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Sensemaking for Security (Advanced Sciences and Technologies for Security Applications)
by Anthony J. MasysThis book presents sensemaking strategies to support security planning and design. Threats to security are becoming complex and multifaceted and increasingly challenging traditional notions of security. The security landscape is characterized as ‘messes’ and ‘wicked problems’ that proliferate in this age of complexity. Designing security solutions in the face of interconnectedness, volatility and uncertainty, we run the risk of providing the right answer to the wrong problem thereby resulting in unintended consequences. Sensemaking is the activity that enables us to turn the ongoing complexity of the world into a “situation that is comprehended explicitly in words and that serves as a springboard into action” (Weick, Sutcliffe, Obstfeld, 2005). It is about creating an emerging picture of our world through data collection, analysis, action, and reflection. The importance of sensemaking to security is that it enables us to plan, design and act when the world as we knew it seems to have shifted. Leveraging the relevant theoretical grounding and thought leadership in sensemaking, key examples are provided, thereby illustrating how sensemaking strategies can support security planning and design. This is a critical analytical and leadership requirement in this age of volatility, uncertainty, complexity and ambiguity that characterizes the security landscape. This book is useful for academics, graduate students in global security, and government and security planning practitioners.
Sensemaking in Elementary Science: Supporting Teacher Learning (Teaching and Learning in Science Series)
by Elizabeth A. Davis Carla Zembal-Saul Sylvie M. KademianGrounded in empirical research, this book offers concrete pathways to direct attention towards elementary science teaching that privileges sensemaking, rather than isolated activities and vocabulary. Outlining a clear vision for this shift using research-backed tools, pedagogies, and practices to support teacher learning and development, this edited volume reveals how teachers can best engage in teaching that supports meaningful learning and understanding in elementary science classrooms. Divided into three sections, this book demonstrates the skills, knowledge bases, and research-driven practices necessary to make a fundamental shift towards a focus on students’ ideas and reasoning, and covers topics such as: An introduction to sensemaking in elementary science; Positioning students at the center of sensemaking; Planning and enacting investigation-based science discussions; Designing a practice-based elementary teacher education program; Reflections on science teacher education and professional development for reform-based elementary science. In line with current reform efforts, including the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS), Sensemaking in Elementary Science is the perfect resource for graduate students and researchers in science education, elementary education, teacher education, and STEM education looking to explore effective practice, approaches, and development within the elementary science classroom.
Sensemaking in Safety Critical and Complex Situations: Human Factors and Design
by Stig Ole Johnsen Thomas PoratheSensemaking in Safety Critical and Complex Situations: Human Factors and Design Human factors-based design that supports the strengths and weaknesses of humans are often missed during the concept and design of complex technical systems. With the focus on digitalization and automation, the human actor is often left out of the loop but needs to step in during safety-critical situations. This book describes how human factors and sensemaking can be used as part of the concept and design of safety critical systems in order to improve safety and resilience. This book discusses the challenges of automation and automated systems when humans are left out of the loop and then need to intervene when the situation calls for it. It covers human control and accepts that humans must handle the unexpected and describes methods to support this. It is based on recent accident analysis involving autonomous systems that move our understanding forward and supports a more modern view on human errors to improve safety in industries such as shipping and marine. The book is for human factors and ergonomists, safety engineers, designers involved in safety critical work and students. Stig Ole Johnsen is a Senior Researcher at SINTEF in Norway. He has a PhD from NTNU in Norway with a focus on resilience in complex socio-technical systems and has a Master’s in Technology Management from MIT/NTNU. He chairs the Human Factors in Control network (HFC) in Norway to strengthen the human factors focus during development and implementation of safety critical technology. His research interests include meaningful human control to support safety and resilience during automation and digitalization. Thomas Porathe has a degree in Information Design from Malardalen University in Sweden. He is currently Professor of Interaction Design at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology in Trondheim, Norway. He specializes in maritime human factors and design of maritime information systems, specifically directed towards control room design, e-navigation and autonomous ships. He has been working with e-Navigation since 2006 in EU projects such as BLAST, EfficienSea, MONALISA, ACCSEAS, SESAME and the unmanned ship project MUNIN. He is active in the International Association of Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities (IALA).
Sensing and Artificial Intelligence Solutions for Food Manufacturing
by Daniel HefftThis book gives readers a practical introduction into machine learning and sensing techniques, their design and ultimately specific applications that could improve food production. It shows how these sensing and computing systems are suitable for process implementation in food factories. This book starts by giving the reader an overview of the historic structures of food manufacturing standards and how they defined today’s manufacturing. It is followed by a topical introduction for professionals in the food industries in topics such as AI, machine learning, and neural networks. It also includes an explanation of the different sensor systems and their basic principles. It shows how these sensing and computing systems are suitable for process implementation in food factories and what types of sensing systems have already been proven to deliver benefit to the food manufacturing industries. The authors also discuss issues around food safety, labelling, and traceability and how sensing and AI can help to resolve issues. They also use case studies and specific examples that can show the benefit of such technologies compared to current approaches. This book is a practical introduction and handbook for students, food engineers, technologists and process engineers on the benefits and challenges around modern manufacturing systems following Industry 4.0 approaches.
Sensing and Control for Autonomous Vehicles
by Kristin Y. Pettersen Henk Nijmeijer Thor I. FossenThis edited volume includes thoroughly collected on sensing and control for autonomous vehicles. Guidance, navigation and motion control systems for autonomous vehicles are increasingly important in land-based, marine and aerial operations. Autonomous underwater vehicles may be used for pipeline inspection, light intervention work, underwater survey and collection of oceanographic/biological data. Autonomous unmanned aerial systems can be used in a large number of applications such as inspection, monitoring, data collection, surveillance, etc. At present, vehicles operate with limited autonomy and a minimum of intelligence. There is a growing interest for cooperative and coordinated multi-vehicle systems, real-time re-planning, robust autonomous navigation systems and robust autonomous control of vehicles. Unmanned vehicles with high levels of autonomy may be used for safe and efficient collection of environmental data, for assimilation of climate and environmental models and to complement global satellite systems. The target audience primarily comprises research experts in the field of control theory, but the book may also be beneficial for graduate students.
Sensing and Shaping Emerging Conflicts
by Steve Olson United States Institute of Peace National Academy of Engineering Andrew RobertsonTechnology has revolutionized many aspects of modern life, from how businesses operate, to how people get information, to how countries wage war. Certain technologies in particular, including not only cell phones and the Internet but also satellites, drones, and sensors of various kinds, are transforming the work of mitigating conflict and building peaceful societies. Rapid increases in the capabilities and availability of digital technologies have put powerful communications devices in the hands of most of the world's population. These technologies enable one-to-one and one-to-many flows of information, connecting people in conflict settings to individuals and groups outside those settings and, conversely, linking humanitarian organizations to people threatened by violence. Communications within groups have also intensified and diversified as the group members use new technologies to exchange text, images, video, and audio. Monitoring and analysis of the flow and content of this information can yield insights into how violence can be prevented or mitigated. In this way technologies and the resulting information can be used to detect and analyze, or sense, impending conflict or developments in ongoing conflict. On October 11, 2012, the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) and the United States Institute of Peace (USIP) held a workshop in Washington, DC, to identify "major opportunities and impediments to providing better real-time information to actors directly involved in situations that could lead to deadly violence." The workshop brought together experts in technology, experts in peacebuilding, and people who have worked at the intersections of those two fields on the applications of technology in conflict settings, to consider uses of technology to sense emerging and ongoing conflicts and provide information and analyses that can be used to prevent violent and deadly conflict. Sensing and Shaping Emerging Conflicts: Report of a Joint Workshop of the National Academy of Engineering and the United States Institute of Peace: Roundtable on Technology, Science, and Peacebuilding summarizes the workshop.
Sensing Approaches for Precision Agriculture (Progress in Precision Agriculture)
by Ruth Kerry Alexandre EscolàSensing Approaches for Precision Agriculture aims to bring together the ‘state of the art’ of the most popular sensing techniques and the current state of research on the application of sensors in Precision Agriculture (PA). Sensing is of great value in PA because it provides cheap and immediate data for management. This book gives a broad overview of sensing in PA and a coherent introduction for new professionals and research scientists. Readers are introduced to the potential applications of a range of different sensors, how they should be used properly and their limitations for use in PA. Chapters on specific topics and case studies provide depth and enable implementation of the methods by users. A general introduction about sensing techniques in PA is followed by Chapters 2–9 on the most important specific techniques in sensing and Chapters 10–13 include mini-case studies, each showing cutting-edge applications for different sensing methods. Finally, there is an Epilogue on how we expect sensors and analysis to develop.
Sensing, Data Managing, and Control Technologies for Agricultural Systems (Agriculture Automation and Control)
by Shaochun Ma Tao Lin Enrong Mao Zhenghe Song Kuan-Chong TingAgricultural automation is the emerging technologies which heavily rely on computer-integrated management and advanced control systems. The tedious farming tasks had been taken over by agricultural machines in last century, in new millennium, computer-aided systems, automation, and robotics has been applied to precisely manage agricultural production system. With agricultural automation technologies, sustainable agriculture is being developed based on efficient use of land, increased conservation of water, fertilizer and energy resources. The agricultural automation technologies refer to related areas in sensing & perception, reasoning & learning, data communication, and task planning & execution. Since the literature on this diverse subject is widely scattered, it is necessary to review current status and capture the future challenges through a comprehensive monograph.In this book we focus on agricultural automation and provide critical reviews of advanced control technologies, their merits and limitations, application areas and research opportunities for further development. This collection thus serves as an authoritative treatise that can help researchers, engineers, educators, and students in the field of sensing, control, and automation technologies for production agriculture.
Sensing Emotions
by Martijn Krans Martin Ouwerkerk Joyce WesterinkIn the future, products and machines will know how we feel and how to adapt to those feelings. This book analyzes the influence of specific everyday situations and contexts on the emotional state of people and ways this will impact future user experience.
Sensing Machines: How Sensors Shape Our Everyday Life
by Chris SalterHow we are tracked, surveilled, tantalized, and seduced by machines ranging from smart watches and Roombas to immersive art installations.Sensing machines are everywhere in our world. As we move through the day, electronic sensors and computers adjust our thermostats, guide our Roombas, count our steps, change the orientation of an image when we rotate our phones. There are more of these electronic devices in the world than there are people—in 2020, thirty to fifty billion of them (versus 7.8 billion people), with more than a trillion expected in the next decade. In Sensing Machines, Chris Salter examines how we are tracked, surveilled, tantalized, and seduced by machines ranging from smart watches and mood trackers to massive immersive art installations. Salter, an artist/scholar who has worked with sensors and computers for more than twenty years, explains that the quantification of bodies, senses, and experience did not begin with the surveillance capitalism practiced by Facebook, Amazon, Netflix, and Google but can be traced back to mathematical and statistical techniques of the nineteenth century. He describes the emergence of the &“sensed self,&” investigating how sensor technology has been deployed in music and gaming, programmable and immersive art environments, driving, and even eating, with e-tongues and e-noses that can taste and smell for us. Sensing technology turns our experience into data; but Salter&’s story isn&’t just about what these machines want from us, but what we want from them—new sensations, the thrill of the uncanny, and magic that will transport us from our daily grind.
Sensing, Modeling and Optimization of Cardiac Systems: A New Generation of Digital Twin for Heart Health Informatics (SpringerBriefs in Service Science)
by Hui Yang Bing YaoThis book reviews the development of physics-based modeling and sensor-based data fusion for optimizing medical decision making in connection with spatiotemporal cardiovascular disease processes. To improve cardiac care services and patients’ quality of life, it is very important to detect heart diseases early and optimize medical decision making. This book introduces recent research advances in machine learning, physics-based modeling, and simulation optimization to fully exploit medical data and promote the data-driven and simulation-guided diagnosis and treatment of heart disease. Specifically, it focuses on three major topics: computer modeling of cardiovascular systems, physiological signal processing for disease diagnostics and prognostics, and simulation optimization in medical decision making. It provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in personalized cardiac modeling by integrating physics-based knowledge of the cardiovascular system with machine learning and multi-source medical data. It also discusses the state-of-the-art in electrocardiogram (ECG) signal processing for the identification of disease-altered cardiac dynamics. Lastly, it introduces readers to the early steps of optimal decision making based on the integration of sensor-based learning and simulation optimization in the context of cardiac surgeries. This book will be of interest to researchers and scholars in the fields of biomedical engineering, systems engineering and operations research, as well as professionals working in the medical sciences.
Sensing of Non-Volatile Memory Demystified
by Swaroop GhoshThis book introduces readers to the latest advances in sensing technology for a broad range of non-volatile memories (NVMs). Challenges across the memory technologies are highlighted and their solutions in mature technology are discussed, enabling innovation of sensing technologies for future NVMs. Coverage includes sensing techniques ranging from well-established NVMs such as hard disk, flash, Magnetic RAM (MRAM) to emerging NVMs such as ReRAM, STTRAM, FeRAM and Domain Wall Memory will be covered.
Sensing Sound: Evolutionary Neurobiology of a Novel Sense of Hearing
by Bernd FritzschHearing is a prerequisite for the evolution of language and thus the development of human societies. It is the only major sense whose evolution can be traced back to vertebrates, starting with sarcopterygians. The book explores the evolution of auditory development that has remained largely unexplored in contemporary theories of neurosensory brain evolution, including the telencephalon. It describes how sensory epithelia from the basilar papilla evolved in the ear and connected dedicated cochlear neurons to neuronal centers in the brain, and deals with how sound is converted through sound modulations into reliably decoded messages. The loss of hearing with age is expected to reach 2.6 billion people by 2050. As such, the book explains and reviews hearing loss at the molecular level to the behavioral level, and provides suggestions to manage the loss.
Sensing Technologies for Field and In-House Crop Production: Technology Review and Case Studies (Smart Agriculture #7)
by Man Zhang Han Li Wenyi Sheng Ruicheng Qiu Zhao ZhangThis book focuses on state-of-the-art sensing and automation technologies for field crops and in-house product production and provides a lot of innovative knowledge on image processing, AI algorithms and applications in agriculture, and robotics. This book provides undergraduate or graduate students with take-away knowledge for unmanned agricultural production, including but not limited to corn disease detection, wheat head detection and counting, and soil nutrient condition monitoring. The first three chapters focus on reviewing plant phenotyping sensing technology and robotics and soil nutrient monitoring, followed by in-house crop sensing robotics. Then two case studies on corn and the other two case studies on wheat are presented.
Sensing Technologies For Precision Irrigation
by Dejan Vukobratovic Marta Alonso Fernandez Vladan Minic Dubravko Ćulibrk Vladimir Crnojevic Javier Alvarez OsunaThis brief provides an overview of state-of-the-art sensing technologies relevant to the problem of precision irrigation, an emerging field within the domain of precision agriculture. Applications of wireless sensor networks, satellite data and geographic information systems in the domain are covered. This brief presents the basic concepts of the technologies and emphasizes the practical aspects that enable the implementation of intelligent irrigation systems. The authors target a broad audience interested in this theme and organize the content in five chapters, each concerned with a specific technology needed to address the problem of optimal crop irrigation. Professionals and researchers will find the text a thorough survey with practical applications.
Sensing Technologies for Real Time Monitoring of Water Quality (IEEE Press Series on Sensors)
by Libu Manjakkal Leandro Lorenzelli Magnus WillanderSensing Technologies for Real Time Monitoring of Water Quality A comprehensive guide to the development and application of smart sensing technologies for water quality monitoring With contributions from a panel of experts on the topic, Sensing Technologies for Real Time Monitoring of Water Quality offers an authoritative resource that explores a complete set of sensing technologies designed to monitor, in real-time, water quality including agriculture. The contributing authors explore the fundamentals of sensing technologies and review the most recent advances of various materials and sensors for water quality??monitoring. This comprehensive resource includes information on a range of designs of smart electronics, communication systems, packaging, and innovative implementation approaches used for remote monitoring of water quality in various atmospheres. The book explores a variety of techniques for online water quality monitoring including internet of Things (IoT), communication systems, and advanced sensor deployment methods. This important book: Puts the spotlight on the potential capabilities and the limitations of various sensing technologies and wireless systems Offers an evaluation of a variety of sensing materials, substrates, and designs of sensors Describes sensor implementation in agriculture and extreme environments Includes information on the common characteristics, ideas, and approaches of water quality and quantity management Written for students and practitioners/researchers in water quality management, Sensing Technologies for Real Time Monitoring of Water Quality offers, in one volume, a guide to the real time sensing techniques that can improve water quality and its management.
Sensing Technology: Current Status and Future Trends II
by Nabarun Bhattacharyya Krishanthi Padmarani Jayasundera Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay Alex MasonThis book is written for academic and industry professionals working in the field of sensing, instrumentation and related fields, and is positioned to give a snapshot of the current state of the art in sensing technology, particularly from the applied perspective. The book is intended to give broad overview of the latest developments, in addition to discussing the process through which researchers go through in order to develop sensors, or related systems, which will become more widespread in the future.
Sensing Technology: Proceedings of ICST'15 (Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering #1035)
by Nagender Kumar Suryadevara Boby George Krishanthi P. Jayasundera Subhas Chandra MukhopadhyayThis book gathers the latest advances, innovations, and applications in the field of sensing technology, as presented by international researchers and engineers at the 15th International Conference on Sensing Technology (ICST), held in Sydney, Australia on December 5–7, 2022. Contributions include a wide range of topics such as: vision sensing, sensor signal processing, sensors phenomena and modelling, sensor characterization, smart sensors and sensor fusion, electromagnetic, chemical and physical sensors, electronic nose technology, biosensors, nano sensors, wireless sensors and WSN, Internet of Things, optical sensors, sensor arrays, intelligent sensing, Internet-based and remote data acquisition. The contributions, which were selected by means of a rigorous international peer-review process, present a wealth of exciting ideas that will open novel research directions and foster multidisciplinary collaboration among different specialists.
Sensing Technology: Proceedings of ICST 2022 (Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering #886)
by Nagender Kumar Suryadevara Boby George Krishanthi P. Jayasundera Joyanta Kumar Roy Subhas Chandra MukhopadhyayThis book gathers the latest advances, innovations, and applications in the field of sensing technology, as presented by international researchers and engineers at the 14th International Conference on Sensing Technology (ICST), held in Chennai, India on January 17-19, 2022. Contributions include a wide range of topics such as: vision sensing, sensor signal processing, sensors phenomena and modelling, sensor characterization, smart sensors and sensor fusion, electromagnetic, chemical and physical sensors, electronic nose technology, biosensors, nano sensors, wireless sensors and WSN, Internet of Things, optical sensors, sensor arrays, intelligent sensing, Internet-based and remote data acquisition. The contributions, which were selected by means of a rigorous international peer-review process, present a wealth of exciting ideas that will open novel research directions and foster multidisciplinary collaboration among different specialists.
Sensing the Perfect Tomato: An Internet of Things Approach
by Denise WilsonTomatoes are an important crop for their economic value and nutritional benefits. Optimizing yields for tomato crops requires careful attention to how and when to harvest both in the context of time-to-market and end use. The Internet of Things (IOT), when using distributed and networked sensors, has shown tremendous potential to support precision agriculture, providing a finer resolution, more detailed picture of crops that was not previously possible using conventional crop monitoring techniques. This book marries the potential of the Internet of Sensors to the needs of tomato farming, in ways that are economically fruitful, technologically robust, and environmentally sustainable.
Sensing Vehicle Conditions for Detecting Driving Behaviors (Springerbriefs In Electrical And Computer Engineering)
by Jiadi Yu Yingying Chen Xiangyu XuThis SpringerBrief begins by introducing the concept of smartphone sensing and summarizing the main tasks of applying smartphone sensing in vehicles. Chapter 2 describes the vehicle dynamics sensing model that exploits the raw data of motion sensors (i.e., accelerometer and gyroscope) to give the dynamic of vehicles, including stopping, turning, changing lanes, driving on uneven road, etc. Chapter 3 detects the abnormal driving behaviors based on sensing vehicle dynamics. Specifically, this brief proposes a machine learning-based fine-grained abnormal driving behavior detection and identification system, D3, to perform real-time high-accurate abnormal driving behaviors monitoring using the built-in motion sensors in smartphones.As more vehicles taking part in the transportation system in recent years, driving or taking vehicles have become an inseparable part of our daily life. However, increasing vehicles on the roads bring more traffic issues including crashes and congestions, which make it necessary to sense vehicle dynamics and detect driving behaviors for drivers. For example, sensing lane information of vehicles in real time can be assisted with the navigators to avoid unnecessary detours, and acquiring instant vehicle speed is desirable to many important vehicular applications. Moreover, if the driving behaviors of drivers, like inattentive and drunk driver, can be detected and warned in time, a large part of traffic accidents can be prevented. However, for sensing vehicle dynamics and detecting driving behaviors, traditional approaches are grounded on the built-in infrastructure in vehicles such as infrared sensors and radars, or additional hardware like EEG devices and alcohol sensors, which involves high cost. The authors illustrate that smartphone sensing technology, which involves sensors embedded in smartphones (including the accelerometer, gyroscope, speaker, microphone, etc.), can be applied in sensing vehicle dynamics and driving behaviors. Chapter 4 exploits the feasibility to recognize abnormal driving events of drivers at early stage. Specifically, the authors develop an Early Recognition system, ER, which recognize inattentive driving events at an early stage and alert drivers timely leveraging built-in audio devices on smartphones. An overview of the state-of-the-art research is presented in chapter 5. Finally, the conclusions and future directions are provided in Chapter 6.
Sensitive Matter
by Michel MitovLife would not exist without sensitive, or soft, matter. All biological structures depend on it, including red blood globules, lung fluid, and membranes. So do industrial emulsions, gels, plastics, liquid crystals, and granular materials. What makes sensitive matter so fascinating is its inherent versatility. Shape-shifting at the slightest provocation, whether a change in composition or environment, it leads a fugitive existence. Physicist Michel Mitov brings drama to molecular gastronomy (as when two irreconcilable materials are mixed to achieve the miracle of mayonnaise) and offers answers to everyday questions, such as how does paint dry on canvas, why does shampoo foam better when you âeoerepeat,âe#157; and what allows for the controlled release of drugs? Along the way we meet a futurist cook, a scientist with a runaway imagination, and a penniless inventor named Goodyear who added sulfur to latex, quite possibly by accident, and created durable rubber. As Mitov demonstrates, even religious ritual is a lesson in the surprising science of sensitive matter. Thrice yearly, the reliquary of St. Januarius is carried down cobblestone streets from the Cathedral to the Church of St. Clare in Naples. If all goes as hopedâe"and since 1389 it often hasâe"the dried blood contained in the reliquaryâe(tm)s largest vial liquefies on reaching its destination, and Neapolitans are given a reaffirming symbol of renewal.
Sensitivity Analysis for Neural Networks
by Wing W. Ng Daming Shi Ian Cloete Daniel S. YeungArtificial neural networks are used to model systems that receive inputs and produce outputs. The relationships between the inputs and outputs and the representation parameters are critical issues in the design of related engineering systems, and sensitivity analysis concerns methods for analyzing these relationships. Perturbations of neural networks are caused by machine imprecision, and they can be simulated by embedding disturbances in the original inputs or connection weights, allowing us to study the characteristics of a function under small perturbations of its parameters. This is the first book to present a systematic description of sensitivity analysis methods for artificial neural networks. It covers sensitivity analysis of multilayer perceptron neural networks and radial basis function neural networks, two widely used models in the machine learning field. The authors examine the applications of such analysis in tasks such as feature selection, sample reduction, and network optimization. The book will be useful for engineers applying neural network sensitivity analysis to solve practical problems, and for researchers interested in foundational problems in neural networks.
Sensitivity Analysis in Remote Sensing
by Eugene A. UstinovThis book contains a detailed presentation of general principles of sensitivity analysis as well as their applications to sample cases of remote sensing experiments. An emphasis is made on applications of adjoint problems, because they are more efficient in many practical cases, although their formulation may seem counterintuitive to a beginner. Special attention is paid to forward problems based on higher-order partial differential equations, where a novel matrix operator approach to formulation of corresponding adjoint problems is presented. Sensitivity analysis (SA) serves for quantitative models of physical objects the same purpose, as differential calculus does for functions. SA provides derivatives of model output parameters (observables) with respect to input parameters. In remote sensing SA provides computer-efficient means to compute the jacobians, matrices of partial derivatives of observables with respect to the geophysical parameters of interest. The jacobians are used to solve corresponding inverse problems of remote sensing. They also play an important role already while designing the remote sensing experiment, where they are used to estimate the retrieval uncertainties of the geophysical parameters with given measurement errors of the instrument, thus providing means for formulations of corresponding requirements to the specific remote sensing instrument. If the quantitative models of geophysical objects can be formulated in an analytic form, then sensitivity analysis is reduced to differential calculus. But in most cases, the practical geophysical models used in remote sensing are based on numerical solutions of forward problems - differential equations with initial and/or boundary conditions. As a result, these models cannot be formulated in an analytic form and this is where the methods of SA become indispensable. This book is intended for a wide audience. The beginners in remote sensing could use it as a single source, covering key issues of SA, from general principles, through formulation of corresponding linearized and adjoint problems, to practical applications to uncertainty analysis and inverse problems in remote sensing. The experts, already active in the field, may find useful the alternative formulations of some key issues of SA, for example, use of individual observables, instead of a widespread use of the cumulative cost function. The book also contains an overview of author's matrix operator approach to formulation of adjoint problems for forward problems based on the higher-order partial differential equations. This approach still awaits its publication in the periodic literature and thus may be of interest to readership across all levels of expertise.
Sensitivity of Automatic Control Systems (Control Series #2)
by Efim Rozenwasser Rafael YusupovAlthough it arose much earlier in a variety of contexts, sensitivity theory became an independent branch of science in the sixties. Since then, researchers from around the world have continued to make great strides in both the theory and its applications. However, much of the work of Russian scientific schools and specialists remain unknown in the West.Sensitivity of Control Systems summarizes the results of the authors and their disciples in sensitivity theory, addressing the basic notions of the theory and the problem of selecting technical parameters of systems. The authors formulate problems for actual technical systems and their models, and establish relations between sensitivity theory and classical stability problems. They offer a significant, general theory for investigating the sensitivity of boundary problems and use elements of this theory for sensitivity analysis of solutions to nonlinear programming and variational calculus problems, as well as oscillatory processes. The book also presents general investigation methods for discontinuous systems, including those described by operator models.Full of powerful new methods and results, this book offers a unique opportunity for those in theoretical investigation and in the design, testing, and exploitation of various control systems to explore the work of Russia's leading researchers in sensitivity theory. Furthermore, its techniques for parametric perturbation investigation, Sensitivity of Control Systems will prove useful in fields outside of control theory, including oscillation theory, motion dynamics, and mathematical economy.