastics in supermarkets, food processors and food companies, and on the regulations and design for plastics packaging.
Plastics in the Aquatic Environment - Part I: Current Status and Challenges (The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry #111)
by Friederike Stock Georg Reifferscheid Nicole Brennholt Evgeniia KostianaiaThis book offers a comprehensive review of how plastic pollution is affecting fresh and marine waters, and what the current challenges in plastic waste assessment and management in the aquatic environment are. Plastic waste comprises particles with heterogeneous physicochemical properties such as large size-range, different shapes and polymer types with various additives determining their environmental fate and risk. This complexity raises several open research questions which are explored in this book. Examples are the plastic uptake by aquatic organisms, degradation processes as well as sources and sinks in the environment. Readers will discover real case studies of plastic pollution detection and management in different parts of the world, including Asia, America and Europe, which provide an integrated overview of the global scope of this issue. This book and the companion volume Plastics in the Aquatic Environment - Part II: Stakeholders' Role Against Pollution are valuable resources to students, researchers, policymakers and environmental managers interested in plastic pollution and working towards its reduction.
Plastics in the Aquatic Environment - Part II: Stakeholders' Role Against Pollution (The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry #112)
by Friederike Stock Georg Reifferscheid Nicole Brennholt Evgeniia KostianaiaThis book reviews comprehensively the opportunities and responsibilities of science, society and politics to combat plastic pollution in marine and freshwaters. It provides insights on what information is needed, and from whom, and it outlines policies proposed by various institutions including OSPAR, HELCOM and the European Union. Plastic waste has become a global threat to the aquatic environment that does not stop at country borders. Meanwhile, there are many efforts in science, industry, commerce and governments to tackle the problem worldwide. School education, NGO public actions, voluntary trade reduction measures, governmental management options and governmental regulatory actions are part of the portfolio of efforts to deal with the problem. Together with the companion volume Plastics in the Aquatic Environment - Part I: Current Status and Challenges, it provides scientists, policymakers and environmental managers with essential reference information on how this problem is being solved, what challenges and barriers are expected and how they can be overcome.
Plastics in the Oceans: Toward Sustainable Solutions
by Jean-Luc Wertz Olivier Bédué Serge PerezIncreasing plastic pollution, particularly in oceans, calls for a fundamental shift towards future-proof plastics throughout the circular economy. In a landmark move in 2022, the United Nations adopted a historic resolution to craft an international legally binding instrument to tackle plastic pollution. In line with this global initiative, Plastics in the Oceans investigates the problem of plastic pollution in oceans, proposes solutions relating to current and advanced materials and technologies, and offers an optimal sustainable strategy to eliminate plastic pollution by 2040. The title: Addresses the entire lifecycle of plastic, from production and design to disposal, and advocates for a comprehensive approach to mitigate plastic pollution. Focuses on primary and secondary microplastics, recognizing their significant impact on marine ecosystems. Explores various alternative materials, including biobased biodegradable polymers, as viable alternatives to conventional plastics. Provides insights into regulatory frameworks pertaining to plastic pollution across major world regions. Elucidates the need for reducing plastic production and enhancing recycling efforts in combating plastic pollution. Suggests strategies aligned with the principles of the 3Rs—reduce, redesign, recycle—to foster the development of sustainable and future-proof plastics. This book is aimed at technical readers in environmental engineering, chemical engineering, and polymer chemistry, as well as general readers interested in scientific solutions to the plastics pollution problem.
Plastics Process Analysis, Instrumentation, and Control
by Johannes Karl FinkThis book focuses on plastics process analysis, instrumentation for modern manufacturing in the plastics industry. Process analysis is the starting point since plastics processing is different from processing of metals, ceramics, and other materials. Plastics materials show unique behavior in terms of heat transfer, fluid flow, viscoelastic behavior, and a dependence of the previous time, temperature and shear history which determines how the material responds during processing and its end use. Many of the manufacturing processes are continuous or cyclical in nature. The systems are flow systems in which the process variables, such as time, temperature, position, melt and hydraulic pressure, must be controlled to achieve a satisfactory product which is typically specified by critical dimensions and physical properties which vary with the processing conditions. Instrumentation has to be selected so that it survives the harsh manufacturing environment of high pressures, temperatures and shear rates, and yet it has to have a fast response to measure the process dynamics. At many times the measurements have to be in a non-contact mode so as not to disturb the melt or the finished product. Plastics resins are reactive systems. The resins will degrade if the process conditions are not controlled. Analysis of the process allows one to strategize how to minimize degradation and optimize end-use properties.
Plastics Product Design
by Paul F. MastroThis book is aimed at designers who have had limited or no experience with plastics materials as well as a more experienced designer who is designing a part for a use, process or an application that they are not familiar with. The reader is provided with an introduction to plastics as a design material and a discussion of materials commonly in use today. There is a discussion of a variety of processes available to the designer to make a part along with the design considerations each process will entail. This section also includes a discussion of useful prototyping processes, including advantages and disadvantages of each. <P><P> Next, the book will discuss general design considerations applicable to most plastics product designs.<P> In section 2 of the book the author will discuss elements of design of a number of generic plastic product types based on his 40+ years of experience of product design and development for a several companies with a variety of products. This section will include discussions of structural components, gears, bearings, hinges, snap fits, packaging, pressure vessels, and optical components. This section will discuss the general considerations that apply to these applications as well as specific incites about each particular application. The book concludes with a discussion of the general design process.
Plastics Products Design Handbook
by Edward MillerThis book provides information on complexities, peculiarities, and limitations of various molding processes, and the comparative advantages and disadvantages of the possible plastic products manufacturing techniques, to permit an ideal match of good design and processing.
Plastics Reinforcement and Industrial Applications
by T.R. CromptonWhen combined with reinforcing agents, plastics can be used for a number of high-temperature applications. Plastics Reinforcement and Industrial Applications provides a detailed discussion on plastics, polymers, and reinforcing agents (including organic and natural biomaterials). Focused specifically on improving the mechanical, thermal, and electr
Plastics Technology Handbook (Plastics Engineering)
by Manas ChandaUpdated throughout to reflect advances over the last decade, the Fifth Edition continues the handbook’s tradition of authoritative coverage of fundamentals, production methods, properties, and applications of plastics and polymer-based materials. It covers tooling for plastics fabrication processes, thermoplastics, thermosetting plastics, foamed plastics, reinforced plastics, plastisols, and new developments in mold design. It also discusses rubber compounding and processing technologies. More recent developments in polymer fabrication and processing, including electrospinning, electrografted coating, polymer-metal hybrid joining, flex printing, and rapid prototyping/ 3D printing, are also presented. The handbook highlights advanced materials including natural and synthetic gfnanosize polymers, their unusual properties, and innovative applications, as well as polymer-carbon nanocomposites, graphene-based polymer nanocomposites, smart healable polymer composites, smart polymer coatings, electroactive polymers, polymer nanomaterials, and novel nano-/microfibrillar polymer composites. It offers updates on polymer solar battery development, plastics recycling and disposal methods, new concepts of "upcycling" and single-polymer composites, renewable synthetic polymers, biodegradable plastics and composites, and toxicity of plastics. The book also provides an overview of new developments in polymer applications in various fields including packaging, building and construction, corrosion prevention and control, automotive, aerospace applications, electrical and electronic applications, agriculture and horticulture, domestic appliances and business machines, medical and biomedical applications, marine and offshore applications, and sports.
Plastics Waste Management: Processing and Disposal
by Muralisrinivasan Natamai SubramanianThe book provides clear explanations for newcomers to the subject as well as contemporary details and theory for the experienced user in plastics waste management. It is seldom that a day goes by without another story or photo regarding the problem of plastics waste in the oceans or landfills. While important efforts are being made to clear up the waste, this book looks at the underlying causes and focuses on plastics waste management. Plastics manufacturers have been slow to recognize their environmental impact compared with more directly polluting industries. However, the environmental pressures concerning plastics have forced the industry to examine their own recycling operations and implement plastics waste management. Plastics Waste Management realizes two ideals: That all plastics should be able to persist for as long as plastics are required, and that all plastics are recycled in a uniform manner regardless of the length of time for which it persists. The book examines plastics waste management and systems for the environment, as well the management approaches and techniques which are appropriate for managing the environment. It serves as an excellent and thoughtful plastics waste management handbook. This groundbreaking book: Identifies deficiencies in plastics waste management Extrapolates from experiences to draw some conclusions about plastics waste for persistence Describes methods how the waste related processing techniques should be used in recycling Shows how the consumer and industry can assess the performance of plastics waste management Explains waste utilization by recycling techniques as well as waste reduction Life cycle assessment as an important technique for recycling of persistent plastics waste.
Plasticulture Engineering and Technology
by Rohitashw Kumar Vijay P. SinghThe utilization of successful plasticulture engineering technology can ideally optimize crop yields and provide both economic and environmental benefits, such as reducing the need for water and fertilizer. This book discusses the myriad important aspects of crop production that utilize plastic, such as micro-irrigation, water management, plastic mulch films, protected cultivation and low tunnels, crop covers, canal linings, silage bags, and more. It also examines the latest methods for vertical farming and technological aspects, such as smart agriculture using the internet of things (IoT).The current state of the art, as well as potential future uses,ofplastics isdiscussed in addition to the benefits and limitations of plastics applications in agriculture generally. Features Illustrates application of plastic in protected cultivation, water management, aquaculture, and hi-tech horticulture using innovative technologies to enhance water use efficiency and crop productivity Presents precision farming for climate-resilient technologies Includes real-world examples to present practical insights of plastic engineering for climate change mitigation strategies. Plasticulture Engineering and Technology will serve as a useful resource for students, professionals, and researchers in agriculture and agricultural engineering, hydrology, hydraulics, water resources engineering, irrigation engineering, and environmental science.
Plastid Biology
by Kevin PykePlastids reside in all plant cells, and take on different forms in relation to their cellular function, biochemistry and storage capacity. The modern era of molecular biology and molecular genetics has enabled much to be learnt about how plastids function, and how they relate to their evolutionary past. In this accessible text, Kevin Pyke expertly describes how the plastids are highly complex organelles at the very core of plant cellular function, providing final year undergraduate and graduate students with an overview of plastid biology and recent developments in the field. Topics covered include: a consideration of different plastid types and how they relate to cell function; plastid genomes and how proteins are imported into plastids; photosynthesis and core aspects of plastid biochemistry; plastid signalling and functionality within a cellular context; and plastid genetic manipulation. Supplementary colour images are available online at www.cambridge.org/9780521885010.