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5th EAI International Conference on Management of Manufacturing Systems (EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing)
by Lucia Knapčíková Dragan Peraković Annamária Behúnová Marko PerišaThe book presents the proceedings of the 5th EAI International Conference on Management of Manufacturing Systems (MMS 2020), which took place online on October 27-29, 2020. The conference covers the management of manufacturing systems with support for Industry 4.0, logistics and intelligent manufacturing systems and applications, cooperation management, and its effective applications. Topics include RFID applications, economic impacts in logistics, ICT support for Industry 4.0, industrial and smart Logistics, intelligent manufacturing systems and applications, and much more. The topic is of interest to researchers, practitioners, students, and academics in manufacturing and communications engineering.
5th International Colloquium on Transformer Research and Asset Management (Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering #671)
by Bojan Trkulja Željko Štih Žarko JanićThis book presents the proceedings of the 5th International Colloquium “Transformer Research and Asset Management,” held in Opatija, Croatia, on October 9–12, 2019.The papers chiefly focus on three groups of topics:1. Numerical Modeling: Electromagnetic fields—Coupled fields—Transients—Numerical modeling in design2. Materials, Components and New Technologies: Insulating materials—Magnetic materials and transformer noise—Transformer components—New transformer technologies3. Transformer Lifecycle Management: Diagnostics and monitoring—Failure—Asset management—In-service experiences.The Colloquium was organized by the Croatian National Committee of CIGRE together with the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing in Zagreb and the Centre of Excellence for Transformers
5th International Conference on Geofoam Blocks in Construction Applications: Proceedings Of EPS 2018
by David Arellano Abdullah Tolga Özer Steven Floyd Bartlett Jan VaslestadFirst summary of latest results on geofoam studies and their applications.<P><P> Includes most recent applications of the technology.<P> Contains contributions of the pioneers of geofoam development, Tor Erik Frydenlund and Geir Refsdal.<P>These proceedings of the EPS 2018: 5th International Conference on Geofoam Blocks in Construction Applications, held in Kyrenia, Northern Cyprus on May 9 to 11, 2018, present a collection of contributions on the state-of-the-art of research and applications relating to geofoam. Geofoam researchers, consultants, molders, contractors and practitioners from all around the globe discuss the recent developments and future trends of expanded polystyrene (EPS)-block geofoam technology and its construction applications. EPS’18 contributes to the development of geofoam applications, following on from successful conferences in Oslo (1985), Tokyo (1996), Salt Lake City (2001) and Oslo (2011). The book discusses topics including, but not limited to, current use of geofoam, design specifications, applications, new concepts, material properties, modeling and specific topics in geofoam blocks in construction applications.
5th International Conference on Nanotechnologies and Biomedical Engineering: Proceedings of ICNBME-2021, November 3-5, 2021, Chisinau, Moldova (IFMBE Proceedings #87)
by Ion Tiginyanu Victor Sontea Serghei RaileanThis book gathers the proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Nanotechnologies and Biomedical Engineering, held online on November 3–5, 2021, from Chisinau, Republic of Moldova. It covers fundamental and applied research at the interface between nanotechnologies and biomedical engineering. Chapters report on cutting-edge bio-micro/nanotechnologies, devices for biomedical applications, and advances in bio-imaging and biomedical signal processing, innovative nano-biomaterials as well as advances in e-health, medical robotics, and related topics. With a good balance of theory and practice, the book offers a timely snapshot of multidisciplinary research at the interface between physics, chemistry, biomedicine, materials science, and engineering.
The 5th International Conference on Vibration and Energy Harvesting Applications (Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering)
by Lihua Tang Kean Aw Guobiao Hu Junlei WangThis book presents select proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Vibration and Energy Harvesting Applications (VEH 2024). This book covers latest research and technological advances in the field of vibration analysis, energy harvesting, and its applications. Topics covered in the book include innovative research works related to vibration analysis, energy harvesting, their applications, and results on the mechanical design, optimization, dynamics, power management circuits and systems, MEMS technology, nanotechnology, new materials, self-powered IoT applications, and other related areas.. The book can be a valuable reference for researchers and professionals interested in vibration analysis, energy harvesting, its applications, and allied fields.
5th International Conference on Wireless, Intelligent and Distributed Environment for Communication: WIDECOM 2022 (Lecture Notes on Data Engineering and Communications Technologies #174)
by Isaac Woungang Sanjay Kumar DhurandherThis book presents the proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Wireless Intelligent and Distributed Environment for Communication (WIDECOM 2022), which took place at the University of Windsor, Windsor, Canada, October 12-14, 2022. The book addresses issues related to new dependability paradigms, design, and performance of dependable network computing and mobile systems, as well as issues related to the security of these systems. The goal of the conference is to provide a forum for researchers, students, scientists and engineers working in academia and industry to share their experiences, new ideas and research results in the above-mentioned areas.
5th International Symposium of Space Optical Instruments and Applications: Beijing, China, September 5–7, 2018 (Springer Proceedings in Physics #232)
by H. Paul Urbach Qifeng YuThis book gathers selected and expanded contributions presented at the 5th Symposium on Space Optical Instruments and Applications, which was held in Beijing, China, on September 5–7, 2018. This conference series is organized by the Sino-Holland Space Optical Instruments Laboratory, a cooperative platform between China and the Netherlands. The symposium focused on key technological problems regarding optical instruments and their applications in a space context. It covered the latest developments, experiments and results on the theory, instrumentation and applications of space optics. The book is split into five main sections: The first covers optical remote sensing system design, the second focuses on advanced optical system design, and the third addresses remote sensor calibration and measurement. Remote sensing data processing and information extraction are then presented, followed by a final section on remote sensing data applications.
5th International Symposium on Data Mining Applications (Advances In Intelligent Systems And Computing #753)
by Mamdouh Alenezi Basit QureshiThe 5th Symposium on Data Mining Applications (SDMA 2018) provides valuable opportunities for technical collaboration among data mining and machine learning researchers in Saudi Arabia, Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries and the Middle East region. This book gathers the proceedings of the SDMA 2018. All papers were peer-reviewed based on a strict policy concerning the originality, significance to the area, scientific vigor and quality of the contribution, and address the following research areas. <br>• Applications: Applications of data mining in domains including databases, social networks, web, bioinformatics, finance, healthcare, and security. <br>• Algorithms: Data mining and machine learning foundations, algorithms, models, and theory. <br>• Text Mining: Semantic analysis and mining text in Arabic, semi-structured, streaming, multimedia data. <br>• Framework: Data mining frameworks, platforms and systems implementation. <br>• Visualizations: Data visualization and modeling.
The 5th Joint International Conference on AI, Big Data and Blockchain (Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems #881)
by Muhammad Younas Irfan Awan Natalia Kryvinska Jamal Bentahar Perin ÜnalThis book is the 5th Joint International Conference on AI, Big Data and Blockchain (ABB 2024), 19–21 Aug 2024, Vienna, Austria. This book constitutes refereed articles which present research work on timely research themes such as novel AI methods and models, deep learning techniques, data analytics and hidden patterns, security, privacy and trust, blockchain data management, and fraud detection and prevention, among others. The intended readership of the book includes researchers, developers, and practitioners in the areas of AI, big data, blockchain techniques, technologies, and their applications.
5th Symposium on Terrestrial Gravimetry: Proceedings of the Symposium in Saint Petersburg, Russia, October 1 – 4, 2019 (International Association of Geodesy Symposia #153)
by Jeffrey T. Freymueller Laura SánchezThis open access volume contains the proceedings of the 5th Symposium on Terrestrial Gravimetry: Static and Mobile Measurements (TG-SMM2019) held in St. Petersburg, Russia, October 1 – 4, 2019. The symposium was hosted by the State Research Center of the Russian Federation Concern CSRI Elektropribor, JSC and was attended by 75 participants from 15 different countries. 32 oral and 20 poster contributions were presented in four different topical sessions: Terrestrial, shipboard and airborne gravimetry, Absolute gravimetry, Relative gravimetry, gravity networks and applications of gravimetry and Cold atom and superconducting gravimeters, gravitational experiments.
60 Excellent Inventions in Metal Forming
by A. Erman Tekkaya Werner Homberg Alexander Brosius60 novel approaches in metal forming are presented and explained in detail. Contributions from acknowledged international scientists representing the state-of-art in metal forming open a general view on recent results and a clear view on demands for new research initiatives.
60-GHz CMOS Phase-Locked Loops
by Reza Mahmoudi Arthur H.M. Roermund Hammad M. CheemaThe promising high data rate wireless applications at millimeter wave frequencies in general and 60 GHz in particular have gained much attention in recent years. However, challenges related to circuit, layout and measurements during mm-wave CMOS IC design have to be overcome before they can become viable for mass market. 60-GHz CMOS Phase-Locked Loops focusing on phase-locked loops for 60 GHz wireless transceivers elaborates these challenges and proposes solutions for them. The system level design to circuit level implementation of the complete PLL, along with separate implementations of individual components such as voltage controlled oscillators, injection locked frequency dividers and their combinations, are included. Furthermore, to satisfy a number of transceiver topologies simultaneously, flexibility is introduced in the PLL architecture by using new dual-mode ILFDs and switchable VCOs, while reusing the low frequency components at the same time.
The 60-Year Curriculum: New Models for Lifelong Learning in the Digital Economy
by Christopher J. DedeThe 60-Year Curriculum explores models and strategies for lifelong learning in an era of profound economic disruption and reinvention. Over the next half-century, globalization, regional threats to sustainability, climate change, and technologies such as artificial intelligence and data mining will transform our education and workforce sectors. In turn, higher education must shift to offer every student life-wide opportunities for the continuous upskilling they will need to achieve decades of worthwhile employability. This cutting-edge book describes the evolution of new models—covering computer science, inclusive design, critical thinking, civics, and more—by which universities can increase learners’ trajectories across multiple careers from mid-adolescence to retirement. Stakeholders in workforce development, curriculum and instructional design, lifelong learning, and higher and continuing education will find a unique synthesis offering valuable insights and actionable next steps.
60GHz Technology for Gbps WLAN and WPAN
by Pengfei Xia Su-Khiong Yong Alberto Valdes-GarciaThis book addresses 60 GHz technology for Gbps WLAN and WPAN from theory to practice, covering key aspects for successful deployment.In this book, the authors focus specifically on 60 GHz wireless technology which has emerged as the most promising candidate for multi-gigabit wireless indoor communication systems. 60 GHz technology offers various advantages over current or existing communications systems (e.g. huge unlicensed bandwidth worldwide, high transmit power, high frequency reuse and small form factor), which enables many disruptive applications that are otherwise difficult if not impossible to be realized at lower frequencies. The book addresses all aspects of the state-of-the-art in 60 GHz technology for high data rate wireless applications.Key Features:Comprehensive coverage from theory to practice: provides readers with a thorough technical guide of 60 GHz technology development Brings together the entire area of 60GHz technology for Gigabits per second (Gbps) WLAN and WPAN applications. Discusses practical system designs covering wide aspects such as antenna propagation, beamforming, circuit design, digital communication, signal processing, system architectures, etc. Provides up-to-date standardization activities, regulatory issues, technology development as well as future trends Includes examples and case studies for practical scenarios Contains theoretical, simulation and experimental results to demonstrate and compare the performance of various schemes (or systems) This book serves as an excellent reference for system engineers, system architects, IC designers, standard engineers, researchers, and vendor and manufacturer consumers. Technical consultants, software and application developers will also find this book of interest.
64 Geeks: The Brains Who Shaped Our World
by Chas Newkey-BurdenWe wouldn't have Bluetooth or Wi-Fi today without the ingenuity of an actress once described as "the most beautiful woman in the world."And we might have had mobile messaging as early as 1901, were it not for the fickleness of a banker. From celebrated prodigies and self-proclaimed geniuses to history's hidden heroes-64 GEEKS brings you the incredible stories of the world's best brains, all presented alongside clever 8-bit likenesses.
64 Geeks: The Brains Who Shaped Our World
by Chas Newkey-BurdenWe wouldn't have Bluetooth or Wi-Fi today without the ingenuity of an actress once described as "the most beautiful woman in the world."And we might have had mobile messaging as early as 1901, were it not for the fickleness of a banker. From celebrated prodigies and self-proclaimed geniuses to history's hidden heroes-64 GEEKS brings you the incredible stories of the world's best brains, all presented alongside clever 8-bit likenesses.
6G: The Road To Future Wireless Technologies 2030 (River Publishers Series In Communications Ser.)
by Paulo Sergio Henrique Ramjee PrasadSince the launch of Second-Generation Networks (2G), planning for each future mobile service was initiated many years before its commercial launch. In 2019, 5G Networks begun to be deployed commercially after almost ten years of planning. Similarly, the race for the 6G wireless networks that will be operational in 2030 has already started. To fulfill its potential in the upcoming decade, 6G will undoubtedly require an architectural orchestration based on the amalgamation of existing solutions and innovative technologies. The book will begin by evaluating the state of the art of all current mobile generations' while looking into their core building blocks. 6G implementation will require fundamental support from Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning on the network's edge and core, including a new Radio Frequency (RF) spectrum. The 6G use cases will require advanced techniques for enabling the future wireless network to be human-centric, ensuring enhanced quality of experience (QoE) for most of its applications. The concept of Human Bond Communication Beyond 2050 (Knowledge Home) and Communication, Navigation, Sensing, and Services (CONASENSE) will also profit from future wireless communication. Terahertz domains will exploit the ultra-Massive Multiple Input Multiple Output Antennas (UM-MIMO) technologies to support Terabits' data throughputs.Moreover, optical wireless communications (OWC) will also come into play to support indoor and outdoor high-data rates. Further expansion of 6G core entities will support the novel concept of Society 5.0. Quantum computing processing and communications is also likely to be added into the 6G ecosystem with security managed by blockchain orchestration for a robust network.
6G: From Connected People and Things to Connected Intelligence
by Wen Tong Peiying ZhuThe first book on 6G wireless presents an overall vision for 6G - an era of intelligence-of-everything - with drivers, key capabilities, use cases, KPIs, and the technology innovations that will shape it. These innovations include immersive human-centric communication, sensing, localization, and imaging, connected machine learning and networked AI, Industry 4.0 and beyond with connected intelligence, smart cities and life, and the satellite mega-constellation for 3D full-Earth wireless coverage. Also covered are new air-interface and networking technologies, integrated sensing and communications, and integrated terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks. In addition, novel network architectures to enable network AI, user centric networks, native trustworthiness are discussed. Essential reading for researchers in academia and industry working on B5G wireless communications.
6G and Onward to Next G: The Road to the Multiverse (The ComSoc Guides to Communications Technologies)
by Martin MaierThis book weaves emerging themes in future 6G and Next G networks carefully together. It points to three spheres of contexts with different narratives for the year 2030 and beyond, in which the coming Metaverse as the precursor of the future Multiverse can be embedded naturally. The book aims at providing the reader with new cross-disciplinary research material, ranging from communication and computer science to cognitive science, social sciences, and behavioral economics, for building a deeper Metaverse. It will be instrumental in helping the reader find and overcome some of the most common 6G and Next G blind spots. Modern networks are more than communication and computer science. They may be better viewed as techno-social systems that exhibit complex adaptive system behavior and resemble biological superorganisms. 6G and especially Next G should go beyond continuing the linear incremental 6G=5G+1G mindset of past generations of mobile networks. To this end, the book: Helps readers inquire into new areas of knowledge or understanding that they didn’t have or didn’t pay attention to find their 6G/Next G blind spots Highlights the unique potential benefits of the virtual world for society in that it provides a useful extension of the real-world economy by compensating for its well-known market failures, e.g., rising income inequality Provides a comprehensive description of the original Metaverse vision and highlights the different Metaverse components, applications, open research challenges, and early Metaverse deployment examples from both industry and academia Describes how the Multiverse goes beyond the Metaverse origins and explores the importance of experience innovation since experiences play a central role in the Metaverse Explains Web3 and the emerging field of token engineering and tokenization, i.e., the process of creating tokenized digital twins via programmable tokens, which are viewed as the killer application of Web3 networks for creating technology-enabled social organisms and restoring tech-driven common goods Reviews anticipated 6G paradigm shifts and elaborates on the difference between 6G and Next G research, including Next G Alliance’s audacious goals and their symbiotic relationship between technology and a population’s societal and economic needs Doubles down on the mutually beneficial symbiosis between digitalization and biologization for our possible evolution into future metahumans with infinite capabilities by making us smarter and creating a fundamentally new form of sociality in the Metaverse and Multiverse as well as the future stigmergy enhanced Society 5.0 by leveraging on time-tested self-organization mechanisms borrowed from nature Presents a variety of different concepts of the true nature of reality that bring us closer to the original Metaverse vision and explains how 6G, Next G, and the Metaverse may eventually pave the way to the peak-experience machine that democratizes access to the upper range of human experiences Touches on the possible transition from communication to services beyond communication, most notably the cross-cultural phenomenon of communitas in anthropology and its increasing degrees of perceived connectedness with others, the world, and oneself, given the importance of creating a deep sense of community in the Metaverse Written for students, network researchers, professionals, engineers, and practitioners, 6G and Onward to Next G: The Road to the Multiverse explores the latest Internet developments, with a particular focus on 6G and Next G networks in the context of the emerging Metaverse and future Multiverse as the successors of today’s mobile Internet that has defined the last two decades.
6G Communication Network: Architecture, Security and Applications (Prospects in Networking and Communications – P-NetCom)
by Ajay Kumar Vyas Narendra Khatri Sunil Kumar JhaThis book focuses on 6G technology beyond 5G. The objective of next generation 6G wireless communications is to improve the benchmarks while simultaneously delivering additional services. Many widely expected future services, such as life‑critical services and wireless brain‑computer interactions, will be important to their success. This book presents the evolution of 6G technology, architecture, and implementation. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the theoretical and experimental modelling of 6G communication, providing detailed implementation issues and performance evaluation of emerging technologies along with research results, and networking methods.This book:• Contains a comprehensive overview of 6G communication network technology.• Contains both fundamental theories and cutting‑edge technologies.• Covers implementations, architecture, security, privacy, and reliability in 6G communication and performance analysis of the 6G communication.• Future trends and applications covered include vehicle‑to‑everything, massive radio access networks, Massive IoT Access Cybertwin, Sustainable Society 5.0 using 6G communication.• Covers the challenges and research directions to enable future research to make 6G communication a wireless solution for sustainability.• Contains a comprehensive overview of 6G communication network technology.• Contains both fundamental theories and cutting‑edge technologies.• Covers implementations, architecture, security, privacy, and reliability in 6G communication and performance analysis of the 6G communication.• Future trends and applications covered include vehicle‑to‑everything, massive radio access networks, Massive IoT Access Cybertwin, Sustainable Society 5.0 using 6G communication.• Covers the challenges and research directions to enable future research to make 6G communication a wireless solution for sustainability.This book is primarily written for senior undergraduate students, graduate students, and academic researchers in the fields of electrical engineering, electronics, communications engineering, and computer science and engineering.
6G Communications Networking and Signal Processing: Proceedings of the International Conference, SGCNSP 2023 (Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering #1270)
by Terence Kin Shun Wong Vinod Kiran KappalaThis book includes peer-reviewed papers of the International Conference on 6G Communications Networking and Signal Processing-SGCNSP 2023. This book focuses on conceptual frameworks that help understand the basics of electronics, electrical, and communication. It also provides an overview of the upcoming advanced technologies supporting 6G signal processing, communication systems and networks, mobile and wireless networks, and RF and optical communication. This book is useful for undergraduate and postgraduate students and research scholars.
6G Connectivity-Systems, Technologies, and Applications: Digitalization of New Technologies, 6G and Evolutio (River Publishers Series in Communications and Networking)
by Ramjee Prasad Sunil Kumar Pandey Dnyaneshwar Shriranglal Mantri Albena Dimitrova MihovskaThis book covers need for 6G connectivity arising from the pursuit of higher data speeds, ultra-low latency, massive IoT connectivity, enhanced spectral efficiency, and the facilitation of new and transformative applications. By addressing these drivers and expectations, 6G aims to revolutionize wireless communication, opening up a realm of possibilities for industries, societies, and individuals.Technological improvements and evolutions are required beyond fifth-generation (5G) networks for wireless communications as well as in the industry where the involvement of collaborative robots (COBOT) will satisfy the personal needs of human beings as and when required leading to human–machine interactions. A considerable amount of effort has been devoted, both in industry and academia, towards the performance modelling, evaluation and prediction of convergent multi-service heterogeneous, future-generation networks such as 6G.Technical topics discussed in the book include: Network security and attacks 6G applications and Industry 5.0 Human centric interface Green computing in wireless cellular networks Next generation networks (IOT, Cloud Computing, Big Data, etc.)
6G Enabled Fog Computing in IoT: Applications and Opportunities
by Mohit Kumar Sukhpal Singh Gill Jitendra Kumar Samriya Steve UhligOver the past few years, the demand for data traffic has experienced explosive growth thanks to the increasing need to stay online. New applications of communications, such as wearable devices, autonomous systems, drones, and the Internet of Things (IoT), continue to emerge and generate even more data traffic with vastly different performance requirements. With the COVID-19 pandemic, the need to stay online has become even more crucial, as most of the fields, would they be industrial, educational, economic, or service-oriented, had to go online as best as they can. As the data traffic is expected to continuously strain the capacity of future communication networks, these networks need to evolve consistently in order to keep up with the growth of data traffic. Thus, more intelligent processing, operation, and optimization will be needed for tomorrow’s communication networks. The Sixth Generation (6G) technology is latest approach for mobile systems or edge devices in terms of reduce traffic congestions, energy consumption blending with IoT devices applications. The 6G network works beyond the 5G (B5G), where we can use various platforms as an application e.g. fog computing enabled IoT networks, Intelligent techniques for SDN network, 6G enabled healthcare industry, energy aware location management. Still this technology must resolve few challenges like security, IoT enabled trust network.This book will focus on the use of AI/ML-based techniques to solve issues related to 6G enabled networks, their layers, as well as their applications. It will be a collection of original contributions regarding state-of-the-art AI/ML-based solutions for signal detection, channel modeling, resource optimization, routing protocol design, transport layer optimization, user/application behavior prediction 6G enabled software-defined networking, congestion control, communication network optimization, security, and anomaly detection. The proposed edited book emphasis on the 6G network blended with Fog-IoT networks to introduce its applications and future perspectives that helps the researcher to apply this technique in their domain and it may also helpful to resolve the challenges and future opportunities with 6G networks.
6G Enabled Healthcare Systems: Theory, Implementation and Applications (Synthesis Lectures on Engineering, Science, and Technology)
by Vyasa Sai Haesik Kim Bernard FongThis book introduces 6G enabled healthcare systems and helps readers understand state-of-the-art techniques and applications for future healthcare systems. Readers will be able to obtain a background knowledge about AI, wireless systems, implementation methods, and applications, enabling the upcoming migration from 5G to 6G for supporting mission-critical healthcare applications.
6G-Enabled IoT and AI for Smart Healthcare: Challenges, Impact, and Analysis (Artificial Intelligence in Smart Healthcare Systems)
by Ashish Kumar Rachna Jain Meenu Gupta Islam, Sardar M.N.In today’s era, there is a need for a system that can automate the process of treatment for the patient if medical facilities are out of reach. Smart healthcare can step in to make the patient more self-dependent. 6G with its features can be seen as the future of smart healthcare with IoT and AI. 6G-Enabled IoT and AI for Smart Healthcare: Challenges, Impact, and Analysis offers the fundamentals, history, reality, and challenges faced in the smart healthcare industry today. It discusses the concepts, tools, and techniques of smart healthcare as well as the analysis used. The book details the role that machine learning-based deep learning and 6G-enabled IoT concepts play in the automation of smart healthcare systems. The book goes on to presents applications of smart healthcare through various real-world examples and includes chapters on security and privacy in the 6G-enabled and IoT environment, as well as research on the future prospects of the smart healthcare industry. This book: Offers the fundamentals, history, reality, and the challenges faced in the smart healthcare industry Discusses the concepts, tools, and techniques of smart healthcare as well as the analysis used Details the role that machine learning-based deep learning and 6G-enabled IoT concepts play in the automation of smart healthcare systems Presents applications of smart healthcare through various real-world examples Includes topics on security and privacy in 6G-enabled IoT, as well as research and future prospectus of the smart healthcare industry Interested readers of this book will include anyone working in or involved in smart healthcare research which includes, but is not limited to healthcare specialists, computer science engineers, electronics engineers, systems engineers, and pharmaceutical practitioners.