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Spatial Intelligence for a Greener Planet: AI Applications in Environmental Pollution Mapping, Analysis and Mitigation
by Kuldeep Chaurasia Pradeep K. Garg P. V. Arun Yingwei YanWith rapid advancements in AI, this book reveals how AI can be a powerful tool in reducing pollution and fostering sustainability. It highlights the integration of geospatial techniques with AI for enhancing capabilities in mapping, analysis, and mitigation of environmental pollution. Starting with foundational concepts in AI, geospatial technology, and pollution, the book addresses air, water, soil and thermal pollution, emphasizing their harmful impacts. Through real-world case studies and advanced research, it showcases AI and geospatial technology's revolutionary role in pollution mitigation, exploring AI-driven sensors, satellite imagery, and associated networks for precise and efficient pollution monitoring and management.
Spatial Linear Models for Environmental Data (Chapman & Hall/CRC Applied Environmental Statistics)
by Dale L. Zimmerman Jay M. Ver HoefMany applied researchers equate spatial statistics with prediction or mapping, but this book naturally extends linear models, which includes regression and ANOVA as pillars of applied statistics, to achieve a more comprehensive treatment of the analysis of spatially autocorrelated data. Spatial Linear Models for Environmental Data, aimed at students and professionals with a master’s level training in statistics, presents a unique, applied, and thorough treatment of spatial linear models within a statistics framework. Two subfields, one called geostatistics and the other called areal or lattice models, are extensively covered. Zimmerman and Ver Hoef present topics clearly, using many examples and simulation studies to illustrate ideas. By mimicking their examples and R code, readers will be able to fit spatial linear models to their data and draw proper scientific conclusions. Topics covered include: Exploratory methods for spatial data including outlier detection, (semi)variograms, Moran’s I, and Geary’s c. Ordinary and generalized least squares regression methods and their application to spatial data. Suitable parametric models for the mean and covariance structure of geostatistical and areal data. Model-fitting, including inference methods for explanatory variables and likelihood-based methods for covariance parameters. Practical use of spatial linear models including prediction (kriging), spatial sampling, and spatial design of experiments for solving real world problems. All concepts are introduced in a natural order and illustrated throughout the book using four datasets. All analyses, tables, and figures are completely reproducible using open-source R code provided at a GitHub site. Exercises are given at the end of each chapter, with full solutions provided on an instructor’s FTP site supplied by the publisher.
Spatial Mathematics: Theory and Practice through Mapping
by Sandra Lach Arlinghaus Joseph J. KerskiIn terms of statistics, GIS offers many connections. With GIS, data are gathered, displayed, summarized, examined, and interpreted to discover patterns. Spatial Mathematics: Theory and Practice through Mapping uses GIS as a platform to teach mathematical concepts and skills through visualization of numbers. It examines theory and practice from disp
Spatial Modeling and Assessment of Environmental Contaminants: Risk Assessment and Remediation (Environmental Challenges and Solutions)
by Pravat Kumar Shit Partha Pratim Adhikary Debashish SenguptaThis book demonstrates the measurement, monitoring and mapping of environmental contaminants in soil & sediment, surface & groundwater and atmosphere. This book explores state-of-art techniques based on methodological and modeling in modern geospatial techniques specifically focusing on the recent trends in data mining techniques and robust modeling. It also presents modifications of and improvements to existing control technologies for remediation of environmental contaminants. In addition, it includes three separate sections on contaminants, risk assessment and remediation of different existing and emerging pollutants. It covers major topics such as: Radioactive Wastes, Solid and Hazardous Wastes, Heavy Metal Contaminants, Arsenic Contaminants, Microplastic Pollution, Microbiology of Soil and Sediments, Soil Salinity and Sodicity, Aquatic Ecotoxicity Assessment, Fluoride Contamination, Hydrochemistry, Geochemistry, Indoor Pollution and Human Health aspects. The content of this book will be of interest to researchers, professionals, and policymakers whose work involves environmental contaminants and related solutions.
Spatial Multimedia and Virtual Reality
by Antonio S. CamaraThe intersection of two disciplines and technologies which have become mature academic research topics in the 1990s was destined to be a dynamic area for collaboration and publication. However, until now no significant book-length treatment of the meeting of GIS and Virtual Reality has been available. This volume puts that situation to rights by bringing these together to cement some common understanding and principles in a potentially highly promising area for technological collaboration and cross-fertilisation. The result is a volume which ranges in subject matter from studies of a Virtual GIS Room to Spatial Agents, and from an Environmental Multimedia System to Computer-Assisted 3D Geographic Education. All the contributors are well-known international scientists, principally from the computational side of GIS. It will be a valuable resource for any GIS researcher or professional looking to understand the leading edge of this fertile field.
Spatial Networking in the United Physical, Virtual, and Mental World (Studies in Systems, Decision and Control #533)
by Peter S. SapatyThe current book chooses graphs and networks as primary and global research objectives after reviewing different types and areas of networking and existing works on graph and network operations. The ideas of this book originate from the WAVE approach which allowed us, more than half a century ago, to implement citywide heterogeneous computer networks and solve distributed problems on them in flexible and mobile way. The invented management paradigm evolved into Spatial Grasp Technology resulted in European patent and nine previous books oriented on concrete applications in social and defense systems, security, crises management, collective robotics, space research, and others. Many obtained results were dealing with graph and network structures and problems which were extremely important in the researched areas. It aims at development of higher-level social infrastructures effectively integrating different types of networking under the same universal approach, also application of networking in new areas like organoids and brain research. This book is oriented toward system scientists, application programmers, industry managers, university students, philosophers, psychologists, and United Nations personnel too.
Spatial Observation of Giant Panda Habitat: Techniques and Methods
by Xinyuan Wang Jing Zhen Qingkai MengThis book evaluates the past, present, and future habitat suitability of giant pandas based on spatial observation technology involving optical remote sensing, microwave remote sensing, and LiDAR to discover the mysterious ecological environment of giant panda habitat. Considering the problems faced by the world natural heritage site protection, it takes the world natural heritage site “Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries – Wolong, Mt Siguniang and Jiajin Mountains” as the research area, exemplifies systematically the various techniques and methodologies of spatial information technology for monitoring, evaluation, and prediction of rare and endangered species habitats, and provides scientific suggestions for sustainable development of giant panda habitat based on a series of comprehensive case analysis at Wolong national nature reserve and Ya'an prefecture, Sichuan province, China. The book serves both as a textbook in the field of natural heritage protection, remote sensing, and GIS application, as well as a reference for managing natural heritage sites.
Spatial Optical-Fiber Coupling Technology in Optical-Wireless Communication (Optical Wireless Communication Theory and Technology)
by Xizheng KeThis book analyzes the development of space light-fiber coupling research, highlights its importance, examines the underlying theory and key problems, and elaborates on methods to improve the space light-fiber coupling efficiency. Starting from the basic theory of electromagnetic field, the transmission characteristics of light in optical fibers are expounded, and the coupling characteristics of optical signals of different modes are investigated. The spatial light-fiber coupling techniques such as mode conversion method, lens coupling method, and wavefront distortion correction method are discussed in detail, and the key technologies involved are verified by experiments. This book is suitable for the vast majority of engineering and technical personnel and teachers in colleges and institutions who are engaged in wireless optical communication. It can also be used to train senior undergraduates and graduate students in relevant fields.
The Spatial Organisation of Urban Agriculture in the Global South: Food Security and Sustainable Cities (Earthscan Food and Agriculture)
by Ada GórnaThis book examines the role and position of urban agriculture in the spatial and functional structure of cities in the Global South.In the face of dynamic urbanisation and negative consequences of climate change, one of the key challenges is not only how to provide food for the ever-growing urban population but also how to achieve urban sustainability and simultaneously reduce the negative impact of cities on the natural environment. These problems are particularly urgent in the metropolises of the Global South that are experiencing the greatest population growth while struggling with increasing social inequalities and the resulting uneven distribution of resources. Examining the role that urban agriculture can play in addressing these challenges, this book draws on three case study cities: Havana, Singapore and Kigali. The case studies, differing in socio-economic, spatial, political and environmental terms, exemplify diverse characteristics of urban agriculture in different geographical conditions. Drawing on fieldwork conducted in each city, the book also provides a unique perspective on the constraints in the development of urban agriculture and the use of its full potential for urban sustainability.This book will appeal to students and scholars, as well as decision makers, interested in the issues of urban sustainability, food security, spatial development and alternative food systems.
Spatial Planning and Sustainable Development
by Jen-Te Pai Ming Zhang Mitsuhiko Kawakami Xiao-Lu Gao Zhen-Jiang ShenThis book attempts to provide insights into the achievement of a sustainable urban form, through spatial planning and implementation; here, we focus on planning experiences at the levels of local cities and some metropolitan areas in Asian countries. This book investigates the impact of planning policy on spatial planning implementation, from multidisciplinary viewpoints encompassing land-use patterns, housing development, transportation, green design, and agricultural and ecological systems in the urbanization process. We seek to learn from researchers in an integrated multidisciplinary platform that reflects a variety of perspectives, such as economic development, social equality, and ecological protection, with a view to achieving a sustainable urban form.
Spatial Polarization Characteristics of Radar Antenna: Analysis, Measurement and Anti-jamming Application
by Huanyao Dai Xuesong Wang Hong Xie Shunping Xiao Jia LuoThis book presents novel research ideas and offers insights into radar system design, artificial intelligence and signal processing applications. Further, it proposes a new concept of antenna spatial polarization characteristics (SPC), suggesting that the antenna polarization is a function of the spatial direction and providing new ideas for radar signal processing (RSP) and anti-jamming. It also discusses the design of an advanced signal-processing algorithm, and proposes new polarimetric and anti-jamming methods using antenna inherent properties. The book helps readers discover the potential of radar information processing and improve its anti-interference and target identification ability. It is of interest to university researchers, radar engineers and graduate students in computer science and electronics who wish to learn the core principles, methods, algorithms, and applications of RSP.
Spatial Resilience in Social-Ecological Systems
by Graeme S. CummingSpatial Resilience is a new and exciting area of interdisciplinary research. It focuses on the influence of spatial variation - including such things as spatial location, context, connectivity, and dispersal - on the resilience of complex systems, and on the roles that resilience and self-organization play in generating spatial variation. Prof. Cumming provides a readable introduction and a first comprehensive synthesis covering the core concepts and applications of spatial resilience to the study of social-ecological systems. The book follows a trajectory from concepts through models, methods, and case study analysis before revisiting the central problems in the further conceptual development of the field. In the process, the author ranges from the movements of lions in northern Zimbabwe to the urban jungles of Europe, and from the collapse of past societies to the social impacts of modern conflict. The many case studies and examples discussed in the book show how the concept of spatial resilience can generate valuable insights into the spatial dynamics of social-ecological systems and contribute to solving some of the most pressing problems of our time. Although it has been written primarily for students, this book will provide fascinating reading for interdisciplinary scientists at all career stages as well as for the interested public. "Graeme Cumming, central in the development of resilience thinking and theory, has produced a wonderful book on spatial resilience, the first ever on this topic. The book will become a shining star, a classic in the explosion of new ideas and approaches to studying and understanding social-ecological systems." Carl Folke, Stockholm Resilience Centre, Sweden
Spatial Similarity Relations in Multi-scale Map Spaces
by Haowen Yan Jonathan LiHow does one determine how similar two maps are? This book aims at the theory of spatial similarity relations and its application in automated map generalization, including the definitions, classification and features of spatial similarity relations. Included also are calculation models of spatial similarity relations between arbitrary individual objects and between arbitrary object groups, and the application of the theory in the automation of the algorithms and procedures in map generalization.
Spatial Simulation
by David O'Sullivan George L. PerryA ground-up approach to explaining dynamic spatial modelling for an interdisciplinary audience.Across broad areas of the environmental and social sciences, simulation models are an important way to study systems inaccessible to scientific experimental and observational methods, and also an essential complement to those more conventional approaches. The contemporary research literature is teeming with abstract simulation models whose presentation is mathematically demanding and requires a high level of knowledge of quantitative and computational methods and approaches. Furthermore, simulation models designed to represent specific systems and phenomena are often complicated, and, as a result, difficult to reconstruct from their descriptions in the literature. This book aims to provide a practical and accessible account of dynamic spatial modelling, while also equipping readers with a sound conceptual foundation in the subject, and a useful introduction to the wide-ranging literature.Spatial Simulation: Exploring Pattern and Process is organised around the idea that a small number of spatial processes underlie the wide variety of dynamic spatial models. Its central focus on three 'building-blocks' of dynamic spatial models - forces of attraction and segregation, individual mobile entities, and processes of spread - guides the reader to an understanding of the basis of many of the complicated models found in the research literature. The three building block models are presented in their simplest form and are progressively elaborated and related to real world process that can be represented using them. Introductory chapters cover essential background topics, particularly the relationships between pattern, process and spatiotemporal scale. Additional chapters consider how time and space can be represented in more complicated models, and methods for the analysis and evaluation of models. Finally, the three building block models are woven together in a more elaborate example to show how a complicated model can be assembled from relatively simple components.To aid understanding, more than 50 specific models described in the book are available online at patternandprocess.org for exploration in the freely available Netlogo platform. This book encourages readers to develop intuition for the abstract types of model that are likely to be appropriate for application in any specific context. Spatial Simulation: Exploring Pattern and Process will be of interest to undergraduate and graduate students taking courses in environmental, social, ecological and geographical disciplines. Researchers and professionals who require a non-specialist introduction will also find this book an invaluable guide to dynamic spatial simulation.
Spatial Sound: Principles and Applications
by Bosun XieSpatial sound is an enhanced and immersive set of audio techniques which provides sound in three-dimensional virtual space. This comprehensive handbook sets out the basic principles and methods with a representative group of applications: sound field and spatial hearing; principles and analytic methods of various spatial sound systems, including two-channel stereophonic sound, and multichannel horizontal and spatial surround sound; ambisonics; wavefield synthesis; binaural playback and virtual auditory display; recording and synthesis, and storage and transmission of spatial sound signals; and objective and subjective evaluation. Applications range from cinemas to small mobile devices. The only book to review spatial sound principles and applications extensively Covers the whole field of spatial sound The book suits researchers, graduate students, and specialist engineers in acoustics, audio, and signal processing.
Spatial Statistics: GeoSpatial Information Modeling and Thematic Mapping
by Mohammed A. KalkhanGeospatial information modeling and mapping has become an important tool for the investigation and management of natural resources at the landscape scale. Spatial Statistics: GeoSpatial Information Modeling and Thematic Mapping reviews the types and applications of geospatial information data, such as remote sensing, geographic information systems
Spatial Techniques for Soil Erosion Estimation: Remote Sensing And Gis Approach (Springerbriefs In Gis Ser.)
by Rupesh Jayaram PatilThis book presents a novel computation of the topographic LS factor of the USLE model to estimate spatial soil erosion. In developing countries, soil erosion is one of the main concerns as it adversely affects agriculture and reduces food production. Therefore, the author presents a particularly relevant approach, as he demonstrates how the C++ programming allows us to identify important erosion stages like detachment and deposition. He does this by assessing the annual rate of soil erosion from the Shakkar River watershed in India using distributed information and applying RS and GIS techniques. He also discusses different approaches that have been proposed to work out the influence of topography on erosion. Simulated and observed data of sediment loss are compared for the period 1992 to 2006.This book provides an easy-to-understand basic piece of soil erosion and hydrological research and reaches out to young researchers and students at the graduate and undergraduate level as well as applicants of soil erosion models.
Spatial Technology and Archaeology: The Archaeological Applications of GIS
by David Wheatley Mark GillingsGeographical Information Systems (GIS) and related spatial technologies have a new and powerful role to play in archaeological interpretation. Beginning with a conceptual approach to the representation of space adopted by GIS, this book examines spatial databases; the acquisition and compilation of data; the analytical compilation of data; the anal
Spatial Temporal Information Systems: An Ontological Approach using STK
by Linda M. McNeil T.S. KelsoDesigned to be a high-level, approachable resource for engineers who need further insight into spatial temporal information systems from an ontological perspective, Spatial Temporal Information Systems: An Ontological Approach using STK explains the dynamics of objects interaction from signal analysis to trajectory design, spatial modeling, and oth
Spatial Temporal Patterns for Action-Oriented Perception in Roving Robots II
by Paolo Arena Luca PatanèThis book presents the result of a joint effort from different European Institutions within the framework of the EU funded project called SPARK II, devoted to device an insect brain computational model, useful to be embedded into autonomous robotic agents. Part I reports the biological background on Drosophila melanogaster with particular attention to the main centers which are used as building blocks for the implementation of the insect brain computational model. Part II reports the mathematical approach to model the Central Pattern Generator used for the gait generation in a six-legged robot. Also the Reaction-diffusion principles in non-linear lattices are exploited to develop a compact internal representation of a dynamically changing environment for behavioral planning. In Part III a software/hardware framework, developed to integrate the insect brain computational model in a simulated/real robotic platform, is illustrated. The different robots used for the experiments are also described. Moreover the problems related to the vision system were addressed proposing robust solutions for object identification and feature extraction. Part IV includes the relevant scenarios used in the experiments to test the capabilities of the insect brain-inspired architecture taking as comparison the biological case. Experimental results are finally reported, whose multimedia can be found in the SPARK II web page: www. spark2. diees. unict. it
Spatial Thinking in Environmental Contexts: Maps, Archives, and Timelines
by Sandra L. Arlinghaus Joseph J. Kerski Ann Evans Larimore Matthew NaudSpatial Thinking in Environmental Contexts: Maps, Archives, and Timelines cultivates the spatial thinking "habit of mind" as a critical geographical view of how the world works, including how environmental systems function, and how we can approach and solve environmental problems using maps, archives, and timelines. The work explains why spatial thinking matters as it helps readers to integrate a variety of methods to describe and analyze spatial/temporal events and phenomena in disparate environmental contexts. It weaves together maps, GIS, timelines, and storytelling as important strategies in examining concepts and procedures in analyzing real-world data and relationships. The work thus adds significant value to qualitative and quantitative research in environmental (and related) sciences. Features Written by internationally renowned experts known for taking complex ideas and finding accessible ways to more broadly understand and communicate them. Includes real-world studies explaining the merging of disparate data in a sensible manner, understandable across several disciplines. Unique approach to spatial thinking involving animated maps, 3D maps, GEOMATs, and story maps to integrate maps, archives, and timelines—first across a single environmental example and then through varied examples. Merges spatial and temporal views on a broad range of environmental issues from traditional environmental topics to more unusual ones involving urban studies, medicine, municipal/governmental application, and citizen-scientist topics. Provides easy to follow step-by-step instructions to complete tasks; no prior experience in data processing is needed.
Spatial Variation and Seasonality in Growth and Reproduction of Enhalus Acoroides (L.f.) Royle Populations in the Coastal Waters Off Cape Bolinao, NW Philippines
by Rene. N. RollonThis text explores the spatial variation and seasonality in growth and reproduction of "Enhalus acoroides" (L.f.) Royle populations in the coastal waters off Cape Bolinao, NW Phillipines.
Spatial Variation of Seismic Ground Motions: Modeling and Engineering Applications (Advances in Engineering Series)
by Aspasia ZervaThe spatial variation of seismic ground motions denotes the differences in the seismic time histories at various locations on the ground surface. This text focuses on the spatial variability of the motions that is caused by the propagation of the waveforms from the earthquake source through the earth strata to the ground surface, and it brings toge
The Spatialities of Radio Astronomy (Routledge Research in Architecture)
by Guy TrangošThe Spatialities of Radio Astronomy examines the multidisciplinary overlap between the spatial disciplines and the studies of science and technology through a comparative study of four of the world’s most important radio telescopes. Employing detailed analysis, historical research, interviews, personal observations, and various conceptual manoeuvres, Guy Trangoš reveals the depth of spatial process active at these scientific sites and the territories they traverse. Through the conceptual frameworks of territory, hyper-concentration, and contingency, Trangoš interprets the telescope as exploded across space and time, present in multiple connected sites simultaneously, and active in the production of space. He develops a historiographic and contemporary analysis of the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA, Chile); the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST, China); the Arecibo Observatory (Puerto Rico); and the MeerKAT/SKA (South Africa). These case studies are global exemplars of the different spatial transformations that occur through science. Their relationships to surrounding communities and landscapes reveal deeper constitutional processes embodied in each institutional and spatial form. This book spans the modern history of architecture and science, the studies of science, technology and society, and urban theory. It is of specific interest to architects and designers expanding their analysis of spatial production, scholars in the study of geography, landscape, science, technology, and astronomy, and people fascinated with how these radio telescopes were conceptualised, built, and operate today.
Spatially Resolved Characterization in Thin-Film Photovoltaics
by Matevž Bokalič Marko TopičThe book is devoted to the spatial characterization of solar cells and PV modules. It is written both as a monograph as well as a succinct guide for the state-of-the-art spatial characterization techniques and approaches. Amongst the approaches discussed are visual imaging, electro- and photo-luminescence imaging, thermography, and light beam induced mapping techniques. Emphasis is given on the luminescence image acquisition and interpretation due to its great potential. Characterization techniques are accompanied by simulation tools. The contents are aimed at a readership of students and senior researchers in R&D as well as engineers in industry who are newcomers to the spatial characterization of either solar cells or PV modules. The concepts and approaches presented herein are based on but not limited to case studies of real thin-film PV devices. Key features: Review of spatially resolved characterization techniques and accompanying SPICE simulations in photovoltaics Use of spatially resolved characterization techniques and their combinations for the identification of inhomogeneities in small area CdTe and dye-sensitized solar cells Case studies of electroluminescence imaging of commercial PV modules (c-Si, CIGS, CdTe, a-Si, tandem and triple junction thin-film-Si) The contents are aimed at a readership of students and senior researchers in R&D as well as engineers in industry who are newcomers to the spatial characterization of either solar cells or PV modules. The concepts and approaches presented herein are based on but not limited to case studies of real thin-film PV devices. Key features: Review of spatially resolved characterization techniques and accompanying SPICE simulations in photovoltaics Use of spatially resolved characterization techniques and their combinations for the identification of inhomogeneities in small area CdTe and dye-sensitized solar cells Case studies of electroluminescence imaging of commercial PV modules (c-Si, CIGS, CdTe, a-Si, tandem and triple junction thin-film-Si)