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Shallow Flows: Research Presented at the International Symposium on Shallow Flows, Delft, Netherlands, 2003
by Gerhard H. Jirka Wim S.J. UijttewaalThis text presents the key findings of the International Symposium held in Delft in 2003, which explored the process of shallow flows. Shallow flows are found in lowland rivers, lakes, estuaries, bays, coastal areas and in density-stratified atmospheres, and may be observed in puddles, as in oceans. They impact on the life and work of a wide variety of readers, who are here provided with a clear overview of the subject. Shallow flows are intrinsically turbulent. On one hand, there are strongly three-dimensional, small-scale turbulent motions and on the other hand, large-scale quasi-two-dimensional turbulence. This book explains and examines these differences and their effects with sections on transport processes in shallow flows; shallow jets, wakes and mixing layers; stratified and rotating flows in ocean and atmosphere; river and channel flows; and numerical modelling and turbulence closure techniques. The reader is provided with the pick of current studies and a fresh approach to the subject, with expert examination of a fascinating and crucial phenomenon of our world's water systems.
Shallow Foundations: Discussions and Problem Solving
by Tharwat M. BabanShallow Foundations: Discussions and Problem Solving is written for civil engineers and all civil engineering students taking courses in soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering. It covers the analysis, design and application of shallow foundations, with a primary focus on the interface between the structural elements and underlying soil. Topics such as site investigation, foundation contact pressure and settlement, vertical stresses in soils due to foundation loads, settlements, and bearing capacity are all fully covered, and a chapter is devoted to the structural design of different types of shallow foundations. It provides essential data for the design of shallow foundations under normal circumstances, considering both the American (ACI) and the European (EN) Standard Building Code Requirements, with each chapter being a concise discussion of critical and practical aspects. Applications are highlighted through solving a relatively large number of realistic problems. A total of 180 problems, all with full solutions, consolidate understanding of the fundamental principles and illustrate the design and application of shallow foundations.
Shallow Foundations: Bearing Capacity and Settlement, Third Edition
by Braja M. DasFollowing the popularity of the previous edition, Shallow Foundations: Bearing Capacity and Settlement, Third Edition, covers all the latest developments and approaches to shallow foundation engineering. In response to the high demand, it provides updated data and revised theories on the ultimate and allowable bearing capacities of shallow foundations. Additionally, it features the most recent developments regarding eccentric and inclined loading, the use of stone columns, settlement computations, and more. Example cases have been provided throughout each chapter to illustrate the theories presented.
Shallow Foundations and Soil Constitutive Laws
by Swami SaranThe book offers a systematic analysis of footings (i.e. shallow foundations) in a realistic way, using constitutive relationships of the soil. The aim of the book is to deal with the theme holistically, involving the determination of the constitutive law of the soil, and then proportioning the footing occurring in different situations in actual practice. The book has eleven chapters. After giving an introduction and scope of the book in the first chapter, second and third chapters are respectively devoted to constitutive laws of soil and basic stress equations. In the third chapter analysis of strip footings subjected to central vertical load has been dealt. This analysis has been extended for eccentric –inclined load in the fifth chapter. Since problems of shallow foundations resting adjacent to a slope are of prime importance, this aspect has been dealt in sixth chapter. In the seventh chapter, analysis pertaining to square and rectangular footings have been presented. Effect of interference between adjacent footing is covered in chapter eight. Since ring footings are usually provided for tanks, silos, towers etc., ninth chapter is devoted to this. Added attraction of the book is its chapter ten in which footings located in seismic regions have been covered. Effect of embedment below the ground surface on the behavior of footings located both in non-seismic and seismic regions has been dealt in the chapter eleven. The book is intended for senior undergraduate, postgraduate and Ph.D. students of civil engineering, research scholars, practicing engineers, teachers and academicians. The analyses are based on the latest information available. A number of illustrated examples have been included in the text. SI units have been used in the book.
Shallow Geothermal Systems: Recommendations on Design, Construction, Operation and Monitoring
by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Geowissen Deutsche Gesellschaft für GeotechnikThe recommendations summarise the state of the art. Their aim is the proper exploitation of the ground for geothermal purposes without adversely affecting the ground or the groundwater on the one hand and the operation of the system and nearby buildings on the other. The recommendations should be used during consulting, design, installation and operation in order to achieve optimum and sustainable use of the ground at a specific location. Authorities responsible for supervising and approving projects can use the recommendations as a guide when taking decisions and making stipulations. The Geothermal Energy Study Group was set up in Bochum in 2004 and became the joint DGGV/DGGT study group in 2007. Some 20 specialists from universities, authorities and engineering consultants are active in the group and meet two or three times a year.
The Shanghai Yangtze River Tunnel: Theory, Design and Construction
by R. HuangOne of the world's currently largests tunnel projects is under construction at the Yangtze River estuary: the Shanghai Yangtze River Tunnel project, with its length of 8950 m and a diameter of 15.43 m. The Shanghai Yangtze River Tunnel. Theory, Design and Construction, which was presented as a special issue at the occasion of the 6th International Symposium on Geotechnical Aspects of Underground Construction in Soft Ground.
Shape Casting
by Glenn Byczynski Mark Jolly Tms Murat TiryakioǧluThis collection presents papers on the science, engineering, and technology of shape castings, with contributions from researchers worldwide. Among the topics that are addressed are structure-property-performance relationships, modeling of casting processes, and the effect of casting defects on the mechanical properties of cast alloys.
Shape Casting: 7th International Symposium Celebrating Prof. John Campbell's 80th Birthday (The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series)
by Murat Tiryakioğlu William Griffiths Mark JollyThis book contains a collection of papers on the science, engineering, and technology of shape casting, with contributions from researchers worldwide. Among the topics that are addressed are the structure-property-performance relationships, modeling of casting processes, and the effect of casting defects on the mechanical properties of cast alloys.
Shape Classification and Analysis: Theory and Practice, Second Edition (Image Processing Series)
by Luciano da Costa Roberto Marcond Cesar, Jr.Because the properties of objects are largely determined by their geometric features, shape analysis and classification are essential to almost every applied scientific and technological area. A detailed understanding of the geometrical features of real-world entities (e.g., molecules, organs, materials and components) can provide important clues about their origin and function. When properly and carefully applied, shape analysis offers an exceedingly rich potential to yield useful applications in diverse areas ranging from material sciences to biology and neuroscience.Get Access to the Authors’ Own Cutting-Edge Open-Source Software Projects—and Then Actually Contribute to Them Yourself! The authors of Shape Analysis and Classification: Theory and Practice, Second Edition have improved the bestselling first edition by updating the tremendous progress in the field. This exceptionally accessible book presents the most advanced imaging techniques used for analyzing general biological shapes, such as those of cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. It implements numerous corrections and improvements—many of which were suggested by readers of the first edition—to optimize understanding and create what can truly be called an interactive learning experience. New Material in This Second Edition Addresses Graph and complex networks Dimensionality reduction Structural pattern recognition Shape representation using graphs Graphically reformulated, this edition updates equations, figures, and references, as well as slides that will be useful in related courses and general discussion. Like the popular first edition, this text is applicable to many fields and certain to become a favored addition to any library. Visit http://www.vision.ime.usp.br/~cesar/shape/ for Useful Software, Databases, and Videos
Shape Memory Alloy Actuators
by Mohammad ElahiniaThis book provides a systematic approach to realizing NiTi shape memory alloy actuation, and is aimed at science and engineering students who would like to develop a better understanding of the behaviors of SMAs, and learn to design, simulate, control, and fabricate these actuators in a systematic approach. Several innovative biomedical applications of SMAs are discussed. These include orthopedic, rehabilitation, assistive, cardiovascular, and surgery devices and tools. To this end unique actuation mechanisms are discussed. These include antagonistic bi-stable shape memory-superelastic actuation, shape memory spring actuation, and multi axial tension-torsion actuation. These actuation mechanisms open new possibilities for creating adaptive structures and biomedical devices by using SMAs.
Shape Memory Alloy Valves
by Alexander Czechowicz Sven LangbeinThis book introduces shape memory alloy technology with a specific focus on valve applications. The authors describe application characteristics as well the current and potential uses of this technology. They include an overview of thermal and electrical valves as well as detailed valve design strategies.
Shape Memory Alloys for Seismic Resilience
by Cheng Fang Wei WangThis book introduces readers to the fundamental properties and practical applications of shape memory alloys (SMAs) from the perspective of seismic engineering. It objectively discusses the superiority of this novel class of materials, which could potentially overcome the limitations of conventional seismic control technologies. The results, vividly presented in the form of tables and figures, are demonstrated with rigorous experimental verifications, supplemented by comprehensive numerical and analytical investigations. The book allows readers to gain an in-depth understanding of the working mechanisms of various SMA-based structural devices and members, including beam-to-column connections, dampers, and braces, while also providing them with a broader vision of next-generation, performance-based seismic design for novel adaptive structural systems. Helping to bridge the gap between material science and structural engineering, it also sheds light on the potential of commercializing SMA products in the construction industry. The cutting-edge research highlighted here provides technical incentives for design professionals, contractors, and building officials to use high-performance and smart materials in structural design, helping them stay at the forefront of construction technology.
Shape-Memory Alloys Handbook (Wiley-iste Ser.)
by Christian LexcellentThe aim of this book is to understand and describe the martensitic phase transformation and the process of martensite platelet reorientation. These two key elements enable the author to introduce the main features associated with the behavior of shape-memory alloys (SMAs), i.e. the one-way shape-memory effect, pseudo-elasticity, training and recovery. Attention is paid in particular to the thermodynamical frame for solid materials modeling at the macroscopic scale and its applications, as well as to the particular use of such alloys – the simplified calculations for the bending of bars and their torsion. Other chapters are devoted to key topics such as the use of the “crystallographical theory of martensite” for SMA modeling, phenomenological and statistical investigations of SMAs, magneto-thermo-mechanical behavior of magnetic SMAs and the fracture mechanics of SMAs. Case studies are provided on the dimensioning of SMA elements offering the reader an additional useful framework on the subject. Contents 1. Some General Points about SMAs. 2. The World of Shape-memory Alloys. 3. Martensitic Transformation. 4. Thermodynamic Framework for the Modeling of Solid Materials. 5. Use of the “CTM” to Model SMAs. 6. Phenomenological and Statistical Approaches for SMAs. 7. Macroscopic Models with Internal Variables. 8. Design of SMA Elements: Case Studies. 9. Behavior of Magnetic SMAs. 10. Fracture Mechanics of SMAs. 11. General Conclusion. Appendix 1. Intrinsic Properties of Rotation Matrices. Appendix 2. “Twinning Equation” Demonstration. Appendix 3. Calculation of the Parameters a, n and Q from the “Twinning” Equation. Appendix 4. “Twinned” Austenite/Martensite Equation. About the Authors Christian Lexcellent is Emeritus Professor at the École National Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques de Besançon and a researcher in the Department of Applied Mechanics at FEMTO-ST in France. He is a specialist in the mechanics of materials and phase transition and has taught in the subjects of mechanics of continuum media and shape memory alloys. He is also a member of the International Committee of ESOMAT.
Shape Memory Alloys in Civil Engineering (The Materials Research Society Series)
by Bassem AndrawesThis book presents a new class of metallic materials, called shape memory alloys (SMAs), as emerging materials for civil engineering applications. These materials have been used for decades in high-end fields like the aerospace and biomedical fields, and possess extraordinary properties that have attracted the attention of civil engineering researchers and practitioners for over 25 years. In this volume, based on 20 years of research findings, the author describes how SMAs started to find their way into practical applications in civil engineering. And that, like any metal, SMAs are produced in any shape, size, or form including wire, bar, and sheet, but unlike other metals, SMAs exhibit a unique ability to recover their original shape/size after being excessively deformed. Given the demand for sustainability and resilience in civil engineering applications, this book is ideal for civil engineering practitioners and materials researchers concerned with building materials and civil infrastructure.
Shape Memory Composites Based on Polymers and Metals for 4D Printing: Processes, Applications and Challenges
by Muni Raj Maurya Kishor Kumar Sadasivuni John-John Cabibihan Shahzada Ahmad Samrana KazimShape Memory Composites Based on Polymers and Metals for 4D Printing is a thorough discussion of the physics and chemistry behind this developing area of materials science. It provides readers with a clear exposition of shape-memory-composite (SMC) preparation techniques for 3D and 4D printing processes and explains how intelligent manufacturing technology may be applied in fields such as robotics, construction, medical science, and smart sensors. The book covers fundamental background knowledge on the synthesis of shape memory polymers (SMPs) and shape memory alloys (SMAs), and additive manufacturing techniques. Polymers and metals and their roles in 4D printing are dealt with separately, and applications of 4D printing are treated in their own chapter. The different alloy compositions and nanoparticle fillers in polymer composites are examined in detail, along with the key mechanisms involved in their processing. Hybrid nanofillers and synergistic composite mixtures, which are either in extensive current use or have shown promising outcomes in the field of 4D printing, are thoroughly discussed. Differences between these novel SMCs and traditional metal alloys, organic and inorganic composites are presented, and means by which they can improve mechanical properties that are triggered by external sources like magnetic field, temperature, and pH of solvent, are set out. This book provides practitioners, industrial researchers, and scholars with a state-of-the-art overview of SMP/SMA synthesis, additive manufacturing, modification in synthesis of SMCs for 4D printing, and their likely future applications.
Shape Memory Materials
by Arun D I Chakravarthy P Arockia Kumar R Santhosh BThis work addresses the basic principles, synthesis / fabrication and applications of smart materials, specifically shape memory materials <P><P>Based on origin, the mechanisms of transformations vary in different shape memory materials and are discussed in different chapters under titles of shape memory alloys, ceramics, gels and polymers <P><P>Complete coverage of composite formation with polymer matrix and reinforcement filler conductive materials with examples
Shape Memory Polymer Composites: Characterization and Modeling (Emerging Materials and Technologies)
by Nilesh Tiwari Kanif M. MarkadShape Memory Polymer Composites discusses the fabrication of smart polymer composites with their material characterization. It covers shape memory polymer composites with two different types of reinforcement: shape memory polymer nanocomposites and shape memory hybrid composites. Enhancing the mechanical and thermomechanical properties of the shape memory polymers makes them an important class of materials for new age applications ranging from aerospace, biomedical, electronics, to marine engineering. The book discusses how shape memory polymer composites exhibit remarkable mechanical properties, as compared to its corresponding shape memory polymers, without compromising the shape memory behavior. It presents experimental case studies of polymers, polymer composites, and multiphase composites, explaining the effects of each reinforcement on the material properties with corresponding simulation. The book will be a useful reference for industry professionals and researchers involved with the mechanics of shape memory materials.
Shape-Memory Polymers
by Andreas LendleinTable of Contents -Shape-Memory Polymers and Shape-Changing Polymers By M. Behl, J. Zotzmann, and A. Lendlein -Shape-Memory Polymer Composites By Samy A. Madbouly and Andreas Lendlein -Characterization Methods for Shape-Memory Polymers By W. Wagermaier, K. Kratz, M. Heuchel, and A. Lendlein -Shape-Memory Polymers for Biomedical Applications By Christopher M. Yakacki and Ken Gall -Controlled Drug Release from Biodegradable Shape-Memory Polymers By ChristianWischke, Axel T. Neffe, and Andreas Lendlein
Shape-Memory Polymers and Multifunctional Composites
by Shanyi Du Jinsong LengAdmired for their extraordinary stimuli-sensitive behavior and shape-changing capabilities, shape-memory polymers (SMPs) and multifunctional composites are among the most important smart materials. They continue to be widely applied in many diverse fields to create things such as self-deployable spacecraft structures, morphing structures, SMP foams
Shape Memory Polymers, Blends and Composites: Advances and Applications (Advanced Structured Materials #115)
by Jyotishkumar Parameswaranpillai Suchart Siengchin Jinu Jacob George Seno JoseThis book explores the recent advances in the field of shape memory polymers, whose ease of manufacturing and wide range of potential applications have spurred interest in the field. The book presents details about the synthesis, processing, characterization, and applications of shape memory polymers, their blends and composites. It provides a correlation of physical properties of shape memory polymers with macro, micro and nano structures. The contents of this book will be of interest to researchers across academia and industry.
The Shape of a Life: One Mathematician's Search for the Universe's Hidden Geometry
by Shing-Tung Yau Steve NadisA Fields medalist recounts his lifelong effort to uncover the geometric shape—the Calabi-Yau manifold—that may store the hidden dimensions of our universe.Harvard geometer Shing-Tung Yau has provided a mathematical foundation for string theory, offered new insights into black holes, and mathematically demonstrated the stability of our universe. In this autobiography, Yau reflects on his improbable journey to becoming one of the world’s most distinguished mathematicians. Beginning with an impoverished childhood in China and Hong Kong, Yau takes readers through his doctoral studies at Berkeley during the height of the Vietnam War protests, his Fields Medal–winning proof of the Calabi conjecture, his return to China, and his pioneering work in geometric analysis. This new branch of geometry, which Yau built up with his friends and colleagues, has paved the way for solutions to several important and previously intransigent problems.With complicated ideas explained for a broad audience, this book offers not only insights into the life of an eminent mathematician, but also an accessible way to understand advanced and highly abstract concepts in mathematics and theoretical physics.“The remarkable story of one of the world’s most accomplished mathematicians . . . Yau’s personal journey—from escaping China as a youngster, leading a gang outside Hong Kong, becoming captivated by mathematics, to making breakthroughs that thrust him on the world stage—inspires us all with humankind’s irrepressible spirit of discovery.” —Brian Greene, New York Times–bestselling author of The Elegant Universe“An unexpectedly intimate look into a highly accomplished man, his colleagues and friends, the development of a new field of geometric analysis, and a glimpse into a truly uncommon mind.” —The Boston Globe“Engaging, eminently readable. . . . For those with a taste for elegant and largely jargon-free explanations of mathematics, The Shape of a Life promises hours of rewarding reading.” —American Scientist
The Shape of Further Things
by Brian W. AldissThe sci-fi author behind Steven Spielberg&’s A.I. shares his thoughts on the present, the future, and his own work and life. &“We are infinitely rich, yet we mess about with penny-in-the-slot machines,&” writes Brian W. Aldiss in this autobiographical work written over the course of one month. From his Oxfordshire home, he ruminates on dreams, education, the role of technology in our lives, the rise and function of science fiction, and a variety of other topics. The Shape of Further Things is a window into the life and mind of a Science Fiction Grand Master. Winner of two Hugo Awards, one Nebula Award, and named a Grand Master by the Science Fiction Writers of America, Brian W. Aldiss challenged readers&’ minds for over fifty years with literate, thought-provoking, and inventive science fiction. &“This short book flows with large ideas, a time capsule now from the grandest of writers.&” —SF Site
Shape Understanding System
by Zbigniew Les Magdalena LesThis is the third book presenting selected results of research on the further development of the shape understanding system (SUS) carried out by authors in the newly founded Queen Jadwiga Research Institute of Understanding. In this book the new term Machine Understanding is introduced referring to a new area of research aiming to investigate the possibility of building machines with the ability to understand. It is presented that SUS needs to some extent mimic human understanding and for this reason machines are evaluated according to the rules applied for the evaluation of human understanding. The book shows how to formulate problems and how it can be tested if the machine is able to solve these problems.
Shaping a Digital World: Faith, Culture and Computer Technology
by Derek C. SchuurmanDigital technology has become a ubiquitous feature of modern life. Our increasingly fast-paced world seems more and more remote from the world narrated in Scripture. But despite its pervasiveness, there remains a dearth of theological reflection about computer technology and what it means to live as a faithful Christian in a digitally-saturated society. In this thoughtful and timely book, Derek Schuurman provides a brief theology of technology, rooted in the Reformed tradition and oriented around the grand themes of creation, fall, redemption and new creation. He combines a concise, accessible style with penetrating cultural and theological analysis. Building on the work of Jacques Ellul, Marshall McLuhan and Neil Postman, and drawing from a wide range of Reformed thinkers, Schuurman situates computer technology within the big picture of the biblical story. Technology is not neutral, but neither is there an exclusively "Christian" form of technological production and use. Instead, Schuurman guides us to see the digital world as part of God?s good creation, fallen yet redeemable according to the law of God. Responsibly used, technology can become an integral part of God?s shalom for the earth.
Shaping American Telecommunications: A History of Technology, Policy, and Economics (LEA Telecommunications Series)
by Christopher H. Sterling Phyllis W. Bernt Martin B.H. WeissShaping American Telecommunications examines the technical, regulatory, and economic forces that have shaped the development of American telecommunications services. This volume is both an introduction to the basic technical, economic, and regulatory principles underlying telecommunications, and a detailed account of major events that have marked development of the sector in the United States. Beginning with the introduction of the telegraph and continuing through to current developments in wireless and online services, authors Christopher H. Sterling, Phyllis W. Bernt, and Martin B.H. Weiss explain each stage of telecommunications development, examining the interplay among technical innovation, policy decisions, and regulatory developments.Offering an integrated treatment of the interplay among technology, policy, and economics as key factors defining the development of the telecommunications sector in the United States, this volume also provides:*background material to facilitate understanding of each sector;*contexts for many so-called "new" issues, problems, and trends, demonstrating origins from years or decades in the past; and*careful annotation, documentation, and reference tables to enable further research on the topics discussed.This unique multidisciplinary approach provides a balanced view of U.S. telecommunications history, in context with relevant economic, legal, social, and technical analyses. As such, it is essential reading for advanced students in telecommunications needing to understand how the telecommunications industry and service developed to its current form. The volume will also serve as a supplemental text in courses on telecommunications regulation, and it will be of value to professionals in the field seeking context and background for their daily work.