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Raman Spectroscopy for Nanomaterials Characterization
by Challa S.S.R. KumarFirst volume of a 40-volume series on nanoscience and nanotechnology, edited by the renowned scientist Challa S.S.R. Kumar. This handbook gives a comprehensive overview about Raman spectroscopy for the characterization of nanomaterials. Modern applications and state-of-the-art techniques are covered and make this volume essential reading for research scientists in academia and industry.
Raman Spectroscopy in the Food Industry
by Ugur Tamer Mustafa Culha Ismail Hakki BoyaciRaman spectroscopy has become one of the most important techniques effectively applied to detect specific analytes and microorganisms in food samples. Raman Spectroscopy in the Food Industry provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of the art and future prospects of Raman spectroscopy in food analyses. Through in-depth chapters, the authors discuss the fundamental principles of Raman spectroscopy, its instrumentation, methodologies, and its diverse applications across various food matrices. Real-world case studies and practical examples underscore the transformative potential of Raman spectroscopy in reshaping our understanding, analysis, and innovation within the realm of food science.Featured topics included are as follows: Raman spectroscopy applications in food science and technology The unique property of Raman phenomena, along with the variations in signal modes The different food safety topics, such as toxins, biosafety, foodborne bacteria, and fermentation Machine-learning studies on Raman spectrosopy in food science As the editors, we are committed to providing a valuable resource that inspires further exploration and collaboration in harnessing the power of Raman spectroscopy for the advancement of food analyses. We sincerely hope that this book serves as a catalyst for pushing the boundaries of knowledge and driving innovation in this exciting field.
Raman Spectroscopy of Two-Dimensional Materials (Springer Series in Materials Science #276)
by Ping-Heng TanThis book shows the electronic, optical and lattice-vibration properties of the two-dimensional materials which are revealed by the Raman spectroscopy. It consists of eleven chapters covering various Raman spectroscopy techniques (ultralow-frequency, resonant Raman spectroscopy, Raman imaging), different kinds of two-dimensional materials (in-plane isotropy and anisotropy materials, van der Waals heterostructures) and their physical properties (double-resonant theory, surface and interface effect). The topics include the theory origin, experimental phenomenon and advanced techniques in this area. This book is interesting and useful to a wide readership in various fields of condensed matter physics, materials science and engineering.
Raman Spectroscopy: Advances and Applications (Springer Series in Optical Sciences #248)
by Dheeraj Kumar Singh Arnulf Materny Ashish Kumar MishraThis book highlights recent advances of spectroscopic techniques based on Raman scattering. Different applications are introduced that serve as examples for the versatile use of Raman techniques. Raman spectroscopy is a marker free technique, which is capable of yielding detailed information about molecular systems in a non-destructive way. This makes it a valuable tool for, e.g., material science or medical research. The access to vibrational energy and dynamics yields fundamental insights into static and dynamical structural properties of molecules being influenced by and influencing their material science or medical research environment. The better understanding of the basic building blocks of materials helps to improve the functionality in various applications. Raman spectroscopy has become a truly interdisciplinary research tool, and the ongoing development of techniques makes it attractive for growing variety of scientific and industrial applications, which will be demonstrated in the book. While the “classical” linear spontaneous Raman spectroscopy is restricted in its applicability due to low signal intensities or the excitation of strong fluorescence background, new techniques have helped to overcome such problems. Examples, presented in the book, are surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), and various associated techniques are used to drastically increase signal intensity, confocal, and tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) allowing for high and even sub-diffraction limited spatial resolutions, coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) avoiding fluorescence background and allowing for time-resolved observations of vibrational dynamics, or hyper- and resonance Raman scattering influencing the scattering based on electronic resonances, etc.
Rammed Earth Conservation
by C. Mileto V. Cristini F. VegasIncludes a free CD containing the full contents of the book.The rammed earth technique, in all its variants, is widespread all over the world. This enormously prevalent building technique harbours an important richness of varieties both in application and in materials used. Interventions on historical rammed earth buildings have also been carried o
Rammed Earth Construction: Cutting-Edge Research on Traditional and Modern Rammed Earth
by D. Ciancio C. BeckettRammed Earth Construction: Cutting-Edge Research on Traditional and Modern Rammed Earth is a collection of peer-reviewed papers presented at the First International Conference on Rammed Earth Construction (ICREC2015, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, 10-13 February 2015) by academics, engineers and rammed earth practitioner
Ramp Hollow: The Ordeal of Appalachia
by Steven Stoll<p>In Ramp Hollow, Steven Stoll offers a fresh, provocative account of Appalachia, and why it matters. He begins with the earliest European settlers, whose desire for vast forests to hunt in was frustrated by absentee owners―including George Washington and other founders―who laid claim to the region. Even as Daniel Boone became famous as a backwoods hunter and guide, the economy he represented was already in peril. Within just a few decades, Appalachian hunters and farmers went from pioneers to pariahs, from heroes to hillbillies, in the national imagination, and the area was locked into an enduring association with poverty and backwardness. Stoll traces these developments with empathy and precision, examining crucial episodes such as the Whiskey Rebellion, the founding of West Virginia, and the arrival of timber and coal companies that set off a devastating “scramble for Appalachia.” <p>At the center of Ramp Hollow is Stoll’s sensitive portrayal of Appalachian homesteads. Perched upon ridges and tucked into hollows, they combined small-scale farming and gardening with expansive foraging and hunting, along with distilling and trading, to achieve self-sufficiency and resist the dependence on cash and credit arising elsewhere in the United States. But the industrialization of the mountains shattered the ecological balance that sustained the households. Ramp Hollow recasts the story of Appalachia as a complex struggle between mountaineers and profit-seeking forces from outside the region. Drawing powerful connections between Appalachia and other agrarian societies around the world, Stoll demonstrates the vitality of a peasant way of life that mixes farming with commerce but is not dominated by a market mind-set. His original investigation, ranging widely from history to literature, art, and economics, questions our assumptions about progress and development, and exposes the devastating legacy of dispossession and its repercussions today.</p>
Ramsar Wetlands of the North American West Coast and Central Pacific: An Atlas
by Ricardo D. LopezThis is the first comprehensive international atlas featuring all ecological services provided by Ramsar wetlands, with complete views of all Ramsar sites, through remote sensing and mapping. Written by an international expert on wetlands and remote sensing, this atlas is for a broad audience and compiles much-needed information on how the Ramsar wetlands are of significant value to the planet and society and can and should be managed in such a way that supports planetary sustainability. Focused on the 72 designated Ramsar sites along the western coasts of Alaska, Canada, California, Mexico, and the Central Pacific islands, each wetland is articulately documented with respect to its specific ecological functions and services.FEATURES Provides a comprehensive assessment of the key biophysical and societal elements of each Ramsar-designated wetland along the North American West Coast and Central Pacific Brings all designated Ramsar wetlands to the reader in one visually appealing compendium using geospatial technology Aids in highlighting the importance of and options for wetland conservation and restoration worldwide Explains the important role that wetlands play in environmental sustainability, directly supporting the global sustainable development goals of the United Nations Introduces the contributions of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands to global conservation and restoration This atlas is intended for wetland managers and policymakers involved in the Ramsar Convention activities and for wetland ecologists and other allied environmental scientists and practitioners, such as hydrologists, microbiologists, and botanists. It is also a valuable resource for researchers, faculty, and graduate students affiliated with programs such as wetland ecology, wetland management, environmental studies, environmental management, and survey of wetlands.
Rancher, Farmer, Fisherman: Conservation Heroes of the American Heartland
by Miriam HornThe story of a huge, largely hidden, and entirely unexpected conservation movement in America. Many of the men and women doing today's most consequential environmental work--restoring America's grasslands, wildlife, soil, rivers, wetlands, and oceans--would not call themselves environmentalists; they would be too uneasy with the connotations of that word. What drives them is their deep love of the land: the iconic terrain where explorers and cowboys, pioneers and riverboat captains forged the American identity. They feel a moral responsibility to preserve this heritage and natural wealth, to ensure that their families and communities will continue to thrive. Unfolding as a journey down the Mississippi River, Rancher, Farmer, Fisherman tells the stories of five representatives of this stewardship movement: a Montana rancher, a Kansas farmer, a Mississippi riverman, a Louisiana shrimper, and a Gulf fisherman. In exploring their work and family histories and the essential geographies they protect, Rancher, Farmer, Fisherman challenges pervasive and powerful myths about American and environmental values.
Random Contractions in Global Risk Governance (Learning and Analytics in Intelligent Systems #27)
by Panagiotis T. Artikis Constantinos T. ArtikisThis book contributes to the area of ongoing global risks and the area of forthcoming global risks, particularly necessary for the implementation of very important interdisciplinary research activities. Global risks are defined in this study as having a global geographical scope, an inter-industrial presence, and exceptionally critical stages of economic and social participation that necessitate a major multi-stakeholder input. In addition, global risks demand an extremely extensive priority in decision-making allowance. The theoretical and practical results of this work are strongly connected to several quite useful factors. The present work mainly concentrates on the contribution of probability theory in the advancement of the practical applicability of global risk governance. More precisely, the work introduces structural stochastic concepts and fundamental stochastic results for the formulation of stochastic models of various global risk governance operations particularly valuable in proactive treatment of several groups of global risks.
Random Data
by Julius S. Bendat Allan G. PiersolA timely update of the classic book on the theory and application of random data analysisFirst published in 1971, Random Data served as an authoritative book on the analysis of experimental physical data for engineering and scientific applications. This Fourth Edition features coverage of new developments in random data management and analysis procedures that are applicable to a broad range of applied fields, from the aerospace and automotive industries to oceanographic and biomedical research.This new edition continues to maintain a balance of classic theory and novel techniques. The authors expand on the treatment of random data analysis theory, including derivations of key relationships in probability and random process theory. The book remains unique in its practical treatment of nonstationary data analysis and nonlinear system analysis, presenting the latest techniques on modern data acquisition, storage, conversion, and qualification of random data prior to its digital analysis. The Fourth Edition also includes:A new chapter on frequency domain techniques to model and identify nonlinear systems from measured input/output random dataNew material on the analysis of multiple-input/single-output linear modelsThe latest recommended methods for data acquisition and processing of random dataImportant mathematical formulas to design experiments and evaluate results of random data analysis and measurement proceduresAnswers to the problem in each chapterComprehensive and self-contained, Random Data, Fourth Edition is an indispensible book for courses on random data analysis theory and applications at the upper-undergraduate and graduate level. It is also an insightful reference for engineers and scientists who use statistical methods to investigate and solve problems with dynamic data.
Random Fields for Spatial Data Modeling: A Primer for Scientists and Engineers (Advances in Geographic Information Science)
by Dionissios T. HristopulosThis book provides an inter-disciplinary introduction to the theory of random fields and its applications. Spatial models and spatial data analysis are integral parts of many scientific and engineering disciplines. Random fields provide a general theoretical framework for the development of spatial models and their applications in data analysis. The contents of the book include topics from classical statistics and random field theory (regression models, Gaussian random fields, stationarity, correlation functions) spatial statistics (variogram estimation, model inference, kriging-based prediction) and statistical physics (fractals, Ising model, simulated annealing, maximum entropy, functional integral representations, perturbation and variational methods). The book also explores links between random fields, Gaussian processes and neural networks used in machine learning. Connections with applied mathematics are highlighted by means of models based on stochastic partial differential equations. An interlude on autoregressive time series provides useful lower-dimensional analogies and a connection with the classical linear harmonic oscillator. Other chapters focus on non-Gaussian random fields and stochastic simulation methods. The book also presents results based on the author’s research on Spartan random fields that were inspired by statistical field theories originating in physics. The equivalence of the one-dimensional Spartan random field model with the classical, linear, damped harmonic oscillator driven by white noise is highlighted. Ideas with potentially significant computational gains for the processing of big spatial data are presented and discussed. The final chapter concludes with a description of the Karhunen-Loève expansion of the Spartan model. The book will appeal to engineers, physicists, and geoscientists whose research involves spatial models or spatial data analysis. Anyone with background in probability and statistics can read at least parts of the book. Some chapters will be easier to understand by readers familiar with differential equations and Fourier transforms.
Random Light Beams: Theory and Applications
by Olga KorotkovaRandom Light Beams: Theory and Applications contemplates the potential in harnessing random light. This book discusses light matter interactions, and concentrates on the various phenomena associated with beam-like fields. It explores natural and man-made light fields and gives an overview of recently introduced families of random light beams. It outlines mathematical tools for analysis, suggests schemes for realization, and discusses possible applications. The book introduces the essential concepts needed for a deeper understanding of the subject, discusses various classes of deterministic paraxial beams and examines random scalar beams. It highlights electromagnetic random beams and matters relating to generation, propagation in free space and various media, and discusses transmission through optical systems. It includes applications that benefit from the use of random beams, as well as the interaction of beams with deterministic optical systems.• Includes detailed mathematical description of different model sources and beams• Explores a wide range of man-made and natural media for beam interaction • Contains more than 100 illustrations on beam behavior• Offers information that is based on the scientific results of the last several years • Points to general methods for dealing with random beams, on the basis of which the readers can do independent researchIt gives examples of light propagation through the human eye, laser resonators, and negative phase materials. It discusses in detail propagation of random beams in random media, the scattering of random beams from collections of scatterers and thin random layers as well as the possible uses for these beams in imaging, tomography, and smart illumination.
Random Maintenance Policies
by Toshio NakagawaExploring random maintenance models, this book provides an introduction to the implementation of random maintenance, and it is one of the first books to be written on this subject. It aims to help readers learn new techniques for applying random policies to actual reliability models, and it provides new theoretical analyses of various models including classical replacement, preventive maintenance and inspection policies. These policies are applied to scheduling problems, backup policies of database systems, maintenance policies of cumulative damage models, and reliability of random redundant systems. Reliability theory is a major concern for engineers and managers, and in light of Japan's recent earthquake, the reliability of large-scale systems has increased in importance. This also highlights the need for a new notion of maintenance and reliability theory, and how this can practically be applied to systems. Providing an essential guide for engineers and managers specializing in reliability maintenance and quality control, this book provides a useful resource for those with doubts carrying out maintenance of new and large systems. It is also intended for graduate students and researchers interested in operations research, statistics, industrial engineering and management science.
Random Noise: Measuring Your Company's Safety Performance (The Business, Management and Safety Effects of Neoliberalism)
by Sidney Dekker Georgina PooleIn the realm of safety management, this book embarks on a profound exploration of how the political economy was reshaped in the last two decades. Much like privatization, deregulation, and financialization altered the economic landscape, this narrative unveils how safety management has been affected by the intertwined dynamics of asset underinvestment, privatization, self-regulation, workplace flexibilization, and market-driven policies.This book, the second installment of a thought-provoking trilogy on the consequences of neoliberalism, mirrors the political economy's promotion of the private sector's role in the economy. Just as neoliberalism amplified and accelerated the mechanisms of human-made disasters in complex systems, this narrative lays bare the heightened potential for safety misfortunes when governed by market-driven principles.As the story unfolds, the book delves into the concept of 'synoptic legibility' in safety management, akin to how the political economy distilled its essence into privatization and deregulation. The authors scrutinize the consequences of translating safety measures into rigid targets, unveiling how this shift can distort the integrity of safety metrics and inadvertently harm individuals. Drawing parallels with historical blunders such as England's window tax, the book contemplates the precarious nature of equating simplified metrics with safety achievements. Much like the political economy's 'acceptable risk' renegotiations, it examines how the pursuit of safety through metrics and surveillance can lead to 'manufactured insecurity,' eroding trust, autonomy, and professionalism.In Random Noise, Poole and Dekker extend this reach once again, writing for all managers, board members, organization leaders, consultants, practitioners, researchers, lecturers, students, and investigators curious to understand the genuine nature of organizational and safety performance.
Random Non-Random Periodic Fau
by M. T. Sebastian P. KrishnaThis book provides a comprehensive overview of stacking faults in crystal structures. Subjects covered include: notations used in representations of close-packed structures; types of faults; methods of detection and measurement such as X-ray diffraction, electron diffraction and other techniques; theoretical models of non-random faulting during phase transitions; specific examples of - close packed structures including, zinc sulphide, silicon carbide and silver iodide.
Random Number Generators: Verilog Description, Hardware Implementation and Applications
by Esteban Tlelo-Cuautle Luis Gerardo de la Fraga José David Rodríguez-MuñozThis book discusses the details of random number generation (RNG) as a key technology that is used for information security in various fields, such as electronic commerce and authentication. Readers will see how random numbers are used in various applications such as in the generation of keys for data encryption, games, lotteries, sampling, simulations, statistical sampling, search/sort algorithms, and gambling. The authors describe how the classification of RNGs encompasses linear and nonlinear (chaotic) pseudo and truly random number generators, and how they can be evaluated by applying statistical tests. Covers a vast array of special topics on fractional-order chaotic circuits and systems to develop applications in information security; Describes details of using FPGAs to approach chaotic maps and fractional-order circuits and systems for hardware security; Includes Verilog hardware description for random number generation.
Random Phenomena: Fundamentals of Probability and Statistics for Engineers
by Babatunde A. OgunnaikeMany of the problems that engineers face involve randomly varying phenomena of one sort or another. However, if characterized properly, even such randomness and the resulting uncertainty are subject to rigorous mathematical analysis. Taking into account the uniquely multidisciplinary demands of 21st-century science and engineering, Random Phenomena
Random Processes for Engineers
by Bruce HajekThis engaging introduction to random processes provides students with the critical tools needed to design and evaluate engineering systems that must operate reliably in uncertain environments. A brief review of probability theory and real analysis of deterministic functions sets the stage for understanding random processes, whilst the underlying measure theoretic notions are explained in an intuitive, straightforward style. Students will learn to manage the complexity of randomness through the use of simple classes of random processes, statistical means and correlations, asymptotic analysis, sampling, and effective algorithms. Key topics covered include: - Calculus of random processes in linear systems - Kalman and Wiener filtering - Hidden Markov models for statistical inference - The estimation maximization (EM) algorithm - An introduction to martingales and concentration inequalities. Understanding of the key concepts is reinforced through over 100 worked examples and 300 thoroughly tested homework problems (half of which are solved in detail at the end of the book).
Random Processes for Engineers: A Primer
by Arthur David SniderThis book offers an intuitive approach to random processes and educates the reader on how to interpret and predict their behavior. Premised on the idea that new techniques are best introduced by specific, low-dimensional examples, the mathematical exposition is easier to comprehend and more enjoyable, and it motivates the subsequent generalizations. It distinguishes between the science of extracting statistical information from raw data--e.g., a time series about which nothing is known a priori--and that of analyzing specific statistical models, such as Bernoulli trials, Poisson queues, ARMA, and Markov processes. The former motivates the concepts of statistical spectral analysis (such as the Wiener-Khintchine theory), and the latter applies and interprets them in specific physical contexts. The formidable Kalman filter is introduced in a simple scalar context, where its basic strategy is transparent, and gradually extended to the full-blown iterative matrix form.
Random Processes with Applications to Circuits and Communications
by Bernard C. LevyThis textbook is based on 20 years of teaching a graduate-level course in random processes to a constituency extending beyond signal processing, communications, control, and networking, and including in particular circuits, RF and optics graduate students. In order to accommodate today’s circuits students’ needs to understand noise modeling, while covering classical material on Brownian motion, Poisson processes, and power spectral densities, the author has inserted discussions of thermal noise, shot noise, quantization noise and oscillator phase noise. At the same time, techniques used to analyze modulated communications and radar signals, such as the baseband representation of bandpass random signals, or the computation of power spectral densities of a wide variety of modulated signals, are presented. This book also emphasizes modeling skills, primarily through the inclusion of long problems at the end of each chapter, where starting from a description of the operation of a system, a model is constructed and then analyzed. Provides semester-length coverage of random processes, applicable to the analysis of electrical and computer engineering systems; Designed to be accessible to students with varying backgrounds in undergraduate mathematics and engineering; Includes solved examples throughout the discussion, as well as extensive problem sets at the end of every chapter; Develops and reinforces student’s modeling skills, with inclusion of modeling problems in every chapter; Solutions for instructors included.
Random Regret-based Discrete Choice Modeling: A Tutorial
by Caspar G. ChorusThis tutorial presents a hands-on introduction to a new discrete choice modeling approach based on the behavioral notion of regret-minimization. This so-called Random Regret Minimization-approach (RRM) forms a counterpart of the Random Utility Maximization-approach (RUM) to discrete choice modeling, which has for decades dominated the field of choice modeling and adjacent fields such as transportation, marketing and environmental economics. Being as parsimonious as conventional RUM-models and compatible with popular software packages, the RRM-approach provides an alternative and appealing account of choice behavior. Rather than providing highly technical discussions as usually encountered in scholarly journals, this tutorial aims to allow readers to explore the RRM-approach and its potential and limitations hands-on and based on a detailed discussion of examples. This tutorial is written for students, scholars and practitioners who have a basic background in choice modeling in general and RUM-modeling in particular. It has been taken care of that all concepts and results should be clear to readers that do not have an advanced knowledge of econometrics.
Random Signal Processing
by Shaila Dinkar ApteThis book covers random signals and random processes along with estimation of probability density function, estimation of energy spectral density and power spectral density. The properties of random processes and signal modelling are discussed with basic communication theory estimation and detection. MATLAB simulations are included for each concept with output of the program with case studies and project ideas. The chapters progressively introduce and explain the concepts of random signals and cover multiple applications for signal processing. The book is designed to cater to a wide audience starting from the undergraduates (electronics, electrical, instrumentation, computer, and telecommunication engineering) to the researchers working in the pertinent fields. <P><P> Key Features: <li>Aimed at random signal processing with parametric signal processing-using appropriate segment size. <li>Covers speech, image, medical images, EEG and ECG signal processing. <li> Reviews optimal detection and estimation. <li>Discusses parametric modeling and signal processing in transform domain. <li>Includes MATLAB codes and relevant exercises, case studies and solved examples including multiple choice questions
Random Signals and Noise: A Mathematical Introduction
by Shlomo EngelbergUnderstanding the nature of random signals and noise is critically important for detecting signals and for reducing and minimizing the effects of noise in applications such as communications and control systems. Outlining a variety of techniques and explaining when and how to use them, Random Signals and Noise: A Mathematical Introduction focuses on applications and practical problem solving rather than probability theory.A Firm FoundationBefore launching into the particulars of random signals and noise, the author outlines the elements of probability that are used throughout the book and includes an appendix on the relevant aspects of linear algebra. He offers a careful treatment of Lagrange multipliers and the Fourier transform, as well as the basics of stochastic processes, estimation, matched filtering, the Wiener-Khinchin theorem and its applications, the Schottky and Nyquist formulas, and physical sources of noise.Practical Tools for Modern ProblemsAlong with these traditional topics, the book includes a chapter devoted to spread spectrum techniques. It also demonstrates the use of MATLAB® for solving complicated problems in a short amount of time while still building a sound knowledge of the underlying principles.A self-contained primer for solving real problems, Random Signals and Noise presents a complete set of tools and offers guidance on their effective application.
Random Signals and Processes Primer with MATLAB
by Gordana Jovanovic DolecekThis book provides anyone needing a primer on random signals and processes with a highly accessible introduction to these topics. It assumes a minimal amount of mathematical background and focuses on concepts, related terms and interesting applications to a variety of fields. All of this is motivated by numerous examples implemented with MATLAB, as well as a variety of exercises at the end of each chapter.